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Vol. 13. Issue 4.
Pages 553-585 (July - August 2007)
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Vol. 13. Issue 4.
Pages 553-585 (July - August 2007)
Artigo Original / Original Article
Open Access
Timomas malignos – A experiência do IPO do Porto e revisão da literatura
Malignant thymomas – The experience of the Portuguese Oncological Institute, Porto, and literature review
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Berta Sousa1, António Araújo2, Teresina Amaro3, Isabel Azevedo4, Marta Soares4, Olga Sousa5
1 Interna complementar de Oncologia Médica no IPOPFG-EPE / Medical Oncology Resident, IPOPFG-EPE
2 Assistente Hospitalar Graduado de Oncologia Médica no IPOPFG-EPE / Specialist Medical Oncology Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
3 Assistente Hospitalar de Anatomia Patológica no IPOPFG-EPE / Anatomic Pathology Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
4 Assistente Hospitalar de Radioterapia no IPOPFG-EPE / Medical Oncology Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
5 Assistente Hospitalar de Radioterapia no IPOPFG-EPE / Radiotherapy Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
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Resumo

Introdução: Os tumores epiteliais tímicos (TET), a maioria timomas, são neoplasias desenvolvidas a partir das células epiteliais do timo e constituem cerca de 30% das massas do mediastino anterior em adultos. Os timomas são constituídos por células sem características citológicas de malignidade, sendo o comportamento maligno determinado pela invasão da cápsula e estru-turas adjacentes. Estes tumores apresentam um amplo espectro de características clínicas e morfológicas, e as pequenas séries de doentes conhecidas tornam difícil o estabelecimento de um tratamento standard.

Material e métodos: Efectuouse um estudo retrospectivo dos doentes admitidos com diagnóstico de ti moma no Instituto Português de Oncologia - Centro do Porto (IPO-Porto), de 1983 a 2004. Foram anali-sadas as suas características clínicas, classificação histológica segundo a OMS, o estadiamento de Masaoka, e a sua relação com as modalidades de tratamento. Procedeu-se à revisão dos registos clínicos destes doentes e revisão do material histológico para a classificação segundo critérios da OMS de 1999.

Resultados: No IPO-Porto, entre 1983 e 2004, fo-ram tratados 28 doentes com TET. Destes, 21 eram timomas invasivos, sendo estes o objecto deste estudo. Dos dados demográficos salienta-se que eram 11 homens, 10 mulheres, com uma idade mediana de 55 anos (24-79 anos). A classificação histológica da OMS foi a seguinte: 2 doentes (9,5%) Tipo A, 6 (28,6%) tipo AB, 4 (19%) tipo B1, 2 (9,5%) tipo B2, 7 (33,4%) tipo B3. O estadiamento segundo Masaoka foi 9 doentes (42,8%) com estádio II, 6 (28,6%) com estádio III e 6 (28,6%) com estádio IVa. A maioria dos doentes apresentava sintomas locais à apresen-tação, com apenas 1 doente com diagnóstico de aplasia eritrocitária e 5 com Mastenia gravis (MG).

Os 6 doentes submetidos apenas a ressecção cirúrgica completa não tiveram evidência de recorrência da doença (2 tipo A-II, 2 tipo AB-II, 1 tipo B1-II, 1 tipo B2-IVa), com follow-up variando entre 8 e 144 meses. 10 doentes com ressecção completa receberam tratamento adjuvante, 6 radioterapia (4 doentes B3-II, 2 doentes B3-III), 2 quimioterapia (AB-IVa) e 2 radioterapia e quimioterapia (B1-IVa, B2-III). Apenas os 2 doentes que efectuaram quimioterapia adjuvante reci-divaram, aos 168 e 46 meses, e morreram aos 168 e 49 meses. Os restantes doentes que efectuaram tratamento adjuvante encontram-se sem evidência de doença. Dos 5 doentes com ressecção incompleta seguido de tratamento complementar (2 doentes AB-III, 2 B1-IVa, 1 B3-III), 3 morreram aos 11 meses (B3-III), aos 12 meses (B1-IVa) e aos 241 meses (AB-III), este últi-mo por MG.

Conclusões: Apesar de se tratar de uma pequena série, os factores preditivos de mau prognóstico foram a ressecção incompleta, estádio avançado e o subtipo histológico B3. É necessário investigar o papel do tratamento adjuvante e neoadjuvante no grupo de doentes com doença avançada e subtipo histológico B3.

Rev Port Pneumol 2007; XIII (4): 553-585

Palavras-chave:
Tumores epiteliais tímicos
timomas
Miastenia gravis
quimioterapia
radioterapia
Abstract

Introduction: Epithelial thymic tumours (ETT), which comprise the majority of thymomas, are neoplasias developed from the epithelial cells of the thymus and constitute around 30% of anterior mediastinal masses in adults. Thymomas consist of cells with no cytological characteristics of malignity; malignant behaviour is determined by invasion of the capsule and adjacent structures. These tumours present a broad spectrum of clinical and morphological characteristics and the small series of known patients makes establishing a standard treatment difficult.

Material and methods: A retrospective study was made into thymoma diagnosed patients admitted to the Portuguese Oncology Institute in Porto (IPO-Porto) from 1983 to 2004. Clinical characteristics were analysed and a histological classification made in accordance with World Health Organization criteria, Masaoka staging, and their relation to treatment methods. A review of the clinical records of these patients was then made, as well as a review of histological material for classification in line with 1999 WHO criteria.

Results: Twenty-eight ETT patients were treated at the IPO-Porto between 1983 and 2004. Of these, 21 had invasive thymomas and these are the subject of this study. Eleven subjects were male and 10 female, with a median age of 55 years (24-79 years). The WHO histological classification was as follows: 2 patients (9.5%) type A, 6 (28.6%) type AB, 4 (19%) type B1, 2 (9.5%) type B2, 7 (33.4%) type B3. Masaoka staging was 9 patients (42.8%) with stage II, 6 (28.6%) with stage III and 6 (28.6%) with stage IVa. The majority of patients had local symptoms, with only one subject diagnosed with erythrocyte aplasia and five with Myasthenia Gravis (MG).

The 6 patients who were given complete surgical resection only showed no evidence of disease recurrence (2 type A-II, 2 type AB-II, 1 type B1-II, 1 type B2-IVa), with follow-up from 8-144 months. Ten patients with complete resection received adjuvant treatment; 6 radiotherapy (4 B3-II patients, 2 B3-III patients), 2 chemotherapy (AB-IVa) and 2 chemo and radiotherapy (B1-IVa, B2-III). Only the 2 patients who under-went adjuvant chemotherapy relapsed, at 168 and 46 months, dying at 168 and 49 months, respectively. The remaining patients who were given adjuvant treatment did not present signs of disease. Of the 5 subjects having incomplete resection followed by complementary treatment (2 AB-III patients, 2 B1-IVa patients, 1 B3-III patient), 3 died, at 11 months (B3-III), 12 months (B1-IVa) and 241 months (AB-III), the latter with MG.

Conclusions: Predictive factors of bad prognosis here were incomplete resection, advanced staging and B3 histological subtype, the smallness of this series not-withstanding. It is necessary to investigate the role of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment in a group of subjects with advanced disease of the B3 histological subtype.

Rev Port Pneumol 2007; XIII (4): 553-585

Key-words:
Epithelial thymic tumours
thymomas
Myasthenia gravis
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
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