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Portugal foi o &#250;nico pa&#237;s Europeu cuja preval&#234;ncia de MRSA foi superior a 50&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada assistiu-se &#224; emerg&#234;ncia a n&#237;vel mundial de infe&#231;&#245;es causadas por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Community-associated</span> MRSA &#40;CA-MRSA&#41; em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis&#44; sem fatores de risco para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital-acquired</span> MRSA &#40;HA-MRSA&#41;&#44; em particular em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Estas duas bact&#233;rias s&#227;o distintas do ponto de vista epidemiol&#243;gico&#44; genot&#237;pico e fenot&#237;pico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> O CA-MRSA foi inicialmente descrito na Austr&#225;lia no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 80&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Cerca de uma d&#233;cada depois foi identificado nos EUA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> e&#44; 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a maioria dos isolamentos de CA-MRSA isolados eram apenas resistentes aos antibi&#243;ticos &#946;-lact&#226;micos&#44; o que estava associado &#224; presen&#231;a dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec</span> &#40;SCC<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mec</span>&#41; de menores dimens&#245;es &#40;tipo IV e V&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> No entanto&#44; recentemente tem-se observado o aumento de resist&#234;ncia a outras classes de antibi&#243;ticos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Este agente &#233; tamb&#233;m frequentemente portador do gene da leucocidina de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Panton-Valentine</span> &#40;PVL&#41;&#44; uma exotoxina que causa destrui&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria e necrose dos tecidos&#44; associando-se a um aumento da gravidade das infe&#231;&#245;es&#44; nomeadamente pneumonias&#44; e da mortalidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atualmente&#44; os clones predominantes de CA-MRSA nos EUA s&#227;o o USA300 &#40;ST8-IVa&#41; e o USA400 &#40;ST1-IV&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> estando sobretudo o primeiro&#44; amplamente disseminado na comunidade e meio hospitalar&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> enquanto que na Europa e na Austr&#225;lia&#44; os clones mais relevantes s&#227;o o clone Europeu &#40;ST80-IVc&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> e o clone do Pac&#237;fico Sudoeste &#40;ST30-IV&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> respetivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais comuns de CA-MRSA s&#227;o as infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles&#44; embora estejam tamb&#233;m descritas infe&#231;&#245;es invasivas graves&#44; nomeadamente pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Num estudo de grandes dimens&#245;es realizado nos EUA&#44; apenas 2&#37; das infe&#231;&#245;es por CA-MRSA foram pneumonias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores descrevem o primeiro caso documentado de infe&#231;&#227;o por CA-MRSA em Portugal&#44; num doente com pneumonia grave necrotizante&#44; complicada por empiema bilateral&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Caso cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um homem de 33 anos&#44; natural da Arm&#233;nia&#44; indigente&#44; a residir em Portugal h&#225; sete anos e com antecedentes pessoais de Hepatite B e C cr&#243;nica e toxicofilia por via endovenosa apresentou-se no Servi&#231;o de Urg&#234;ncia Geral &#40;SUG&#41; referindo dor tipo pleur&#237;tica &#224; direita nos &#250;ltimos cinco dias&#44; associada a febre n&#227;o quantificada e expetora&#231;&#227;o purulenta nas duas semanas pr&#233;vias&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A telerradiografia do t&#243;rax mostrou infiltrado pulmonar em ambos os lobos inferiores e derrame pleural direito&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HIV-check</span> foi positivo &#40;m&#233;todo ELISA de 4&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#46; Admitiu-se o diagn&#243;stico de Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade &#40;PAC&#41; com derrame pleural parapneum&#243;nico e o doente teve alta medicado com coamoxiclav&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s dois dias regressou ao SUG por agravamento dos sintomas&#46; Estava febril&#44; taquic&#225;rdico e taquipneico&#44; com oximetria de pulso de 95&#37; em ar ambiente e tinha diminui&#231;&#227;o do murm&#250;rio vesicular a n&#237;vel do hemit&#243;rax direito&#46; A gasimetria arterial revelou press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#233;nio no sangue arterial &#40;PaO2&#41; de 67&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C-reativa &#40;35&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; sendo que dois dias antes era de 15&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41; e leucocitose &#40;14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>109&#47;&#956;L&#59; neutr&#243;filos 94&#37;&#41;&#46; A pesquisa de bacilos &#225;lcool-&#225;cido resistentes na expetora&#231;&#227;o foi negativa &#40;tr&#234;s amostras&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O doente foi internado no Servi&#231;o de Infeciologia&#46; Associou-se &#224; antibioterapia j&#225; descrita claritromicina e&#44; dado o doente estar gravemente imunodeprimido &#40;46 c&#233;lulas T CD4 &#47;mcL&#44; 10&#46;3&#37; e carga viral<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>180&#46;000 c&#243;pias&#47;mcL&#41;&#44; iniciou cotrimoxazol&#44; profilaticamente&#46; Nos dois dias seguintes houve r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sua situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; com instala&#231;&#227;o de fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica&#46; Foi transferido para a Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#44; onde foi realizada toracocentese&#44; que revelou empiema bilateral de grande volume&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Tomografia Computorizada Axial do t&#243;rax mostrou consolida&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o direito&#46; No exame microbiol&#243;gico do l&#237;quido pleural&#44; lavado bronco-alveolar &#40;BAL&#41; e hemoculturas foi isolado MRSA&#46; Este micro-organismo era suscet&#237;vel &#224; vancomicina&#44; com concentra&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria m&#237;nima &#40;CIM&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL &#40;Etest&#174;&#41;&#44; e resistente &#224; ciprofloxacina&#44; eritromicina e clindamicina&#59; era ainda suscet&#237;vel &#224; linezolida &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41;&#44; teicoplanina &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41;&#44; gentamicina &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41; e cotrimoxazol &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41;&#46; Iniciou vancomicina em perfus&#227;o cont&#237;nua&#44; ajustada para atingir n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de 20-25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46; N&#227;o houve qualquer melhoria ap&#243;s 7 dias&#46; Realizou ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que excluiu endocardite infeciosa&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A repeti&#231;&#227;o dos exames microbiol&#243;gicos revelou persist&#234;ncia de MRSA no BAL e aspirado traqueal&#44; com o mesmo padr&#227;o de suscetibilidade&#46; Admitiu-se a hip&#243;tese de CA-MRSA pelo que iniciou linezolida endovenosa&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s dez dias de terap&#234;utica EV registou-se resolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa&#46; A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o molecular dos isolados foi feita por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pulsed-field gel electrophoresis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">spa typing</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">multilocus sequence typing</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> e SCC<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mec typing</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">subtyping</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Foi ainda testada a presen&#231;a de PVL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; O agente etiol&#243;gico foi identificado como CA-MRSA pertencente ao clone epid&#233;mico USA300 &#40;ST8-IVa&#44; t008&#44; PVL positivo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O desmame ventilat&#243;rio foi prolongado&#44; tendo o doente sido submetido a traqueostomia ao 21&#176; dia&#46; Teve alta da UCI ao56&#176; dia e alta hospitalar ao 179&#176; dia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta &#233; a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o de um caso cl&#237;nico de infe&#231;&#227;o por CA-MRSA identificado em Portugal&#44; respons&#225;vel por uma infe&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente&#44; pneumonia necrotizante com empiema&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O tipo de CA-MRSA isolado pertencia ao clone epid&#233;mico USA300&#44; amplamente disseminado nos EUA&#44; o qual tamb&#233;m se encontra em ambiente hospitalar&#44; sendo o agente mais comum de infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Embora este clone tenha j&#225; sido igualmente identificado na Europa&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> n&#227;o est&#227;o previamente descritos casos identificados em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maioria dos doentes infetados por CA-MRSA t&#234;m infe&#231;&#227;o concomitante ou recente por v&#237;rus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">influenzae</span> e&#47;ou exposi&#231;&#227;o recente a antibi&#243;ticos&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> o que n&#227;o se verificou no caso do nosso doente&#46; N&#227;o havia igualmente outros fatores de risco de infe&#231;&#227;o por HA-MRSA&#44; nomeadamente hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recente&#44; observa&#231;&#227;o em centro de cuidados de sa&#250;de ou terap&#234;utica antibi&#243;tica recente&#46; Contudo&#44; tratava-se de um indiv&#237;duo indigente&#44; com hist&#243;ria de abuso de drogas por via endovenosa&#44; que poderia ter tido exposi&#231;&#227;o ou infe&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da pele e tecidos moles por CA-MRSA neste contexto&#46; Nem todos os doentes &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar fatores de risco&#44; como aconteceu no caso presente&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pneumonia necrotizante associada a estirpes produtoras de PVL apresenta elevada mortalidade&#44; que pode atingir 75&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Numa s&#233;rie de 24 doentes com pneumonia a CA-MRSA&#44; todos os doentes infetados por estirpes produtoras de PVL faleceram&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas 47&#37; dos infetados por estirpes n&#227;o produtoras de PVL <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;odds ratio</span> de 1&#46;56&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Num estudo de maior dimens&#227;o&#44; em que foram estudados 50 doentes com pneumonia causada por CA-MRSA produtor de PVL&#44; a mortalidade global foi de 56&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> No nosso doente&#44; as estirpes isoladas de CA-MRSA apresentavam elevadas CIM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> para a vancomicina e resist&#234;ncia a v&#225;rias outras classes de antibi&#243;ticos&#46; A deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicialmente registada pode ser explicada pelos elevados n&#237;veis de PVL&#44; o que pode ocorrer em situa&#231;&#245;es de terap&#234;utica antibi&#243;tica com concentra&#231;&#245;es subinibit&#243;rias de oxacilina ou vancomicina&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Contrariamente&#44; mesmo concentra&#231;&#245;es subinibit&#243;rias de clindamicina ou linezolida podem levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PVL&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> provavelmente em consequ&#234;ncia da inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese proteica das bact&#233;rias&#44; o que pode ajudar a explicar o seu sucesso terap&#234;utico neste doente&#46; Finalmente&#44; alguns autores descreveram doentes com fal&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica &#224; vancomicina&#44; os quais melhoraram com antibioterapia em associa&#231;&#227;o com linezolida e rifampicina&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Fibalmente&#44; existem poucas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> dispon&#237;veis e nenhum estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado que tenha comparado estas diferentes terap&#234;uticas antibi&#243;ticas nesta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; infe&#231;&#245;es a CA-MRSA&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O isolamento de uma estirpe USA300 multirresistente num indiv&#237;duo toxicodependente &#233; particularmente preocupante&#44; dado o elevado risco de transmiss&#227;o horizontal nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> criando alguma apreens&#227;o quanto &#224; possibilidade de aumento da preval&#234;ncia deste agente em infe&#231;&#245;es adquiridas na comunidade em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este caso cl&#237;nico destaca a import&#226;ncia do CA-MRSA como micro-organismo potencial na PAC grave e a necessidade da sua vigil&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica ativa&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As infe&#231;&#245;es por CA-MRSA n&#227;o se traduzem em sintomas ou sinais espec&#237;ficos&#46; Contudo&#44; &#233; essencial elevada suspeita cl&#237;nica entre os m&#233;dicos e os laborat&#243;rios de microbiologia nas situa&#231;&#245;es de isolamento de estirpes de MRSA resistentes aos &#946;-lact&#226;micos em doentes com infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles ou pneumonia&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para HA-MRSA e com componente t&#243;xico e necrotizante acentuados&#46; Esfor&#231;os com o objetivo de interromper a dissemina&#231;&#227;o deste agente s&#227;o vi&#225;veis&#44; e&#44; em &#250;ltimo caso&#44; podem ser bem sucedidos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Consentimento</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O doente forneceu consentimento informado e por escrito para a publica&#231;&#227;o deste caso cl&#237;nico&#46; Uma c&#243;pia do mesmo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para revis&#227;o pelo Editor-chefe da Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RN escreveu o manuscrito&#46; PF contribuiu de forma substancial pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o&#46; JGP&#44; JS&#44; VM&#44; CT e PP participaram na elabora&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#44; interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reviram o mesmo para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do seu conte&#250;do te&#243;rico&#46; EG e FM realizaram o estudo microbiol&#243;gico e tamb&#233;m reviram o manuscrito&#46; AT&#44; MM e MHL executaram os estudos gen&#233;ticos moleculares e fizeram contribui&#231;&#245;es substanciais para a revis&#227;o do manuscrito&#46; JPG e PP elaboraram a vers&#227;o final do mesmo para publica&#231;&#227;o&#46; Todos os autores leram e aprovaram a sua vers&#227;o final&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        4 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
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          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Caso cl&#237;nico"
        ]
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          "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
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        7 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Consentimento"
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        8 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Conflito de interesses"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores"
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          "identificador" => "xack184910"
          "titulo" => "Agradecimentos"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-02-14"
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    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565502"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "comunidade associada"
            1 => "MRSA"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>"
            3 => "pneumonia necrosante"
            4 => "empiema"
          ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565503"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Community-associated"
            1 => "MRSA"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>"
            3 => "Necrotizing pneumonia"
            4 => "Empyema"
          ]
        ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recentemente assistiu-se &#224; emerg&#234;ncia de infe&#231;&#245;es na comunidade por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> meticilina-resistente &#40;MRSA&#41; em indiv&#237;duos sem fatores de risco&#46; O MRSA associado &#224; comunidade &#40;CA-MRSA&#41; parece ser mais virulento&#44; causando desde infe&#231;&#245;es superficiais da pele e tecidos moles at&#233; fasce&#237;te necrosante e&#44; raramente&#44; pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O CA-MRSA foi inicialmente identificado na Austr&#225;lia no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 80 e&#44; ap&#243;s cerca de duas d&#233;cadas&#44; surgiu nos EUA e em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses da Europa&#44; &#193;sia e Am&#233;rica do Sul&#46; N&#227;o existe informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel acerca da preval&#234;ncia em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores reportam o primeiro caso de infe&#231;&#227;o por CA-MRSA em Portugal&#44; num adulto jovem com pneumonia necrotizante grave complicada por empiema bilateral e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> &#40;MRSA&#41; has recently emerged as a cause of community-acquired infections among individuals without risk factors&#46; Community-associated MRSA &#40;CA-MRSA&#41; appears to be more virulent&#44; causing superficial mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe necrotizing fasciitis&#44; and in rare cases&#44; pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Community-associated MRSA was first reported in Australia in the early 80s&#44; after almost two decades in the USA&#44; and then in several countries in Europe&#44; Asia and South America&#46; No data exists in Portugal&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report the first case of CA-MRSA infection in Portugal&#44; in a young adult with severe necrotizing pneumonia&#44; complicated with bilateral empyema and respiratory failure&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Waves of resistance&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> in the antibiotic era"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "H&#46;F&#46; Chambers"
                            1 => "F&#46;R&#46; Deleo"
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                      "doi" => "10.1038/nrmicro2200"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nat Rev Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "629"
                        "paginaFinal" => "641"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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Case report
Infeção por staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente da comunidade em Portugal
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Portugal
R. Nazaretha,
Corresponding author
raquelnazareth@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, J. Gonçalves-Pereiraa,d, A. Tavaresc, M. Miragaiac, H. de Lencastrec,e, J. Silvestrea,d, P. Freitasa, E. Gonçalvesb, F. Martinsb, V. Mendesa, C. Tapadinhasa,d, P. Póvoaa,d
a Unidade Polivalente de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
b Laboratório de Microbiologia, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
c Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Oeiras, Portugal
d CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
e Laboratory of Microbiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Portugal foi o &#250;nico pa&#237;s Europeu cuja preval&#234;ncia de MRSA foi superior a 50&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada assistiu-se &#224; emerg&#234;ncia a n&#237;vel mundial de infe&#231;&#245;es causadas por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Community-associated</span> MRSA &#40;CA-MRSA&#41; em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis&#44; sem fatores de risco para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital-acquired</span> MRSA &#40;HA-MRSA&#41;&#44; em particular em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Estas duas bact&#233;rias s&#227;o distintas do ponto de vista epidemiol&#243;gico&#44; genot&#237;pico e fenot&#237;pico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> O CA-MRSA foi inicialmente descrito na Austr&#225;lia no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 80&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Cerca de uma d&#233;cada depois foi identificado nos EUA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> e&#44; posteriormente&#44; na Europa&#44; &#193;sia e Am&#233;rica do Sul&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sua preval&#234;ncia exata &#233; desconhecida&#46; T&#234;m sido descritos surtos na comunidade&#44; em diferentes contextos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Foi detetada uma elevada preval&#234;ncia deste agente em doentes com infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> nomeadamente&#44; entre utilizadores de drogas por via endovenosa na Am&#233;rica do Norte&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> assim como no Reino Unido&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Inicialmente&#44; a maioria dos isolamentos de CA-MRSA isolados eram apenas resistentes aos antibi&#243;ticos &#946;-lact&#226;micos&#44; o que estava associado &#224; presen&#231;a dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec</span> &#40;SCC<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mec</span>&#41; de menores dimens&#245;es &#40;tipo IV e V&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> No entanto&#44; recentemente tem-se observado o aumento de resist&#234;ncia a outras classes de antibi&#243;ticos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Este agente &#233; tamb&#233;m frequentemente portador do gene da leucocidina de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Panton-Valentine</span> &#40;PVL&#41;&#44; uma exotoxina que causa destrui&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria e necrose dos tecidos&#44; associando-se a um aumento da gravidade das infe&#231;&#245;es&#44; nomeadamente pneumonias&#44; e da mortalidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atualmente&#44; os clones predominantes de CA-MRSA nos EUA s&#227;o o USA300 &#40;ST8-IVa&#41; e o USA400 &#40;ST1-IV&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> estando sobretudo o primeiro&#44; amplamente disseminado na comunidade e meio hospitalar&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> enquanto que na Europa e na Austr&#225;lia&#44; os clones mais relevantes s&#227;o o clone Europeu &#40;ST80-IVc&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> e o clone do Pac&#237;fico Sudoeste &#40;ST30-IV&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> respetivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais comuns de CA-MRSA s&#227;o as infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles&#44; embora estejam tamb&#233;m descritas infe&#231;&#245;es invasivas graves&#44; nomeadamente pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Num estudo de grandes dimens&#245;es realizado nos EUA&#44; apenas 2&#37; das infe&#231;&#245;es por CA-MRSA foram pneumonias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores descrevem o primeiro caso documentado de infe&#231;&#227;o por CA-MRSA em Portugal&#44; num doente com pneumonia grave necrotizante&#44; complicada por empiema bilateral&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Caso cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um homem de 33 anos&#44; natural da Arm&#233;nia&#44; indigente&#44; a residir em Portugal h&#225; sete anos e com antecedentes pessoais de Hepatite B e C cr&#243;nica e toxicofilia por via endovenosa apresentou-se no Servi&#231;o de Urg&#234;ncia Geral &#40;SUG&#41; referindo dor tipo pleur&#237;tica &#224; direita nos &#250;ltimos cinco dias&#44; associada a febre n&#227;o quantificada e expetora&#231;&#227;o purulenta nas duas semanas pr&#233;vias&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A telerradiografia do t&#243;rax mostrou infiltrado pulmonar em ambos os lobos inferiores e derrame pleural direito&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HIV-check</span> foi positivo &#40;m&#233;todo ELISA de 4&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#46; Admitiu-se o diagn&#243;stico de Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade &#40;PAC&#41; com derrame pleural parapneum&#243;nico e o doente teve alta medicado com coamoxiclav&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s dois dias regressou ao SUG por agravamento dos sintomas&#46; Estava febril&#44; taquic&#225;rdico e taquipneico&#44; com oximetria de pulso de 95&#37; em ar ambiente e tinha diminui&#231;&#227;o do murm&#250;rio vesicular a n&#237;vel do hemit&#243;rax direito&#46; A gasimetria arterial revelou press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#233;nio no sangue arterial &#40;PaO2&#41; de 67&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C-reativa &#40;35&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; sendo que dois dias antes era de 15&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41; e leucocitose &#40;14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>109&#47;&#956;L&#59; neutr&#243;filos 94&#37;&#41;&#46; A pesquisa de bacilos &#225;lcool-&#225;cido resistentes na expetora&#231;&#227;o foi negativa &#40;tr&#234;s amostras&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O doente foi internado no Servi&#231;o de Infeciologia&#46; Associou-se &#224; antibioterapia j&#225; descrita claritromicina e&#44; dado o doente estar gravemente imunodeprimido &#40;46 c&#233;lulas T CD4 &#47;mcL&#44; 10&#46;3&#37; e carga viral<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>180&#46;000 c&#243;pias&#47;mcL&#41;&#44; iniciou cotrimoxazol&#44; profilaticamente&#46; Nos dois dias seguintes houve r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sua situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; com instala&#231;&#227;o de fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica&#46; Foi transferido para a Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#44; onde foi realizada toracocentese&#44; que revelou empiema bilateral de grande volume&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Tomografia Computorizada Axial do t&#243;rax mostrou consolida&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o direito&#46; No exame microbiol&#243;gico do l&#237;quido pleural&#44; lavado bronco-alveolar &#40;BAL&#41; e hemoculturas foi isolado MRSA&#46; Este micro-organismo era suscet&#237;vel &#224; vancomicina&#44; com concentra&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria m&#237;nima &#40;CIM&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL &#40;Etest&#174;&#41;&#44; e resistente &#224; ciprofloxacina&#44; eritromicina e clindamicina&#59; era ainda suscet&#237;vel &#224; linezolida &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41;&#44; teicoplanina &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41;&#44; gentamicina &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41; e cotrimoxazol &#40;CIM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41;&#46; Iniciou vancomicina em perfus&#227;o cont&#237;nua&#44; ajustada para atingir n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de 20-25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46; N&#227;o houve qualquer melhoria ap&#243;s 7 dias&#46; Realizou ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que excluiu endocardite infeciosa&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A repeti&#231;&#227;o dos exames microbiol&#243;gicos revelou persist&#234;ncia de MRSA no BAL e aspirado traqueal&#44; com o mesmo padr&#227;o de suscetibilidade&#46; Admitiu-se a hip&#243;tese de CA-MRSA pelo que iniciou linezolida endovenosa&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s dez dias de terap&#234;utica EV registou-se resolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa&#46; A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o molecular dos isolados foi feita por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pulsed-field gel electrophoresis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">spa typing</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">multilocus sequence typing</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> e SCC<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mec typing</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">subtyping</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Foi ainda testada a presen&#231;a de PVL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; O agente etiol&#243;gico foi identificado como CA-MRSA pertencente ao clone epid&#233;mico USA300 &#40;ST8-IVa&#44; t008&#44; PVL positivo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O desmame ventilat&#243;rio foi prolongado&#44; tendo o doente sido submetido a traqueostomia ao 21&#176; dia&#46; Teve alta da UCI ao56&#176; dia e alta hospitalar ao 179&#176; dia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta &#233; a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o de um caso cl&#237;nico de infe&#231;&#227;o por CA-MRSA identificado em Portugal&#44; respons&#225;vel por uma infe&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente&#44; pneumonia necrotizante com empiema&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O tipo de CA-MRSA isolado pertencia ao clone epid&#233;mico USA300&#44; amplamente disseminado nos EUA&#44; o qual tamb&#233;m se encontra em ambiente hospitalar&#44; sendo o agente mais comum de infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Embora este clone tenha j&#225; sido igualmente identificado na Europa&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> n&#227;o est&#227;o previamente descritos casos identificados em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maioria dos doentes infetados por CA-MRSA t&#234;m infe&#231;&#227;o concomitante ou recente por v&#237;rus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">influenzae</span> e&#47;ou exposi&#231;&#227;o recente a antibi&#243;ticos&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> o que n&#227;o se verificou no caso do nosso doente&#46; N&#227;o havia igualmente outros fatores de risco de infe&#231;&#227;o por HA-MRSA&#44; nomeadamente hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recente&#44; observa&#231;&#227;o em centro de cuidados de sa&#250;de ou terap&#234;utica antibi&#243;tica recente&#46; Contudo&#44; tratava-se de um indiv&#237;duo indigente&#44; com hist&#243;ria de abuso de drogas por via endovenosa&#44; que poderia ter tido exposi&#231;&#227;o ou infe&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da pele e tecidos moles por CA-MRSA neste contexto&#46; Nem todos os doentes &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar fatores de risco&#44; como aconteceu no caso presente&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pneumonia necrotizante associada a estirpes produtoras de PVL apresenta elevada mortalidade&#44; que pode atingir 75&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Numa s&#233;rie de 24 doentes com pneumonia a CA-MRSA&#44; todos os doentes infetados por estirpes produtoras de PVL faleceram&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas 47&#37; dos infetados por estirpes n&#227;o produtoras de PVL <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;odds ratio</span> de 1&#46;56&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Num estudo de maior dimens&#227;o&#44; em que foram estudados 50 doentes com pneumonia causada por CA-MRSA produtor de PVL&#44; a mortalidade global foi de 56&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> No nosso doente&#44; as estirpes isoladas de CA-MRSA apresentavam elevadas CIM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> para a vancomicina e resist&#234;ncia a v&#225;rias outras classes de antibi&#243;ticos&#46; A deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicialmente registada pode ser explicada pelos elevados n&#237;veis de PVL&#44; o que pode ocorrer em situa&#231;&#245;es de terap&#234;utica antibi&#243;tica com concentra&#231;&#245;es subinibit&#243;rias de oxacilina ou vancomicina&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Contrariamente&#44; mesmo concentra&#231;&#245;es subinibit&#243;rias de clindamicina ou linezolida podem levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PVL&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> provavelmente em consequ&#234;ncia da inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese proteica das bact&#233;rias&#44; o que pode ajudar a explicar o seu sucesso terap&#234;utico neste doente&#46; Finalmente&#44; alguns autores descreveram doentes com fal&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica &#224; vancomicina&#44; os quais melhoraram com antibioterapia em associa&#231;&#227;o com linezolida e rifampicina&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Fibalmente&#44; existem poucas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> dispon&#237;veis e nenhum estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado que tenha comparado estas diferentes terap&#234;uticas antibi&#243;ticas nesta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; infe&#231;&#245;es a CA-MRSA&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O isolamento de uma estirpe USA300 multirresistente num indiv&#237;duo toxicodependente &#233; particularmente preocupante&#44; dado o elevado risco de transmiss&#227;o horizontal nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> criando alguma apreens&#227;o quanto &#224; possibilidade de aumento da preval&#234;ncia deste agente em infe&#231;&#245;es adquiridas na comunidade em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este caso cl&#237;nico destaca a import&#226;ncia do CA-MRSA como micro-organismo potencial na PAC grave e a necessidade da sua vigil&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica ativa&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As infe&#231;&#245;es por CA-MRSA n&#227;o se traduzem em sintomas ou sinais espec&#237;ficos&#46; Contudo&#44; &#233; essencial elevada suspeita cl&#237;nica entre os m&#233;dicos e os laborat&#243;rios de microbiologia nas situa&#231;&#245;es de isolamento de estirpes de MRSA resistentes aos &#946;-lact&#226;micos em doentes com infe&#231;&#245;es da pele e tecidos moles ou pneumonia&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para HA-MRSA e com componente t&#243;xico e necrotizante acentuados&#46; Esfor&#231;os com o objetivo de interromper a dissemina&#231;&#227;o deste agente s&#227;o vi&#225;veis&#44; e&#44; em &#250;ltimo caso&#44; podem ser bem sucedidos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Consentimento</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O doente forneceu consentimento informado e por escrito para a publica&#231;&#227;o deste caso cl&#237;nico&#46; Uma c&#243;pia do mesmo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para revis&#227;o pelo Editor-chefe da Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RN escreveu o manuscrito&#46; PF contribuiu de forma substancial pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o&#46; JGP&#44; JS&#44; VM&#44; CT e PP participaram na elabora&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#44; interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reviram o mesmo para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do seu conte&#250;do te&#243;rico&#46; EG e FM realizaram o estudo microbiol&#243;gico e tamb&#233;m reviram o manuscrito&#46; AT&#44; MM e MHL executaram os estudos gen&#233;ticos moleculares e fizeram contribui&#231;&#245;es substanciais para a revis&#227;o do manuscrito&#46; JPG e PP elaboraram a vers&#227;o final do mesmo para publica&#231;&#227;o&#46; Todos os autores leram e aprovaram a sua vers&#227;o final&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recentemente assistiu-se &#224; emerg&#234;ncia de infe&#231;&#245;es na comunidade por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> meticilina-resistente &#40;MRSA&#41; em indiv&#237;duos sem fatores de risco&#46; O MRSA associado &#224; comunidade &#40;CA-MRSA&#41; parece ser mais virulento&#44; causando desde infe&#231;&#245;es superficiais da pele e tecidos moles at&#233; fasce&#237;te necrosante e&#44; raramente&#44; pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O CA-MRSA foi inicialmente identificado na Austr&#225;lia no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 80 e&#44; ap&#243;s cerca de duas d&#233;cadas&#44; surgiu nos EUA e em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses da Europa&#44; &#193;sia e Am&#233;rica do Sul&#46; N&#227;o existe informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel acerca da preval&#234;ncia em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os autores reportam o primeiro caso de infe&#231;&#227;o por CA-MRSA em Portugal&#44; num adulto jovem com pneumonia necrotizante grave complicada por empiema bilateral e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&#46;</p></span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> &#40;MRSA&#41; has recently emerged as a cause of community-acquired infections among individuals without risk factors&#46; Community-associated MRSA &#40;CA-MRSA&#41; appears to be more virulent&#44; causing superficial mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe necrotizing fasciitis&#44; and in rare cases&#44; pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Community-associated MRSA was first reported in Australia in the early 80s&#44; after almost two decades in the USA&#44; and then in several countries in Europe&#44; Asia and South America&#46; No data exists in Portugal&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report the first case of CA-MRSA infection in Portugal&#44; in a young adult with severe necrotizing pneumonia&#44; complicated with bilateral empyema and respiratory failure&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "From the Centers for Disease Control&#44; Prevention"
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46;D&#46; Saravolatz"
                            1 => "N&#46; Markowitz"
                            2 => "L&#46; Arking"
                            3 => "D&#46; Pohlod"
                            4 => "E&#46; Fisher"
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                        ]
                      ]
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "F&#46;R&#46; Deleo"
                            1 => "M&#46; Otto"
                            2 => "B&#46;N&#46; Kreiswirth"
                            3 => "H&#46;F&#46; Chambers"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
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              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention &#40;CDC&#41;&#46; Outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> skin infections&#8212;Los Angeles County&#44; California&#44; 2002&#8211;2003&#46; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep&#46; 2003&#59;52&#58;88&#46;"
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              ]
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            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Invasive methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> infections in the United States"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Klevens"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Morrison"
                            2 => "J&#46; Nadle"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
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            11 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "12"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparisons of community-associated methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> &#40;MRSA&#41; and hospital-associated MSRA infections in Sacramento"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Huang"
                            1 => "N&#46;M&#46; Flynn"
                            2 => "J&#46;H&#46; King"
                            3 => "C&#46; Monchaud"
                            4 => "M&#46; Morita"
                            5 => "S&#46;H&#46; Cohen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "44"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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              "etiqueta" => "13"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Community-associated methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> is prevalent in wounds of community-based injection drug users"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Lloyd-Smith"
                            1 => "M&#46;W&#46; Hull"
                            2 => "M&#46;W&#46; Tyndall"
                            3 => "R&#46; Zhang"
                            4 => "E&#46; Wood"
                            5 => "J&#46;S&#46; Montaner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1017/S0950268810000464"
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                        "fecha" => "2010"
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                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02017.x"
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                        "fecha" => "2008"
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                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;M&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "M&#46; Ender"
                            2 => "R&#46; Adhikari"
                            3 => "J&#46;M&#46; Smith"
                            4 => "B&#46; Berger-Bachi"
                            5 => "G&#46;M&#46; Cook"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1128/AAC.01239-06"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "fecha" => "2007"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Gillet"
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                            2 => "P&#46; Vanhems"
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "L&#46;K&#46; McDougal"
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                            2 => "G&#46;E&#46; Killgore"
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Article information
ISSN: 08732159
Original language: Portuguese
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