Journal Information
Vol. 16. Issue 1.
Pages 73-88 (January - February 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 16. Issue 1.
Pages 73-88 (January - February 2010)
Full text access
Superior vena cava syndrome as tumour presentation
Síndroma da veia cava superior como apresentação de neoplasia
Visits
1044
Nuno Filipe Pires1,
Corresponding author
nunofxpires@gmail.com

Correspondence to/Correspondência: Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4202-451 Porto. Telefone: 225512215.
, António Morais2, Henrique Queiroga3
1 Interno Complementar de Pneumologia/Resident, Pulmonology, Hospital de S. João, Porto
2 Assistente Hospitalar de Pneumologia/Consultant, Pulmonology, Hospital de S. João, Porto
3 Chefe de Serviço de Pneumologia/Head of Pulmonology, Hospital de S. João, Porto
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is characterised by gradual and insidious compression/obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC). Upper chest and neck ingurgitation, plethoric face and oedema are the common symptoms/signs. It generally means the presence of neoplasm, namely lung cancer.

Aim

Retrospective analysis of the patients admitted to S. João Hospital, Porto, Portugal, January 1995-December 2006 with SVCS without previous diagnosis. Patients, tumour characteristics and prognostic factors were studied.

Material and methods

Data was collected by consulting the clinical files of 60 SVCS patients without previous diagnosis. Data was gathered on the patients’ demographic characteristics (age, gender, smoking habits), performance status, histology, staging, treatment and overall survival.

Results

Lung cancer was observed in 87% of the patients. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) was the most frequent histological type; 41% of the patients. It is noticeable that 10% were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In terms of prognostic factors analysed, the absence of metastasis, the lymphoma's histological diagnosis, good performance status and non-smoker status were positively correlated with the survival rate. On the contrary SCLC was significantly correlated with a worse survival.

Conclusions

In our analysis we concluded that SCLC, smokers and a poorer performance status as well as metastatic disease were unfavourable prognostic factors to SVCS as tumour presentation.

Key-words:
Superior vena cava syndrome
histology
overall survival
Resumo

A síndroma da veia cava superior (SVCS) é causada por uma obstrução/compressão gradual e insidiosa da veia cava superior, caracterizando-se por fácies pletórica, edema e ingurgitamento vascular do pescoço e parte superior do tronco. É geralmente tradutora de neoplasia, sendo o cancro do pulmão a sua causa mais comum.

Objectivo

Estudo retrospectivo dos internamentos no Hospital de S. João entre Janeiro de 1995 e Dezembro de 2006 por SVCS de etiologia a esclarecer com a caracterização clínica dos doentes e a avaliação de factores de prognóstico.

Material e métodos

Foram seleccionados 60 doentes que à data de admissão não tinham causa para SVCS. Foram avaliados, entre outros, idade, sexo, exposição e carga tabágica, etiologia do SVCS, tratamento e sobrevivência global.

Resultados

Dos doentes estudados, 87% apresentavam cancro do pulmão, sendo o tipo histológico mais comum o carcinoma pulmonar de pequenas células (CPPC), com 41% dos casos. Em 10% dos doentes foi diagnosticado linfoma não Hodgkin. Em relação aos factores de prognóstico estudados, verificou-se que a ausência de metastização, o diagnóstico histológico de linfoma, o bom estado geral e a ausência de consumo tabágico se correlacionam positivamente de forma significativa com a sobrevivência. Contrariamente, o diagnóstico de CPPC apresentou igualmente de forma significativa uma menor sobrevivência.

Conclusão

Nesta série de doentes com SVCS como apresentação da doença observou-se uma sobrevivência significativamente menor nos casos de CPPC, doentes fumadores (especialmente com ≥40 UMA), naqueles com mau estado geral, bem como nos que apresentavam uma maior progressão da doença, com presença de metastização.

Palavras-chave:
Síndroma da veia cava superior
tipo histológico
sobrevivência global
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliography/Bibliografia
[1.]
M.J.M. Gomes, R. Sotto-Mayor.
Permanyer Portugal, (2003),
[2.]
M.M. Schechter.
The superior vena cava syndrome.
Am J Med Sci, 227 (1954), pp. 46
[3.]
L.D. Wilson, F.C. Detterbeck, J. Yahalom.
Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes.
N Engl J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 1862
[4.]
A. Yellin, et al.
Superior vena cava syndrome. The myth – the facts.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 141 (1990), pp. 1114
[5.]
J.M. Parish, et al.
Etiologic considerations in superior vena cava syndrome.
Mayo Clinic Proc, 56 (1981), pp. 407
[6.]
T.W. Rice, R.M. Rodriguez, R.W. Light.
The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology.
Medicine (Baltimore), 85 (2006), pp. 37
[7.]
M. Markman.
Diagnosis and management of superior vena cava syndrome.
Cleve Clin J Med, 66 (1999), pp. 59
[8.]
N.P. Rowell, F.V. Gleeson.
Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus: a systematic review.
Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 14 (2002), pp. 338
[9.]
P. Dombernowsky, H.H. Hansen.
Combination chemotherapy in the management of superior vena caval obstruction in small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung.
Acta Med Scand, 204 (1978), pp. 513
[10.]
S.G. Spiro, et al.
Treatment of obstruction of the superior vena cava by combination chemotherapy with and without irradiation in small-cell carcinoma of the bronchus.
Thorax, 38 (1983), pp. 501
[11.]
J.P. Sculier, et al.
Superior vena caval obstruction syndrome in small cell lung cancer.
Cancer, 57 (1986), pp. 847
[12.]
T. Urban, et al.
superior vena cava syndrome in small-cell lung cancer.
Arch Intern Med, 153 (1993), pp. 384
[13.]
F. Wurschmidt, et al.
Smalll cell lung cancer with and without superior vena cava syndrome: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 408 cases.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 33 (1995), pp. 77
[14.]
D.E. Schraufnagel, et al.
Superior vena caval obstruction Is it a medical emergency?.
Am J Med, 70 (1981), pp. 1169
[15.]
B.H. Gray, et al.
Safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy for superior vena cava syndrome.
Chest, 99 (1991), pp. 54-59
[16.]
J. Yahalom.
Oncologic emergencies: superior vena cava syndrome.
Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th Edition, pp. 2111-2118
[17.]
J.S. Loeffler, et al.
Emergency prebiopsy radiation for mediastinal masses: impact on subsequent pathologic diagnosis and outcome.
J Clin Oncol, 4 (1986), pp. 716
[18.]
C.I. Rodrigues, K.H. Njo, A.B. Karim.
Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome.
Lung Cancer, 10 (1993), pp. 221-228
[19.]
N. Tanigawa, S. Sawada, K. Mishima, et al.
Clinical outcome of stenting in superior vena cava syndrome associated with malignant tumors. Comparison with conventional treatment.
Acta Radiologica, 39 (1998), pp. 669-674
[20.]
R. Perez-Soler, et al.
Clinical features and results of management of superior vena cava syndrome secondary to lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol, 2 (1984), pp. 260
[21.]
J.B. Yu, L.D. Wilson, F.C. Detterbeck.
Superior vena cava syndrome – a proposed classification system and algorithm for management.
J Thorac Oncol, 3 (2008), pp. 811-814
[22.]
S.J. Martins, J.R. Pereira.
Clinical factors and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer.
Am J Clin Oncol, 22 (1999), pp. 453
Copyright © 2010. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?