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idade&#44; sexo&#44; grau de depend&#234;ncia &#40;com base na incapacidade do doente fazer as suas actividades de vida di&#225;ria sem ajuda&#44; quer devido a limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas&#44; funcionais ou cognitivas&#41;&#44; co-morbilidades &#40;definidas pelo Score de Charlson&#41;&#44; gravidade da doen&#231;a definida pela pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida no &#237;ndice de gravidade de PSI&#44; caracter&#237;sticas radiol&#243;gicas&#44; agente etiol&#243;gico identificado&#59; antibioterapia emp&#237;rica e necessidade do seu ajuste&#44; complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; dura&#231;&#227;o do internamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para o estudo estat&#237;stico foi usado o programa SPSS 17&#46;0&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 197 doentes&#44; 144 &#40;73&#37;&#41; 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p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 Chi-square test&#41; e um envolvimento radiol&#243;gico mais extenso &#40;multifocal&#58; 59&#37; vs 36&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 Chi-Square test&#59; bilateral&#58; 34&#37; vs 28&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;456 Chi-Square test&#41;&#46; A identifica&#231;&#227;o do agente infeccioso foi realizado em hemoculturas e&#47;ou expectora&#231;&#227;o e&#47;ou atrav&#233;s das secre&#231;&#245;es br&#244;nquicas &#40;aspira&#231;&#227;o ou broncofibroscopia&#41;&#46; A investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica com pelo menos um exame microbiol&#243;gico foi feita em 70&#37; dos doentes com PAC e em 72&#37; com PACS &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;941 Chi-Square test&#41;&#44; sendo que&#44; em apenas 53&#37; do total dos casos foram feitas hemoculturas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O g&#233;rmen mais frequentemente isolado na PACS foi o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente</span> &#40;SAMR&#41; em 8 doentes&#44; &#40;15&#37;&#41; e na PAC o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> &#40;5 doentes&#44; 3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; O isolamento do SAMR nos casos de PACS corresponde &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de 4 em hemoculturas e 4 na expectora&#231;&#227;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a> e <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As escolhas da antibioterapia emp&#237;rica nos dois grupos foram semelhantes&#44; sendo a Levofloxacina e a associa&#231;&#227;o de Amoxicilina&#47;&#193;c&#46; clavul&#226;nico e Azitromicina as mais usadas&#46; A mudan&#231;a de antibi&#243;tico ocorreu em 36&#37; dos doentes com PACS e em 8&#37; com PAC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; Chi-Square test&#41;&#46; Esta mudan&#231;a ocorreu de forma emp&#237;rica &#40;por aus&#234;ncia de melhoria ou por agravamento cl&#237;nico&#41; ou baseada no antibiograma&#46; Na PACS registou-se um n&#250;mero ligeiramente superior de complica&#231;&#245;es &#40;98&#37; vs 93&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;878 Chi-Square test- <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#41;&#44; maior tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do internamento &#40;12&#44;5 vs 9&#44;7 d&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;013 t-test- <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41; e maior taxa de mortalidade &#40;18&#37; vs 6&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;020 Chi-Square test&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar da pequena amostra deste estudo&#44; os resultados obtidos confirmam a ideia de que a PACS deve ser considerada uma entidade diferente da PAC&#46; Observ&#225;mos que surge em doentes mais idosos e debilitados&#44; tendo em conta o grau de depend&#234;ncia e as comorbilidades presentes&#46; Estes doentes apresentam um quadro cl&#237;nico de maior gravidade &#40;PSI mais elevado&#41; e com envolvimento radiol&#243;gico mais extenso uma vez que estamos a tratar doentes mais d&#233;beis e com altera&#231;&#245;es da imunidade quer devido &#224; idade quer &#224;s patologias associadas&#46; A abordagem diagn&#243;stica foi semelhante&#44; tendo sido realizadas hemoculturas em apenas 53&#37; dos doentes&#44; sendo esta percentagem muito aqu&#233;m do que &#233; recomendado&#46; Embora tenhamos um n&#250;mero reduzido de isolamentos no estudo microbiol&#243;gico&#44; verific&#225;mos que os microorganismos isolados na PACS s&#227;o mais resistentes e mais parecidos com os da PN&#44; apesar de s&#243; termos identificado SAMR e n&#227;o bacilos gram-negativos&#44; como as Enterobacteriaceae&#44; frequentemente encontradas na PN&#44; o que inevitavelmente vai limitar as nossas conclus&#245;es&#46; A abordagem terap&#234;utica emp&#237;rica mais frequentemente efectuada &#233; feita considerando os microorganismos da comunidade e isto pode explicar a elevada necessidade de mudan&#231;a da antibioterapia emp&#237;rica na PACS &#40;&#62; 1&#47;3&#41;&#46; A necessidade de ajuste da antibioterapia e a presen&#231;a de microorganismos multirresistentes pode justificar-se quer pela exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via a antibi&#243;ticos e a ambientes com microorganismos resistentes&#44; quer pela deficiente adapta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica &#224; epidemiologia desta forma distinta de infec&#231;&#227;o&#46; Apesar de muitos dos isolamentos de bact&#233;rias multirresistentes terem sido feitos em cultura de secre&#231;&#245;es br&#244;nquicas&#47;expectora&#231;&#227;o&#44; tratavam-se em todos os casos de amostras qualitativamente aceit&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo mostra ainda que quando comparada com a PAC&#44; a PACS apresentou maior n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; internamentos mais prolongados&#44; maior mortalidade e inevitavelmente maiores custos&#44; sendo que os principais factores que se associam a estas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o o terreno mais suscept&#237;vel do doente&#44; a idade mais avan&#231;ada e os g&#233;rmenes multirresistentes envolvidos&#46; O facto de n&#227;o ter sido efectuada uma terap&#234;utica emp&#237;rica adequada &#224;s bact&#233;rias&#44; que foram posteriormente isoladas&#44; pode contribuir grandemente para estes resultados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo e com pequeno n&#250;mero de doentes&#44; este trabalho vem refor&#231;ar a ideia que a PACS e a PAC s&#227;o de facto entidades distintas&#44; necessitando de uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica diferente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Acumulam-se evid&#234;ncias de que a PACS n&#227;o pode ser reconhecida como o modelo tradicional de infec&#231;&#245;es que se adquirem na &#8220;comunidade&#8221;&#44; uma vez que nestas infec&#231;&#245;es a bacteriologia se assemelha &#224; do meio hospitalar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Uma eficaz antibioterapia emp&#237;rica n&#227;o poder&#225; incluir apenas agentes da comunidade&#44; mas alargar o espectro a agentes nosocomiais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Thoracic Society&#47;Infectious Disease Society of America</span> &#40;ATS&#47;IDSA&#41; j&#225; defendem isto mesmo&#44; os doentes com PACS devem ser tratados de forma semelhante aos doentes com PN e por isso de forma distinta da PAC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Em Portugal esta postura ainda n&#227;o &#233; claramente defendida e por isso mais trabalhos devem ser efectuados para melhor caracterizar a realidade epidemiol&#243;gica nacional&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesse</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        10 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Conflito de interesse"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-10-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-01-27"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565899"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade"
            1 => "Pneumonia associada a cuidados de sa&#250;de"
            2 => "epidemiologia"
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      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565900"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Community-acquired pneumonia"
            1 => "Healthcare-associated pneumonia"
            2 => "epidemiology"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A Pneumonia associada a cuidados de sa&#250;de &#40;PACS&#41; est&#225; identificada como uma entidade &#250;nica que difere da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade &#40;PAC&#41; e que&#44; em muitos aspectos&#44; se assemelha &#224; pneumonia nosocomial &#40;PN&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores apresentam um estudo retrospectivo&#44; que inclui doentes internados no Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra com o diagn&#243;stico de PAC e PACS&#44; durante o per&#237;odo de um ano&#44; cujo objectivo foi comparar as caracter&#237;sticas e a abordagem destas duas entidades&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 197 pacientes&#44; 144 com o diagn&#243;stico de PAC e 53 de PACS&#46; Nos dois grupos foram analisados sexo&#44; idade&#44; co-morbilidades&#44; &#205;ndice de gravidade de PSI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumonia Severity Index</span>&#41;&#44; envolvimento radiol&#243;gico&#44; bacteriologia&#44; tratamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quando comparada com a PAC&#44; a PACS esteve associada a maior severidade&#44; maior taxa de mortalidade e internamentos mais longos&#59; A PACS diferiu da PAC principalmente nos microorganismos causadores e na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Healthcare-associated pneumonia &#40;HCAP&#41; is now identified as a unique entity that differs from community-acquired pneumonia &#40;CAP&#41;&#44; and in many ways is similar to nosocomial pneumonia &#40;NP&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with the diagnosis of CAP and HCAP admitted to our Pneumology Unit during one year were retrospectively analysed&#46; The objective was to compare the characteristics and the approach of these two entities&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">197 patients were included&#44; 144 with CAP and 53 with HCAP&#46; Sex&#44; age&#44; comorbilities&#44; Pneumonia Severity Index &#40;PSI&#41; score&#44; radiological involvement&#44; bacteriology&#44; treatment and outcomes were analysed in the 2 groups&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compared to CAP&#44; HCAP was associated with more severe disease&#44; a higher mortality rate and greater length of hospitalization&#46; HCAP differed from CAP mainly in bacteriology and outcomes&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAC</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hemoculturas&#47;Serologia</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Expectora&#231;&#227;o</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Secre&#231;&#245;es br&#244;nquicas</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Step&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Step&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SAMR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">P&#46; aeruginosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">K&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">L&#46; pneumophyla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Pneumonia associada aos cuidados de saúde versus pneumonia adquirida na comunidade: entidades diferentes, abordagens distintas
Pneumonia associated with health care versus community acquired pneumonia: different entities, distinct approaches
C. Guimarães
Corresponding author
catarina.guimaraes@chc.min-saude.pt

Autor para correspondência.
, C. Lares Santos, F. Costa, F. Barata
Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra- EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
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sendo a Levofloxacina e a associa&#231;&#227;o de Amoxicilina&#47;&#193;c&#46; clavul&#226;nico e Azitromicina as mais usadas&#46; A mudan&#231;a de antibi&#243;tico ocorreu em 36&#37; dos doentes com PACS e em 8&#37; com PAC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; Chi-Square test&#41;&#46; Esta mudan&#231;a ocorreu de forma emp&#237;rica &#40;por aus&#234;ncia de melhoria ou por agravamento cl&#237;nico&#41; ou baseada no antibiograma&#46; Na PACS registou-se um n&#250;mero ligeiramente superior de complica&#231;&#245;es &#40;98&#37; vs 93&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;878 Chi-Square test- <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#41;&#44; maior tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do internamento &#40;12&#44;5 vs 9&#44;7 d&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;013 t-test- <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41; e maior taxa de mortalidade &#40;18&#37; vs 6&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;020 Chi-Square test&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar da pequena amostra deste estudo&#44; os resultados obtidos confirmam a ideia de que a PACS deve ser considerada uma entidade diferente da PAC&#46; Observ&#225;mos que surge em doentes mais idosos e debilitados&#44; tendo em conta o grau de depend&#234;ncia e as comorbilidades presentes&#46; Estes doentes apresentam um quadro cl&#237;nico de maior gravidade &#40;PSI mais elevado&#41; e com envolvimento radiol&#243;gico mais extenso uma vez que estamos a tratar doentes mais d&#233;beis e com altera&#231;&#245;es da imunidade quer devido &#224; idade quer &#224;s patologias associadas&#46; A abordagem diagn&#243;stica foi semelhante&#44; tendo sido realizadas hemoculturas em apenas 53&#37; dos doentes&#44; sendo esta percentagem muito aqu&#233;m do que &#233; recomendado&#46; Embora tenhamos um n&#250;mero reduzido de isolamentos no estudo microbiol&#243;gico&#44; verific&#225;mos que os microorganismos isolados na PACS s&#227;o mais resistentes e mais parecidos com os da PN&#44; apesar de s&#243; termos identificado SAMR e n&#227;o bacilos gram-negativos&#44; como as Enterobacteriaceae&#44; frequentemente encontradas na PN&#44; o que inevitavelmente vai limitar as nossas conclus&#245;es&#46; A abordagem terap&#234;utica emp&#237;rica mais frequentemente efectuada &#233; feita considerando os microorganismos da comunidade e isto pode explicar a elevada necessidade de mudan&#231;a da antibioterapia emp&#237;rica na PACS &#40;&#62; 1&#47;3&#41;&#46; A necessidade de ajuste da antibioterapia e a presen&#231;a de microorganismos multirresistentes pode justificar-se quer pela exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via a antibi&#243;ticos e a ambientes com microorganismos resistentes&#44; quer pela deficiente adapta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica &#224; epidemiologia desta forma distinta de infec&#231;&#227;o&#46; Apesar de muitos dos isolamentos de bact&#233;rias multirresistentes terem sido feitos em cultura de secre&#231;&#245;es br&#244;nquicas&#47;expectora&#231;&#227;o&#44; tratavam-se em todos os casos de amostras qualitativamente aceit&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo mostra ainda que quando comparada com a PAC&#44; a PACS apresentou maior n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; internamentos mais prolongados&#44; maior mortalidade e inevitavelmente maiores custos&#44; sendo que os principais factores que se associam a estas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o o terreno mais suscept&#237;vel do doente&#44; a idade mais avan&#231;ada e os g&#233;rmenes multirresistentes envolvidos&#46; O facto de n&#227;o ter sido efectuada uma terap&#234;utica emp&#237;rica adequada &#224;s bact&#233;rias&#44; que foram posteriormente isoladas&#44; pode contribuir grandemente para estes resultados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo e com pequeno n&#250;mero de doentes&#44; este trabalho vem refor&#231;ar a ideia que a PACS e a PAC s&#227;o de facto entidades distintas&#44; necessitando de uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica diferente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Acumulam-se evid&#234;ncias de que a PACS n&#227;o pode ser reconhecida como o modelo tradicional de infec&#231;&#245;es que se adquirem na &#8220;comunidade&#8221;&#44; uma vez que nestas infec&#231;&#245;es a bacteriologia se assemelha &#224; do meio hospitalar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Uma eficaz antibioterapia emp&#237;rica n&#227;o poder&#225; incluir apenas agentes da comunidade&#44; mas alargar o espectro a agentes nosocomiais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Thoracic Society&#47;Infectious Disease Society of America</span> &#40;ATS&#47;IDSA&#41; j&#225; defendem isto mesmo&#44; os doentes com PACS devem ser tratados de forma semelhante aos doentes com PN e por isso de forma distinta da PAC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Em Portugal esta postura ainda n&#227;o &#233; claramente defendida e por isso mais trabalhos devem ser efectuados para melhor caracterizar a realidade epidemiol&#243;gica nacional&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesse</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565900"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
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          "titulo" => "Objectivos"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Material e M&#233;todos"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Resultados"
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Discuss&#227;o"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Conflito de interesse"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
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      ]
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-10-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-01-27"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565899"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade"
            1 => "Pneumonia associada a cuidados de sa&#250;de"
            2 => "epidemiologia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565900"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Community-acquired pneumonia"
            1 => "Healthcare-associated pneumonia"
            2 => "epidemiology"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A Pneumonia associada a cuidados de sa&#250;de &#40;PACS&#41; est&#225; identificada como uma entidade &#250;nica que difere da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade &#40;PAC&#41; e que&#44; em muitos aspectos&#44; se assemelha &#224; pneumonia nosocomial &#40;PN&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores apresentam um estudo retrospectivo&#44; que inclui doentes internados no Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra com o diagn&#243;stico de PAC e PACS&#44; durante o per&#237;odo de um ano&#44; cujo objectivo foi comparar as caracter&#237;sticas e a abordagem destas duas entidades&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 197 pacientes&#44; 144 com o diagn&#243;stico de PAC e 53 de PACS&#46; Nos dois grupos foram analisados sexo&#44; idade&#44; co-morbilidades&#44; &#205;ndice de gravidade de PSI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumonia Severity Index</span>&#41;&#44; envolvimento radiol&#243;gico&#44; bacteriologia&#44; tratamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quando comparada com a PAC&#44; a PACS esteve associada a maior severidade&#44; maior taxa de mortalidade e internamentos mais longos&#59; A PACS diferiu da PAC principalmente nos microorganismos causadores e na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Healthcare-associated pneumonia &#40;HCAP&#41; is now identified as a unique entity that differs from community-acquired pneumonia &#40;CAP&#41;&#44; and in many ways is similar to nosocomial pneumonia &#40;NP&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with the diagnosis of CAP and HCAP admitted to our Pneumology Unit during one year were retrospectively analysed&#46; The objective was to compare the characteristics and the approach of these two entities&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">197 patients were included&#44; 144 with CAP and 53 with HCAP&#46; Sex&#44; age&#44; comorbilities&#44; Pneumonia Severity Index &#40;PSI&#41; score&#44; radiological involvement&#44; bacteriology&#44; treatment and outcomes were analysed in the 2 groups&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compared to CAP&#44; HCAP was associated with more severe disease&#44; a higher mortality rate and greater length of hospitalization&#46; HCAP differed from CAP mainly in bacteriology and outcomes&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tempo de internamento&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAC</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hemoculturas&#47;Serologia</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Expectora&#231;&#227;o</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Secre&#231;&#245;es br&#244;nquicas</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Step&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Step&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SAMR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">P&#46; aeruginosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">K&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">L&#46; pneumophyla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PACS</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hemoculturas</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Expectora&#231;&#227;o</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Secre&#231;&#245;es br&#244;nquicas</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SAMR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SAMR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">P&#46; aeruginosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Step&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">K&#46; pneumoniae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Complica&#231;&#245;es &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Derrame parapneum&#243;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pneumonia nosocomial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Atelectasia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pneumonia necrotizante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Empiema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aus&#234;ncia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TOTAL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;878&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;93&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136 &#40;98&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                          "etal" => true
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                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                            0 => "F&#46; Froes"
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                            2 => "P&#46; Amaro"
                            3 => "J&#46;P&#46; Batista"
                            4 => "G&#46; Brum"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Port Pneumol"
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              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;H&#46; Kollef"
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                      "titulo" => "Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities&#58; epidemiology&#44; etiology&#44; management&#44; and prevention"
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                          "autores" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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Article information
ISSN: 08732159
Original language: Portuguese
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Pulmonology

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