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interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular dos intervalos RR &#40;TINN&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#8211; os quais permitem apresentar os intervalos RR em padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos e usar aproxima&#231;&#245;es para derivar as medidas de VFC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O &#237;ndice triangular e o TINN s&#227;o calculados a partir da constru&#231;&#227;o de um histograma de densidade dos intervalos RR normais que cont&#233;m no eixo x o comprimento dos intervalos RR e no eixo y a frequ&#234;ncia com que eles ocorreram&#46; A uni&#227;o dos pontos das colunas do histograma forma uma figura semelhante a um tri&#226;ngulo&#44; do qual s&#227;o extra&#237;dos esses &#237;ndices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8</span></a>&#46; O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#233; uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica bidimensional da correla&#231;&#227;o entre intervalos RR consecutivos&#44; em que cada intervalo &#233; plotado contra o pr&#243;ximo intervalo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Sua an&#225;lise pode ser feita de forma qualitativa&#44; por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o da figura formada pelo seu atrator&#44; a qual mostra o grau de complexidade dos intervalos RR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#44; ou quantitativa&#44; pelo ajuste da elipse da figura formada pelo atrator&#44; de onde se obt&#233;m os &#237;ndices&#58; SD1&#44; SD2 e a raz&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; A an&#225;lise do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#233; considerada por alguns autores como baseada na din&#226;mica n&#227;o linear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudos da VFC em pacientes com DPOC t&#234;m demonstrado que estes apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de VFC em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso&#44; quando comparados a sujeitos controlos da mesma faixa et&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a>&#46; Redu&#231;&#245;es de &#237;ndices que refletem tanto a modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica isoladamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> quanto a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica&#44; em conjunto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; est&#227;o descritas na literatura&#46; Esses trabalhos versando sobre altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na DPOC avaliaram os &#237;ndices utilizando m&#233;todos lineares nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia&#46; Entretanto&#44; para melhorar o nosso conhecimento&#44; s&#227;o escassos os trabalhos que avaliam a VFC em pacientes com DPOC por meio de &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos&#46; Ap&#243;s busca na literatura t&#233;cnica pertinente&#44; apenas um estudo foi encontrado&#44; utilizando o &#237;ndice geom&#233;trico TINN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Nesse trabalho foram observados menores valores desse &#237;ndice para sujeitos com DPOC&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com intuito de acrescentar elementos &#224; literatura acerca dessa tem&#225;tica&#44; o objetivo &#233; investigar &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de VFC de indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todo</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para conduzir este estudo&#44; foram recrutados todos os pacientes dispon&#237;veis no Centro de Estudos e Atendimento em Fisioterapia e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia &#8211; FCT&#47;UNESP &#40;Presidente Prudente&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; Para compor o grupo DPOC&#44; todos os indiv&#237;duos tinham o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DPOC e atendiam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o&#58; 1&#41; diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DPOC confirmado pela espirometria&#44; de acordo com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; 2&#41; n&#227;o tabagistas&#44; visto que a nicotina altera a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; 3&#41; sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o com influ&#234;ncia sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica&#44; 4&#41; aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas&#44; 5&#41; sem exacerba&#231;&#227;o do quadro de DPOC nos &#250;ltimos dois meses&#46; Quando alguma condi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a foi relatada&#44; o volunt&#225;rio n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assim&#44; foram selecionados 17 pacientes &#40;10 homens&#41; com diagn&#243;stico de DPOC&#44; classificados como GOLD II e III&#44; por meio dos valores espirom&#233;tricos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; O grupo controle foi constitu&#237;do por 17 volunt&#225;rios &#40;8 homens&#41; aparentemente saud&#225;veis&#44; com valores normais na espirometria&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram informados sobre os procedimentos e objetivos do estudo e&#44; ap&#243;s concordarem&#44; assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido&#46; Todos os procedimentos do estudo foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia &#8211; FCT&#47;UNESP&#44; Campus de Presidente Prudente &#40;processo n&#46;&#176; 246&#47;08&#41; e atenderam a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196&#47;96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de &#40;10&#47;10&#47;1996&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento experimental&#44; os volunt&#225;rios foram identificados coletando-se as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es&#58; idade&#44; sexo&#44; peso&#44; altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#40;IMC&#41;&#46; As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram obtidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas por Lohman et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; O peso foi mensurado em uma balan&#231;a digital &#40;W 200&#47;5&#44; Welmy&#44; Brasil&#41; com precis&#227;o de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg e a altura por meio de um estadi&#244;metro &#40;ES 2020&#44; Sanny&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#40;IMC&#41; foi calculado usando a seguinte f&#243;rmula&#58; peso &#40;kg&#41; &#47; altura &#40;m&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protocolo experimental</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram coletados em uma sala com temperatura entre 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C e 24&#176; C e humidade entre 40 e 60&#37; e os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a n&#227;o ingerirem bebidas alco&#243;licas nem cafe&#237;na nas 24 horas anteriores &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o&#46; A coleta de dados foi realizada de forma individual&#44; entre as 8&#58;00 e 11&#58;00 da manh&#227; para evitar a influ&#234;ncia do ritmo circadiano&#46; Todos os procedimentos necess&#225;rios para a coleta de dados foram explicados aos volunt&#225;rios&#44; os quais foram orientados a manterem-se em repouso&#44; evitando conversar durante a coleta&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial&#44; foi colocada no t&#243;rax dos volunt&#225;rios&#44; no ter&#231;o distal do esterno&#44; a cinta de capta&#231;&#227;o e no punho&#44; o receptor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca Polar S810i &#40;Polar Electro&#44; Finl&#226;ndia&#41;&#44; equipamento previamente validado para capta&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos seus dados para an&#225;lise da VFC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da cinta e do monitor&#44; os volunt&#225;rios foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal e permaneceram em repouso respirando espontaneamente por 30 minutos&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s esse procedimento&#44; foi realizada a prova espirom&#233;trica para identificar e estratificar o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica&#46; Para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado o espir&#244;metro Spirobank &#40;MIR&#44; It&#225;lia&#41; vers&#227;o 3&#46;6 acoplado a um microcomputador&#44; seguindo os crit&#233;rios descritos pelas Diretrizes para Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi registrada batimento a batimento durante todo o protocolo experimental com uma taxa de amostragem de 1&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#46; Para an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos da VFC das s&#233;ries de intervalos RR obtidas&#44; foram selecionados trechos de 20 minutos no per&#237;odo de maior estabilidade do sinal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Nesses trechos foi feita filtragem digital complementada por manual para eliminar batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros e artefatos&#44; e somente s&#233;ries com mais de 95&#37; de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;das no estudo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisados os seguintes &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos&#58; RRtri&#44; TINN e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#40;SD1&#44; SD2&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O RRtri foi calculado a partir da constru&#231;&#227;o do histograma de densidade dos intervalos RR normais&#44; e foi obtido pela divis&#227;o da integral do histograma &#40;isto &#233;&#44; o n&#250;mero total de intervalos RR&#41; pelo m&#225;ximo da distribui&#231;&#227;o de densidade &#40;frequ&#234;ncia modal dos intervalos RR&#41;&#44; mensurado em uma escala discreta com caixas de 7&#46;8125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;1&#47;128 segundos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O TINN consiste na largura da linha de base da distribui&#231;&#227;o medida como a base de um tri&#226;ngulo&#44; aproximando a distribui&#231;&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR&#44; sendo que a diferen&#231;a dos m&#237;nimos quadrados foi utilizada para determina&#231;&#227;o do tri&#226;ngulo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para constru&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; cada intervalo RR foi representado em fun&#231;&#227;o do intervalo anterior e para an&#225;lise quantitativa do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; foram calculados os seguintes &#237;ndices&#58; SD1 &#40;desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento&#41;&#44; SD2 &#40;desvio-padr&#227;o a longo prazo dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos&#41; e a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; A an&#225;lise qualitativa &#40;visual&#41; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; foi feita por meio da an&#225;lise das figuras formadas pelo atrator do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span>&#44; as quais foram descritas a seguir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#41;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Figura na qual um aumento na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR batimento a batimento &#233; observado&#44; com aumento nos intervalos RR&#44; caracter&#237;stica de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> normal&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Figura com pequena dispers&#227;o global batimento a batimento e sem aumento da dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR a longo prazo&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> HRV analysis &#8211; Vers&#227;o 2&#46;0 foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o desses &#237;ndices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos&#44; inicialmente foi determinada a normalidade dos dados por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk&#46; Quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi aceite&#44; o teste t de Student para dados n&#227;o pareados &#40;idade&#44; SD1&#44; SD2&#44; SD1&#47;SD2&#44; RRtri&#44; TINN&#41; foi aplicado&#44; e nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foi aceite foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney &#40;peso&#44; altura&#44; IMC&#44; CVF&#44; VEF1&#44; FEV1&#47;CVF e PEF&#41;&#46; Diferen&#231;as nesses testes foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando o valor de &#171;p&#187;foi menor ou igual a 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> apresenta as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e espirom&#233;tricas dos grupos DPOC e controle&#46; Observaram-se valores de IMC&#44; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;CVF&#41;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo &#40;VEF1&#41;&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o entre volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado e capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;VEF1&#47;CVF&#41; e pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#40;PEF&#41; significantemente menores para o grupo DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a> apresenta os valores obtidos para o &#237;ndice triangular&#44; TINN&#44; SD1&#44; SD2 e rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2 dos portadores de DPOC e indiv&#237;duos controlo&#46; Foram observados valores reduzidos dos &#237;ndices TINN&#44; SD1&#44; SD2 e &#237;ndice triangular no grupo DPOC&#46; Entretanto a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2 n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> mostra um exemplo padr&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; para um volunt&#225;rio controle &#40;A&#41; e um portador de DPOC &#40;B&#41;&#46; Ela sugere atividade parassimp&#225;tica reduzida em sujeitos com DPOC&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; foram avaliados &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de VFC de indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46; Os resultados mostram que o SD1 est&#225; reduzido no grupo DPOC&#44; assim como SD2&#44; TINN e RRtri&#46; A raz&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#44; contudo&#44; foi semelhante entre os grupos&#46; Esses achados sugerem VFC reduzida em portadores de DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observa-se que o &#237;ndice SD1 &#233; menor nos volunt&#225;rios com DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos volunt&#225;rios sem a doen&#231;a&#44; o que sugere redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade parassimp&#225;tica nesses indiv&#237;duos&#46; Tal &#237;ndice que representa o eixo transverso do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; mostra o desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;32</span></a> e indica a influ&#234;ncia parassimp&#225;tica sobre o n&#243;dulo sinoatrial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#44; avaliada por &#237;ndices tanto no dom&#237;nio do tempo quanto no da frequ&#234;ncia&#44; tamb&#233;m foi verificada por Pantoni et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; os quais observaram redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals</span> &#40;&#8211;RMSSD&#44; &#8216;raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR sucessivos&#8217;&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">high frequency</span> &#40;&#8211; HF&#44; &#8216;alta frequ&#234;ncia&#8217;&#41; nesses indiv&#237;duos&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#205;ndices caracter&#237;sticos da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica global &#40;SD2&#44; RRtri e TINN&#41; tamb&#233;m se apresentaram reduzidos neste trabalho&#44; corroborando os achados de diversos estudos que apontam para um preju&#237;zo auton&#244;mico geral na DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; Tamb&#233;m em repouso supino&#44; Volterrani et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> e Paschoal et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica global em portadores de DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle por meio do &#237;ndice <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">standard deviation of normal to normal</span> &#40;&#8211; SDNN&#44; &#8216;desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais&#8217;&#41;obtido no dom&#237;nio do tempo&#44; confirmando resultados na mesma condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso&#44; por&#233;m utilizando o &#237;ndice <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">low frequency</span> &#40;&#8211;LF&#44; &#8216;baixa frequ&#234;ncia&#8217;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nota-se que o TINN tamb&#233;m foi significantemente menor no grupo DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle&#46; Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com o trabalho de Sin et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; os quais verificaram que o referido &#237;ndice de portadores de DPOC esteve menor do que o de volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis &#40;322 vs&#46; 444ms&#41;&#46; Ressalta-se ainda que o valor m&#233;dio do TINN obtido neste trabalho &#233; inferior aos encontrados por esses autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; o que pode estar relacionado &#224; maior m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo&#44; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de idade do grupo estudado por Sin et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#44; as an&#225;lises mostram que n&#227;o ocorrem diferen&#231;as significativas dessa rela&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos&#44; o que pode ser justificado pela redu&#231;&#227;o observada tanto no &#237;ndice SD1 quanto no SD2 nos volunt&#225;rios com DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise visual &#40;qualitativa&#41; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; permitiu tamb&#233;m observar a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46; Nesses indiv&#237;duos observa-se menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR tanto batimento a batimento como em longo prazo&#44; formando uma imagem caracter&#237;stica de redu&#231;&#227;o de VFC&#46; Nos indiv&#237;duos controlos os intervalos entre os batimentos card&#237;acos s&#227;o irregulares&#44; fazendo com que se visualize&#44; na plotagem de Poincar&#233;&#44; uma nuvem de pontos&#46; Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido o mecanismo pelo qual a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica est&#225; alterada na DPOC&#46; Hip&#243;teses s&#227;o consideradas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao t&#244;nus predominante nesses casos pois a hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica do quadro poderia gerar impulsos vagais alterados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; pacientes hipox&#234;micos poderiam sofrer de fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica anormal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio poderia reverter parcialmente essa disfun&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Est&#225; claro na literatura que a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC pode ser um indicativo de pior progn&#243;stico em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> e estar relacionada ao aparecimento de arritmias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> e morte s&#250;bita<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; cardiopatias frequentemente coexistem com a doen&#231;a pulmonar&#44; influenciando na morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Da mesma maneira&#44; s&#227;o descritos na literatura os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Assim&#44; destaca-se a relev&#226;ncia dos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no tratamento da DPOC&#44; sobretudo a pr&#225;tica supervisionada de atividade f&#237;sica&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ressaltam-se limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo e&#44; nesse sentido&#44; as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas dos volunt&#225;rios devem ser discutidas&#46; N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel manter o mesmo IMC entre o grupo DPOC e o grupo controle&#46; Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#44; o aumento dos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios pode contribuir para a eleva&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo e do desequil&#237;brio entre ingest&#227;o alimentar e gasto energ&#233;tico&#44; levando &#224; perda de peso observada nesses indiv&#237;duos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a>&#44; refletida pelo menor IMC desse grupo&#46; Embora seja reconhecido que a obesidade altera a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;39</span></a>&#44; seus efeitos sobre a VFC de pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos&#46; Estudos posteriores com esse objetivo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios entre DPOC e controles&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho foi a aus&#234;ncia de testes cl&#237;nicos espec&#237;ficos para avaliar a condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos volunt&#225;rios&#46; Entretanto&#44; todos os sujeitos eram avaliados por m&#233;dicos e entendeu-se que&#44; se houvesse quaisquer cardiopatias&#44; elas seriam relatadas pelos participantes&#46; Como mencionado anteriormente&#44; se alguma morbidade fosse relatada&#44; o volunt&#225;rio n&#227;o seria inclu&#237;do no estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em resumo&#44; a an&#225;lise por meio de &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos sugere que indiv&#237;duos com DPOC apresentam disfun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas&#44; caracterizadas por redu&#231;&#245;es na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Os resultados indicam que esses &#237;ndices&#44; obtidos por uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva e de baixo custo&#44; podem ser &#250;teis tanto para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das manifesta&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas da doen&#231;a&#44; quanto para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e o acompanhamento de condutas terap&#234;uticas realizadas com esses pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conclui-se que os &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de portadores de DPOC mostraram-se reduzidos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sujeitos controles&#44; indicando que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financiamento</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta pesquisa recebeu suporte financeiro da FUNDUNESP &#40;Processo n&#46;&#176; 00704&#47;08 &#8211; DFP&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => array:6 [
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              "titulo" => "Protocolo experimental"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-12-26"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-05-30"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica"
            1 => "frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
            2 => "sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo"
            3 => "variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;VFC&#41; em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica &#40;DPOC&#41; em repouso j&#225; foi evidenciada na literatura&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com intuito de inserir elementos na literatura sobre essa tem&#225;tica&#44; foram avaliados &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de VFC de indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisados dados de 34 volunt&#225;rios&#44; divididos em dois grupos&#44; de acordo com os valores espirom&#233;tricos&#44; com 17 volunt&#225;rios cada&#58; DPOC &#40;VEF1&#47;CVF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;2&#59; VEF1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;7&#41; e controle &#40;VEF1&#47;CVF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>78&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;8&#59; VEF1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;7&#41;&#46; Para an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de VFC&#44; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi captada batimento a batimento com os volunt&#225;rios em dec&#250;bito dorsal por 30 minutos&#46; Foram analisados os &#237;ndices seguintes&#58; &#237;ndice triangular &#40;RRtri&#41;&#44; interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular dos intervalos RR &#40;TINN&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#40;SD1&#44; SD2 e rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#41;&#46; Foi realizada tamb&#233;m an&#225;lise visual da figura formada no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233;&#46; Teste t de Student para dados n&#227;o pareados e teste de Mann-Whitney com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5&#37; foram utilizados para an&#225;lise dos dados&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes dos &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos&#58; RRtri &#40;0&#44;043 vs&#46; 0&#44;059&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;018&#41;&#44; TINN &#40;105&#44;88 vs&#46; 151&#44;47&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;014&#41;&#44; SD1 &#40;9&#44;76 vs&#46; 14&#44;55&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;014&#41; e SD2 &#40;34&#44;86 vs&#46; 51&#44;51&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;010&#41; no grupo DPOC&#46; A rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2 &#40;0&#44;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;11 vs&#46; 0&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;605&#41; n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos&#46; Os volunt&#225;rios com DPOC apresentaram na an&#225;lise visual do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR&#44; tanto batimento a batimento como em longo prazo&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Indiv&#237;duos com DPOC apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos da VFC&#44; indicando que apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It was already evidenced decreased heart rate variability &#40;HRV&#41; in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; patients at rest&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In order to insert new elements in the literature regarding this issue&#44; we evaluated geometric index of HRV in COPD subjects&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Method</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed data from 34 volunteers&#44; divided into two groups according to spirometric values&#58; COPD &#40;17 volunteers&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;2&#59; FEV1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;7&#41; and control &#40;17 volunteers&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>78&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;8&#59; FEV1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;7&#41;&#46; For analysis of HRV indexes the volunteers remained in the supine position for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46; We analyzed the following indexes&#58; triangular index &#40;RRtri&#41;&#44; triangular interpolation of RR intervals &#40;TINN&#41; and Poincar&#233; plot &#40;SD1&#44; SD2 and SD1&#47;SD2&#41;&#46; Student t test for unpaired samples and Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We observed statistically significant reductions in geometric indexes in the COPD group&#58; RRtri &#40;0&#46;043<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 vs&#46; 0&#46;059<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; TINN &#40;105&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#46;82 vs&#46; 151&#46;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#46;9&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41;&#44; SD1 &#40;9&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;66 vs&#46; 14&#46;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;04&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41; and SD2 &#40;34&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;02 vs&#46; 51&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;38&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;010&#41;&#46; SD1&#47;SD2 &#40;0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11 vs&#46; 0&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;605&#41; were not significantly different between groups&#46; Patients with COPD presented a visual analysis of Poincar&#233; plot of lower dispersion of RR intervals both beat to beat and the long term&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subjects with COPD present reduction of geometric indexes of HRV&#44; indicating reduced heart rate variability&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Padr&#227;o visual do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; observado no grupo controle &#40;volunt&#225;rio A &#8211; SD1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5 e SD2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#44;6&#41; e no grupo DPOC &#40;volunt&#225;rio B &#8211; SD1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;0 e SD2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;3&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vari&#225;veis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controle&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valores m&#233;dios&#44; desvio-padr&#227;o&#44; intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95&#37; e valor de p para an&#225;lise do &#237;ndice triangular&#44; TINN e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; dos grupos DPOC e controle&#46;</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease&#46; Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease&#58; GOLD executive summary"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46;F&#46; Rabe"
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                            2 => "A&#46; Anzueto"
                            3 => "P&#46;J&#46; Barnes"
                            4 => "S&#46;A&#46; Buist"
                            5 => "P&#46; Calverley"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "176"
                        "paginaInicial" => "532"
                        "paginaFinal" => "555"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507545"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exacerbation rate&#44; health status and mortality in COPD--a review of potential interventions"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T&#46;A&#46; Seemungal"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Hurst"
                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Wedzicha"
                          ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "4"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19554195"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors associated with the minimal clinically important difference for health-related quality of life after physical conditioning in patients with COPD"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "V&#46;Z&#46; Dourado"
                            1 => "S&#46;E&#46; Tanni"
                            2 => "S&#46;A&#46; Vale"
                            3 => "I&#46; Godoy"
                          ]
                        ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Bras Pneumol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "32"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17273586"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0020"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Aerobic exercise training improves autonomic nervous control in patients with COPD"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Borghi-Silva"
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                            2 => "V&#46; Castello"
                            3 => "R&#46;P&#46; Sim&#245;es"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464865"
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                      "titulo" => "Estudo da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso de pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica"
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Bras Fisioter"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "35"
                        "paginaFinal" => "41"
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Artigo original
Índices geométricos de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica
Geometric index of heart rate variability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
T. Dias de Carvalhoa,b,
Corresponding author
carvalho.td1@gmail.com

Autor correspondência.
, C. Marcelo Pastrea, R. Claudino Rossia, L.C. de Abreuc, V.E. Valentib,c, L.C. Marques Vanderleia
a Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
b Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
c Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brasil
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&#233; uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica bidimensional da correla&#231;&#227;o entre intervalos RR consecutivos&#44; em que cada intervalo &#233; plotado contra o pr&#243;ximo intervalo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Sua an&#225;lise pode ser feita de forma qualitativa&#44; por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o da figura formada pelo seu atrator&#44; a qual mostra o grau de complexidade dos intervalos RR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#44; ou quantitativa&#44; pelo ajuste da elipse da figura formada pelo atrator&#44; de onde se obt&#233;m os &#237;ndices&#58; SD1&#44; SD2 e a raz&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; A an&#225;lise do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#233; considerada por alguns autores como baseada na din&#226;mica n&#227;o linear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudos da VFC em pacientes com DPOC t&#234;m demonstrado que estes apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de VFC em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso&#44; 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FCT&#47;UNESP &#40;Presidente Prudente&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; Para compor o grupo DPOC&#44; todos os indiv&#237;duos tinham o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DPOC e atendiam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o&#58; 1&#41; diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DPOC confirmado pela espirometria&#44; de acordo com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; 2&#41; n&#227;o tabagistas&#44; visto que a nicotina altera a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; 3&#41; sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o com influ&#234;ncia sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica&#44; 4&#41; aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas&#44; 5&#41; sem exacerba&#231;&#227;o do quadro de DPOC nos &#250;ltimos dois meses&#46; Quando alguma condi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a foi relatada&#44; o volunt&#225;rio n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assim&#44; foram selecionados 17 pacientes &#40;10 homens&#41; com diagn&#243;stico de DPOC&#44; classificados como GOLD II e III&#44; por meio dos valores espirom&#233;tricos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; O grupo controle foi constitu&#237;do por 17 volunt&#225;rios &#40;8 homens&#41; aparentemente saud&#225;veis&#44; com valores normais na espirometria&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram informados sobre os procedimentos e objetivos do estudo e&#44; ap&#243;s concordarem&#44; assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido&#46; Todos os procedimentos do estudo foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia &#8211; FCT&#47;UNESP&#44; Campus de Presidente Prudente &#40;processo n&#46;&#176; 246&#47;08&#41; e atenderam a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196&#47;96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de &#40;10&#47;10&#47;1996&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento experimental&#44; os volunt&#225;rios foram identificados coletando-se as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es&#58; idade&#44; sexo&#44; peso&#44; altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#40;IMC&#41;&#46; As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram obtidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas por Lohman et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; O peso foi mensurado em uma balan&#231;a digital &#40;W 200&#47;5&#44; Welmy&#44; Brasil&#41; com precis&#227;o de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg e a altura por meio de um estadi&#244;metro &#40;ES 2020&#44; Sanny&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#40;IMC&#41; foi calculado usando a seguinte f&#243;rmula&#58; peso &#40;kg&#41; &#47; altura &#40;m&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protocolo experimental</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram coletados em uma sala com temperatura entre 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C e 24&#176; C e humidade entre 40 e 60&#37; e os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a n&#227;o ingerirem bebidas alco&#243;licas nem cafe&#237;na nas 24 horas anteriores &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o&#46; A coleta de dados foi realizada de forma individual&#44; entre as 8&#58;00 e 11&#58;00 da manh&#227; para evitar a influ&#234;ncia do ritmo circadiano&#46; Todos os procedimentos necess&#225;rios para a coleta de dados foram explicados aos volunt&#225;rios&#44; os quais foram orientados a manterem-se em repouso&#44; evitando conversar durante a coleta&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial&#44; foi colocada no t&#243;rax dos volunt&#225;rios&#44; no ter&#231;o distal do esterno&#44; a cinta de capta&#231;&#227;o e no punho&#44; o receptor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca Polar S810i &#40;Polar Electro&#44; Finl&#226;ndia&#41;&#44; equipamento previamente validado para capta&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos seus dados para an&#225;lise da VFC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da cinta e do monitor&#44; os volunt&#225;rios foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal e permaneceram em repouso respirando espontaneamente por 30 minutos&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s esse procedimento&#44; foi realizada a prova espirom&#233;trica para identificar e estratificar o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica&#46; Para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado o espir&#244;metro Spirobank &#40;MIR&#44; It&#225;lia&#41; vers&#227;o 3&#46;6 acoplado a um microcomputador&#44; seguindo os crit&#233;rios descritos pelas Diretrizes para Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi registrada batimento a batimento durante todo o protocolo experimental com uma taxa de amostragem de 1&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#46; Para an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos da VFC das s&#233;ries de intervalos RR obtidas&#44; foram selecionados trechos de 20 minutos no per&#237;odo de maior estabilidade do sinal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Nesses trechos foi feita filtragem digital complementada por manual para eliminar batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros e artefatos&#44; e somente s&#233;ries com mais de 95&#37; de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;das no estudo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisados os seguintes &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos&#58; RRtri&#44; TINN e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#40;SD1&#44; SD2&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O RRtri foi calculado a partir da constru&#231;&#227;o do histograma de densidade dos intervalos RR normais&#44; e foi obtido pela divis&#227;o da integral do histograma &#40;isto &#233;&#44; o n&#250;mero total de intervalos RR&#41; pelo m&#225;ximo da distribui&#231;&#227;o de densidade &#40;frequ&#234;ncia modal dos intervalos RR&#41;&#44; mensurado em uma escala discreta com caixas de 7&#46;8125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;1&#47;128 segundos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O TINN consiste na largura da linha de base da distribui&#231;&#227;o medida como a base de um tri&#226;ngulo&#44; aproximando a distribui&#231;&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR&#44; sendo que a diferen&#231;a dos m&#237;nimos quadrados foi utilizada para determina&#231;&#227;o do tri&#226;ngulo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para constru&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; cada intervalo RR foi representado em fun&#231;&#227;o do intervalo anterior e para an&#225;lise quantitativa do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; foram calculados os seguintes &#237;ndices&#58; SD1 &#40;desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento&#41;&#44; SD2 &#40;desvio-padr&#227;o a longo prazo dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos&#41; e a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; A an&#225;lise qualitativa &#40;visual&#41; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; foi feita por meio da an&#225;lise das figuras formadas pelo atrator do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span>&#44; as quais foram descritas a seguir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#41;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Figura na qual um aumento na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR batimento a batimento &#233; observado&#44; com aumento nos intervalos RR&#44; caracter&#237;stica de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> normal&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Figura com pequena dispers&#227;o global batimento a batimento e sem aumento da dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR a longo prazo&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> HRV analysis &#8211; Vers&#227;o 2&#46;0 foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o desses &#237;ndices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos&#44; inicialmente foi determinada a normalidade dos dados por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk&#46; Quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi aceite&#44; o teste t de Student para dados n&#227;o pareados &#40;idade&#44; SD1&#44; SD2&#44; SD1&#47;SD2&#44; RRtri&#44; TINN&#41; foi aplicado&#44; e nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foi aceite foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney &#40;peso&#44; altura&#44; IMC&#44; CVF&#44; VEF1&#44; FEV1&#47;CVF e PEF&#41;&#46; Diferen&#231;as nesses testes foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando o valor de &#171;p&#187;foi menor ou igual a 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> apresenta as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e espirom&#233;tricas dos grupos DPOC e controle&#46; Observaram-se valores de IMC&#44; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;CVF&#41;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo &#40;VEF1&#41;&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o entre volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado e capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;VEF1&#47;CVF&#41; e pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#40;PEF&#41; significantemente menores para o grupo DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a> apresenta os valores obtidos para o &#237;ndice triangular&#44; TINN&#44; SD1&#44; SD2 e rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2 dos portadores de DPOC e indiv&#237;duos controlo&#46; Foram observados valores reduzidos dos &#237;ndices TINN&#44; SD1&#44; SD2 e &#237;ndice triangular no grupo DPOC&#46; Entretanto a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2 n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> mostra um exemplo padr&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; para um volunt&#225;rio controle &#40;A&#41; e um portador de DPOC &#40;B&#41;&#46; Ela sugere atividade parassimp&#225;tica reduzida em sujeitos com DPOC&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; foram avaliados &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de VFC de indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46; Os resultados mostram que o SD1 est&#225; reduzido no grupo DPOC&#44; assim como SD2&#44; TINN e RRtri&#46; A raz&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#44; contudo&#44; foi semelhante entre os grupos&#46; Esses achados sugerem VFC reduzida em portadores de DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observa-se que o &#237;ndice SD1 &#233; menor nos volunt&#225;rios com DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos volunt&#225;rios sem a doen&#231;a&#44; o que sugere redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade parassimp&#225;tica nesses indiv&#237;duos&#46; Tal &#237;ndice que representa o eixo transverso do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; mostra o desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;32</span></a> e indica a influ&#234;ncia parassimp&#225;tica sobre o n&#243;dulo sinoatrial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#44; avaliada por &#237;ndices tanto no dom&#237;nio do tempo quanto no da frequ&#234;ncia&#44; tamb&#233;m foi verificada por Pantoni et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; os quais observaram redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals</span> &#40;&#8211;RMSSD&#44; &#8216;raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR sucessivos&#8217;&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">high frequency</span> &#40;&#8211; HF&#44; &#8216;alta frequ&#234;ncia&#8217;&#41; nesses indiv&#237;duos&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#205;ndices caracter&#237;sticos da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica global &#40;SD2&#44; RRtri e TINN&#41; tamb&#233;m se apresentaram reduzidos neste trabalho&#44; corroborando os achados de diversos estudos que apontam para um preju&#237;zo auton&#244;mico geral na DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; Tamb&#233;m em repouso supino&#44; Volterrani et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> e Paschoal et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica global em portadores de DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle por meio do &#237;ndice <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">standard deviation of normal to normal</span> &#40;&#8211; SDNN&#44; &#8216;desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais&#8217;&#41;obtido no dom&#237;nio do tempo&#44; confirmando resultados na mesma condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso&#44; por&#233;m utilizando o &#237;ndice <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">low frequency</span> &#40;&#8211;LF&#44; &#8216;baixa frequ&#234;ncia&#8217;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nota-se que o TINN tamb&#233;m foi significantemente menor no grupo DPOC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle&#46; Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com o trabalho de Sin et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; os quais verificaram que o referido &#237;ndice de portadores de DPOC esteve menor do que o de volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis &#40;322 vs&#46; 444ms&#41;&#46; Ressalta-se ainda que o valor m&#233;dio do TINN obtido neste trabalho &#233; inferior aos encontrados por esses autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; o que pode estar relacionado &#224; maior m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo&#44; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de idade do grupo estudado por Sin et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#44; as an&#225;lises mostram que n&#227;o ocorrem diferen&#231;as significativas dessa rela&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos&#44; o que pode ser justificado pela redu&#231;&#227;o observada tanto no &#237;ndice SD1 quanto no SD2 nos volunt&#225;rios com DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise visual &#40;qualitativa&#41; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; permitiu tamb&#233;m observar a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46; Nesses indiv&#237;duos observa-se menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR tanto batimento a batimento como em longo prazo&#44; formando uma imagem caracter&#237;stica de redu&#231;&#227;o de VFC&#46; Nos indiv&#237;duos controlos os intervalos entre os batimentos card&#237;acos s&#227;o irregulares&#44; fazendo com que se visualize&#44; na plotagem de Poincar&#233;&#44; uma nuvem de pontos&#46; Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido o mecanismo pelo qual a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica est&#225; alterada na DPOC&#46; Hip&#243;teses s&#227;o consideradas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao t&#244;nus predominante nesses casos pois a hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica do quadro poderia gerar impulsos vagais alterados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; pacientes hipox&#234;micos poderiam sofrer de fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica anormal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio poderia reverter parcialmente essa disfun&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Est&#225; claro na literatura que a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC pode ser um indicativo de pior progn&#243;stico em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> e estar relacionada ao aparecimento de arritmias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> e morte s&#250;bita<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; cardiopatias frequentemente coexistem com a doen&#231;a pulmonar&#44; influenciando na morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Da mesma maneira&#44; s&#227;o descritos na literatura os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Assim&#44; destaca-se a relev&#226;ncia dos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no tratamento da DPOC&#44; sobretudo a pr&#225;tica supervisionada de atividade f&#237;sica&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ressaltam-se limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo e&#44; nesse sentido&#44; as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas dos volunt&#225;rios devem ser discutidas&#46; N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel manter o mesmo IMC entre o grupo DPOC e o grupo controle&#46; Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#44; o aumento dos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios pode contribuir para a eleva&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo e do desequil&#237;brio entre ingest&#227;o alimentar e gasto energ&#233;tico&#44; levando &#224; perda de peso observada nesses indiv&#237;duos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a>&#44; refletida pelo menor IMC desse grupo&#46; Embora seja reconhecido que a obesidade altera a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;39</span></a>&#44; seus efeitos sobre a VFC de pacientes com DPOC n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos&#46; Estudos posteriores com esse objetivo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios entre DPOC e controles&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho foi a aus&#234;ncia de testes cl&#237;nicos espec&#237;ficos para avaliar a condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos volunt&#225;rios&#46; Entretanto&#44; todos os sujeitos eram avaliados por m&#233;dicos e entendeu-se que&#44; se houvesse quaisquer cardiopatias&#44; elas seriam relatadas pelos participantes&#46; Como mencionado anteriormente&#44; se alguma morbidade fosse relatada&#44; o volunt&#225;rio n&#227;o seria inclu&#237;do no estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em resumo&#44; a an&#225;lise por meio de &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos sugere que indiv&#237;duos com DPOC apresentam disfun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas&#44; caracterizadas por redu&#231;&#245;es na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Os resultados indicam que esses &#237;ndices&#44; obtidos por uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva e de baixo custo&#44; podem ser &#250;teis tanto para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das manifesta&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas da doen&#231;a&#44; quanto para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e o acompanhamento de condutas terap&#234;uticas realizadas com esses pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conclui-se que os &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de portadores de DPOC mostraram-se reduzidos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sujeitos controles&#44; indicando que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financiamento</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta pesquisa recebeu suporte financeiro da FUNDUNESP &#40;Processo n&#46;&#176; 00704&#47;08 &#8211; DFP&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            4 => "Resultados"
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          "titulo" => array:6 [
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            1 => "Background"
            2 => "Objective"
            3 => "Method"
            4 => "Results"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-12-26"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-05-30"
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          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
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            0 => "doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica"
            1 => "frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
            2 => "sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo"
            3 => "variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
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            0 => "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;VFC&#41; em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica &#40;DPOC&#41; em repouso j&#225; foi evidenciada na literatura&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com intuito de inserir elementos na literatura sobre essa tem&#225;tica&#44; foram avaliados &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos de VFC de indiv&#237;duos com DPOC&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisados dados de 34 volunt&#225;rios&#44; divididos em dois grupos&#44; de acordo com os valores espirom&#233;tricos&#44; com 17 volunt&#225;rios cada&#58; DPOC &#40;VEF1&#47;CVF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;2&#59; VEF1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;7&#41; e controle &#40;VEF1&#47;CVF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>78&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;8&#59; VEF1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;7&#41;&#46; Para an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de VFC&#44; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi captada batimento a batimento com os volunt&#225;rios em dec&#250;bito dorsal por 30 minutos&#46; Foram analisados os &#237;ndices seguintes&#58; &#237;ndice triangular &#40;RRtri&#41;&#44; interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular dos intervalos RR &#40;TINN&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; &#40;SD1&#44; SD2 e rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2&#41;&#46; Foi realizada tamb&#233;m an&#225;lise visual da figura formada no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233;&#46; Teste t de Student para dados n&#227;o pareados e teste de Mann-Whitney com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5&#37; foram utilizados para an&#225;lise dos dados&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes dos &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos&#58; RRtri &#40;0&#44;043 vs&#46; 0&#44;059&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;018&#41;&#44; TINN &#40;105&#44;88 vs&#46; 151&#44;47&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;014&#41;&#44; SD1 &#40;9&#44;76 vs&#46; 14&#44;55&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;014&#41; e SD2 &#40;34&#44;86 vs&#46; 51&#44;51&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;010&#41; no grupo DPOC&#46; A rela&#231;&#227;o SD1&#47;SD2 &#40;0&#44;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;11 vs&#46; 0&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;605&#41; n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos&#46; Os volunt&#225;rios com DPOC apresentaram na an&#225;lise visual do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR&#44; tanto batimento a batimento como em longo prazo&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Indiv&#237;duos com DPOC apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos da VFC&#44; indicando que apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It was already evidenced decreased heart rate variability &#40;HRV&#41; in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; patients at rest&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In order to insert new elements in the literature regarding this issue&#44; we evaluated geometric index of HRV in COPD subjects&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Method</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed data from 34 volunteers&#44; divided into two groups according to spirometric values&#58; COPD &#40;17 volunteers&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;2&#59; FEV1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;7&#41; and control &#40;17 volunteers&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>78&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;8&#59; FEV1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;7&#41;&#46; For analysis of HRV indexes the volunteers remained in the supine position for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46; We analyzed the following indexes&#58; triangular index &#40;RRtri&#41;&#44; triangular interpolation of RR intervals &#40;TINN&#41; and Poincar&#233; plot &#40;SD1&#44; SD2 and SD1&#47;SD2&#41;&#46; Student t test for unpaired samples and Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We observed statistically significant reductions in geometric indexes in the COPD group&#58; RRtri &#40;0&#46;043<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 vs&#46; 0&#46;059<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; TINN &#40;105&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#46;82 vs&#46; 151&#46;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#46;9&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41;&#44; SD1 &#40;9&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;66 vs&#46; 14&#46;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;04&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41; and SD2 &#40;34&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;02 vs&#46; 51&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;38&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;010&#41;&#46; SD1&#47;SD2 &#40;0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11 vs&#46; 0&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;605&#41; were not significantly different between groups&#46; Patients with COPD presented a visual analysis of Poincar&#233; plot of lower dispersion of RR intervals both beat to beat and the long term&#46;</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subjects with COPD present reduction of geometric indexes of HRV&#44; indicating reduced heart rate variability&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Padr&#227;o visual do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">plot</span> de Poincar&#233; observado no grupo controle &#40;volunt&#225;rio A &#8211; SD1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5 e SD2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#44;6&#41; e no grupo DPOC &#40;volunt&#225;rio B &#8211; SD1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;0 e SD2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;3&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 08732159
Original language: Portuguese
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