Journal Information
Vol. 16. Issue 2.
Pages 287-305 (March - April 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 16. Issue 2.
Pages 287-305 (March - April 2010)
Full text access
Are there any differences in the community acquired pneumonias admitted to hospital over the past decade?
Estarão diferentes as pneumonias agudas adquiridas na comunidade com internamento hospitalar em idade pediátrica na última década?
Visits
1007
Cláudia Calado1,
Corresponding author
claudiasilvacalado@hotmail.com

Correspondence to/Correspondência: Hospital de Faro EPE. Serviço de Pediatria, Rua Penedo Leão, 8000 Faro.
, Pedro Nunes2, Luísa Pereira3, Teresa Nunes3, Celeste Barreto3, Teresa Bandeira3
1 Hospital de Faro EPE. Serviço de Pediatria. Director: Dr. José Maio/Hospital de Faro EPE. Paediatrics Unit. Director Dr. José Maio
2 Hospital Fernando da Fonseca. Serviço de Pediatria. Director: Dra Helena Carreiro/Hospital Fernando da Fonseca. Paediatrics Unit. Director Dr. Helena Carreiro
3 Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte. Unidade de Pneumologia Pediátrica. Clínica Univ ersitária de Pediatria. Departamento da Criança e da Família. Director: Prof. Doutor J C Gomes Pedro/Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte. Paediatric Pulmonology Unit. University Paediatrics Clinic. Child and Family Department. Director Prof. Doctor J C Gomes Pedro
This item has received
Article information
Abstract

The past few years have seen a decline in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children in the western world, although this has gone hand-in-hand with more serious cases needing hospital admission. Our study characterises cases of CAP admitted to hospital and compares this data with a 2001 study.

We collected data on 63 admissions over a six-month period. The majority were aged 0–2 years old. Chest X-ray showed consolidation/atelectasy in 58 (92.1%) and pleural effusion (PE) in 17 (27.0%), of which 11 were empyema (17.4% of all admissions). The bacterial agent was isolated in five cases: Streptococcus pyogenes (two, pleural fluid), Streptococcus pneumoniae (two, blood culture) and Haemophilus influenzae (one, blood culture). Sixty-one children (96.8%) were prescribed antibiotherapy. The median length of hospital stay was five days. Patients with PE were older, had a longer course of fever, higher inflammatory parameters, longer hospital stay and longer course of iv antibiotics. Compared to the prior study we found greater severity of CAP, with higher prevalence of PE and empyema. Nevertheless there was a shorter course of fever during hospital stay and shorter hospital stay. We also noticed less antibiotic prescription prior to admission and greater prescription of ampicillin during hospital stay.

In the literature, the higher severity of CAP has been partially attributed to the emergence of more aggressive serotypes of Stretococcus pneumoniae not included in the heptavalent vaccine. There is therefore a greater interest in new vaccines containing them. Complicated CAP should be referred to centres specialising in its diagnosis and management.

Key-words:
Pneumonia
hospital admission
empyema
vaccine
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Resumo

Nos últimos anos tem sido descrita, no mundo ocidental, uma redução da incidência da pneumonia aguda da comunidade (PAC) nas crianças, parodoxalmente associada a maior gravidade dos casos internados. O presente estudo pretendeu caracterizar os casos de PAC internados e compará-los com um estudo anterior a 2001.

Recolhemos dados referentes a 63 internamentos, durante seis meses. Houve predomínio do grupo dos 0–2 anos. Na radiografia torácica, em 58 casos (92,1%) detectou-se condensação/atelectasia e em 17 (27,0%) derrame pleural (DP). Onze dos DP corresponderam a empiema (17,4% dos internamentos). Isolou-se agente bacteriano em cinco casos: Streptococcus pyogenes (dois, líquido pleural), Streptococcus pneumoniae (dois, hemocultura) e Haemophilus influenzae (um, hemocultura). Foi prescrita antibioticoterapia em 61 (96,8%) crianças. A duração mediana de internamento foi de cinco dias. Constatou-se, nos casos de DP, idade superior, maior duração de febre, proteína C reactiva mais alta e maior duração de internamento e de antibioticoterapia endovenosa. Comparativamente com o estudo anterior, constatou-se haver maior gravidade dos casos internados, traduzida por maior incidência de DP e empiema; paradoxalmente, registou-se menor duração da febre em meio hospitalar e menor duração do internamento.

No estudo actual houve menor prescrição antibiótica prévia à admissão e maior prescrição de ampicilina durante o internamento. Na literatura, a maior gravidade das pneumonias internadas nos últimos anos tem sido associada à emergência de serotipos mais agressivos de Stretococcus pneumoniae não integrados na vacina heptavalente, assumindo interesse crescente a introdução de vacinas que os incluam. As pneumonias complicadas devem ser orientadas para centros de referência com experiência no seu diagnóstico e tratamento.

Palavras-chave:
Pneumonia
internamento
empiema
vacina
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliography/Bibliografia
[1.]
S. Quintas, A. Boto, L. Pereira, C. Barreto, L. Lito.
Pneumonia aguda da comunidade na criança – Decisão terapêutica.
Acta Pediatr Port, 33 (2002), pp. 85-92
[2.]
Sociedade Portuguesa de Pediatria – Secção de Pneumologia da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pediatria.
Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. Orientações para actuação em pediatria.
Acta Pediatr Port, 38 (2007), pp. 90-92
[3.]
F.C. Martin, B.L. Torrecilla, F.B. Artigao, M.J.G. Miguel, M.I.J. G¿mez, J.A. Santos, M. Echevarría.
Incremento de la incidencia de neumonía bacteriana entre 2001 y 2004.
An Pediatr (Barc), 68 (2008), pp. 99-102
[4.]
W.C. Chiang, O.H. Teoh, C.Y. Chong, A. Goh, J.P.L. Tang, O.M. Chay.
Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in 1702 hospitalized children in Singapore.
Respirology, 12 (2007), pp. 254-261
[5.]
D. Nasrin, P.J. Collignon, E.J. Wilson, L.S. Pilotto, R.M. Douglas.
Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children.
J Paediatr Child Health, 35 (1999), pp. 558-561
[6.]
L. Moreno, J.A. Krishnan, P. Duran, F. Ferrero.
Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish bacterial from viral pneumonia in children.
Pediatric Pneumology, 41 (2006), pp. 331-337
[7.]
S.F. Dowell, B.A. Kupronis, E.R. Zell, D.K. Shay.
Mortality from pneumonia in children in the United States 1939 through 1996.
N Eng J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 1399-1407
[8.]
O. Grafakou, M. Moustaki, M. Tsolia, E. Kavazarakis, J. Mathioudakis, A. Fretzayas, P. Nicolaidou, T. Karpathios.
Can chest X-ray predict pneumonia severity?.
Pediatric Pneumology, 38 (2004), pp. 465-469
[9.]
O.R. Naranjo, J.A. Marco.
Pneumonia awarness year, 2004: scientific impact through publications in archivos de bronconeumologia.
Arch Bronconeumol, 2 (2006), pp. 541-552
[10.]
M.B. Campana, B.A. Reigosa, S.J. Ruiz, F.E. Olavarría, M.A.M. Granero.
Está aumentando la incidência de derrames pleurales paraneumónicos?.
An Pediatr(Barc), 68 (2008), pp. 92-98
[11.]
V.P. Solas.
Aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos de la neumonia neumocócica. Diagnóstico diferencial.
An Pediatr, 1 (2003), pp. 14-17
[12.]
K. McIntosh.
Community-acquired pneumonia in children.
N Eng J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 429-437
[13.]
K.D. Schultz, L.L. Fan, J. Pinsky, L. Ochoa, E.O.B. Smith, S.L. Kaplan, M.L. Brandt.
The changing face of pleural empyemas in children: Epidemiology and management.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 1735-1740
[14.]
C.A. Sianiotis.
Community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis and treatment.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 18 (1999), pp. 144-145
[15.]
C.G. Whitney, M.M. Farley, J. Hadler, L.H. Harrison, N.M. Bennett, R. Lynfield, A. Reingold, P.R. Cieslak, T. Pilishvili, D. Jackson, R.R. Facklam, J.H. Jorgensen, A. Schuchat.
Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.
N Eng J Med, 348 (2003), pp. 1737-1746
[16.]
I.C. Michelow, K. Olsen, J. Lozano, N.K. Rollins, L.B. Duffy, T. Ziegler, J. Kauppil, M. Leinonen, J.H. McCracken.
Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 701-707
[17.]
I. Schutter, A. Malfroot, D. Piérard, S. Lauwers.
Pneumococcal serogroups and serotypes in severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Belgian children.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 41 (2006), pp. 765-770
[18.]
V. Pineda, S. Fontanals, H. Larramona, M. Domingo, J. Anton, F. Segura.
Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children in an area of Barcelona, Spain.
Acta Paediatr, 91 (2002), pp. 1251-1256
[19.]
U.B. Schaad.
Antibiotic Therapy of childhood pneumonia.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 18 (1999), pp. 146-149
[20.]
K.E. Rowland, J.D. Tunidge.
The impact of penicillin resistance on the outcome of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in children.
Aust NZ J Med, 30 (2000), pp. 441-449
[21.]
I.D. Wexler, S. Knoll, E. Picard, Y. Villa, D. Shoseyov, D. Engelhard, E. Kerem.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of complicated pneumococcal pneumonia in a pediatric population.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 41 (2006), pp. 726-734
[22.]
N. Principi, P. Marchisio.
Epidemiology of Stretococcus pneumoniae in Italian children.
Acta Paediatr, 435 (2000), pp. 40-43
[23.]
W.J. Durbin.
Pneumococcal infection.
Pediatrics in Review, 25 (2004), pp. 418-424
[24.]
S.A. Skull, T. Shelby-James, P.S. Morris, G.O. Perez, A. Yonovitz, V. Krause, L.A. Roberts, A.J. Leach.
Streptococcus pneumoniae antibiotic resistance in Northern territory children in day care.
J Pediatr Child Health, 35 (1999), pp. 466-471
[25.]
G.D. Overturf.
Technical report: Prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines and antibiotic prophylaxis.
Pediatrics, 106 (2000), pp. 367-376
[26.]
T.Q. Tan, E.O. Mason Jr., W.J. Barson, E.R. Wald, G.E. Schutze, J.S. Bradley, M. Arditi, L.B. Givner, R. Yogev, K.S. Kim, S.L. Kaplan.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of children with pneumonia attributable to penicillin-susceptible and penicilline-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pediatrics, 102 (1998), pp. 1369-1375
[27.]
W.D. Hardie, N.E. Roberts, S.F. Reising, C.D.C. Christie.
Complicated parapneumonic effusions in children caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pediatrics, 101 (1998), pp. 388-392
[28.]
T.Q. Tan, E.O. Mason, E.R. Wald, W.J. Barson, G.E. Schutze, J.S. Bradley, L.B. Givner, R. Yogev, K.S. Kim, S.L. Kaplan.
Clinical characteristics of children with complicated pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pediatrics, 110 (2002), pp. 1-6
[29.]
S.L. Kaplan, E.O. Mason Jr., W.J. Barson.
Three-Year multicenter surveillance of systemic pneumococcal infection in children.
Pediatrics, 102 (1998), pp. 538-545
[30.]
M.M. Farcia-Suarez, F. Vázquez, F.J. Méndez.
Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors and their clinical impact: an update.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clins, 24 (2006), pp. 512-517
[31.]
C.Y. Lee, C.H. Chiu, Y.C. Huang, P.W. Chung, L.H. Su, T.L. Wu, T.Y. Lin.
Invasive pneumococcal infections: a clinical and microbiological analysis of 53 patients in Taiwan.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 9 (2003), pp. 614-618
[32.]
G. Kanra, G. Erderm, M. Ceyhan, K.P. Klugman, A. Vasas.
Serotypes and bacterial susceptibility of pneumococci isolated from children with infections in Ankara in relation to proposed pneumococcal vaccine coverage.
Acta Paediatrica Japonic, 40 (1998), pp. 437-440
[33.]
S.I. Aguiar, I. Serrano, F.R. Pinto, J. Melo-Cristino, M. Ramirez.
Changes in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive disease with non-universal vaccination coverage of the seven-valent conjugate vaccine.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 14 (2008), pp. 835-843
[34.]
J. Melo-Cristino, L. Santos, M. Ramirez.
Estudo Viriato: Actualização de dados de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos de bactérias responsáveis por infecções respiratórias adquiridas na comunidade em Portugal em 2003 e 2004.
Rev Port Pneumol, 12 (2006), pp. 9-29
[35.]
E. Lathi, V. Peltola, R. Virkki, M. Alanen, O. Ruuskanen.
Develoment of parapneumonic empyema in children.
Acta Paediatrica, 96 (2007), pp. 1686-1692
[36.]
S. Martins, S. Valente, T.N. David, L. Pereira, C. Barreto, T. Bandeira.
Derrame pleural complicado na criança– Abordagem terapêutica.
Rev Port Pneumol, 13 (2007), pp. 53-70
[37.]
L.D. Bronte, F. Baquero-Artigao, M.J. Garcia-Miguel, N.H. Gonzalez, P.P. Garcia, F.C. Martin.
Derrame pleural paraneumónico: revisión de 11 anos.
An Pediatr (Barc), 64 (2006), pp. 40-45
[38.]
N.P. Barnes, J. Hull, A.H. Thomson.
Medical management of parapneumonic pleural disease.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 39 (2005), pp. 127-134
[39.]
A. Jaffé, I.M. Balfour-Lynn.
Management of empyema in chldren.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 40 (2005), pp. 148-156
[40.]
N. Ramphul, K.M. Eastham, R. Freeman, G. Eltringham, A.M. Kearns, J.P. Leeming, A. Hasan, L.J.R. Hamilton, D.A. Spencer.
Cavitory lung disease complicating empyema in children.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 41 (2006), pp. 750-753
[41.]
S. Nunes, R. Sá-Leão, L.C. Pereira, H. Lencastre.
Emergence of a serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae lineage colonizing healthy children in Portugal in the sevenvalent conjugate vaccination era.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 14 (2008), pp. 82-84
[42.]
R. Dias, M. Caniça.
Invasive pneumococcal disease in Portugal prior to and after the introduction of pneumococcal heptavalent conjugate vaccine.
Immunol Med Microbiol, 51 (2007), pp. 35-42
[43.]
I. Schutter, A. Malfroot, D. Piérard, S. Lauwers.
Pneumococcal serogrups and serotypes in severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Belgian children: Theoretical coverage of the 7-valent and 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 41 (2006), pp. 765-770
[44.]
I.M. Balfour-Lynn, E. Abrahamson, G. Cohen, J. Hartley, S. King, D. Parikh, D. Spencer, A.H. Thomson, D. Urquhart.
BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection in children.
[45.]
B.A. Kurt, M. Winterhalter, R. Connors, B.W. Betz, J.W. Winters.
Therapy of parapneumonic effusions in children: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus conventional thoracostomy drainage.
Pediatrics, 118 (2006), pp. e547-e553
[46.]
V.V. Garrido, J.F. Sancho, H. Blasco, A.P. Gafas, E.P. Rodriguez, F.R. Panadero, S.R. Candeira, A.S. Velasquez, L.V. Cuadrado.
Diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion.
Arch Bronconeumol, 42 (2006), pp. 349-372
[47.]
H. Clements, T. Stephenson, V. Gabriel, T. Harrison, M. Millar, A. Smyth, W. Tong, C.J. Linton.
Rationalised prescribing for community acquired pneumonia: a closed loop audit.
Arch Dis Child, 83 (2000), pp. 320-324
[48.]
G. Davies, J.Y. Paton, S.J. Beaton, D. Young, W. Lenney.
Children admitted with accute wheeze/asthma during November 1998–2005: a national UK audit.
Arch Dis Child, 93 (2008), pp. 952-958
[49.]
F.B. Senciales, E.M. Arrebola, J.C.B. Álvarez, C.V. Pablos.
Impacto de las guías de práctica clínica sobre el coste del control de la neumonía extrahospitalaria.
An Pediat (Barc), 69 (2008), pp. 154-158
[50.]
K. Smart, J.F. Lemay, J.D. Kellner.
Antibiotic choices by paediatric residents and recently graduated paediatricians for typical infectious disease problems in children.
Paediatr Child Health, 11 (2006), pp. 647-653
[51.]
J.U. Barben, C.F. Robertson, P.J. Robinson.
Implementation of evidence-based management of acute bronchiolitis.
J Paediatr Child Health, 36 (2000), pp. 491-497
[52.]
SEPAR Working Group on Community-Acquired Pneumonia.
Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR).
Arch Bronconeumol, 41 (2005),
[53.]
Y.C. Hsieh, C.H. Hsiao, P.N. Tsao, J.Y. Wang, P.R. Hsueh, B.L. Chiang, W.S. Lee, L.M. Huang.
Necrotizing pneumococcal pneumonia in children: The role of pulmonary gangrene.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 41 (2006), pp. 623-629
[54.]
G.S. Giebink.
The Prevention of pneumococcal disease in children.
N Eng J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1177-1183
[55.]
S.P. Lupisan, P. Ruutu, P.E. Abucejo-Ladesma, B.P. Quiambao, L. Gozum, L.T. Sombrero, V. Romano, E. Herva, I. Riley, E.A.F. Simoes.
Predictors of death from severe pneumonia among children 2–59 months old hospitalized in Bohol. Philippines; implications for referral criteria at a first-level health facility.
Tropical Medicine International Health, 12 (2007), pp. 962-971
[56.]
T. Heiskanen-Kosma, M. Korppi, M. Leinonen.
Serologically indicated pneumococcal pneumonia in children: a population-based study in primary care settings.
APMIS, 111 (2003), pp. 945-950
[57.]
T. Lynch, R. Platt, S. Gouin, C. Larson, Y. Patenaude.
Can we predict which children with clinically suspected pneumonia will have the presence of focal infiltrates on chest radiographs?.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. e186-e189
[58.]
C.C. Grant, R. Scragg, D. Tan, A. Pat, R. Aickin, R.L. Yee.
Hospitalisation for pneumonia in children in Auckland, New Zeland.
J Paediatr Child Health, 34 (1998), pp. 355-359
[59.]
M.H. Kyaw, R. Lynfield, W. Schaffner, A.S. Craig, J. Hadler, A. Reingold, A.R. Thmas, L.H. Harrison, N.M. Bennett, M.M. Farley, R.R. Facklam, J.H. Jorgensen, J. Besser, E.R. Zell, A. Schuchat, C.G. Whitney.
Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drugresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
N Eng J Med, 354 (2006), pp. 1455-1463
Copyright © 2010. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?