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However when standard tracheal suctioning results are not satisfactory&#44; and arterial desaturation occurs&#44; this usually prompts the intensivist to switch the patient to the supine position in order to get improved tracheobronchial suctioning&#46; This means an earlier interruption of the prone ventilation with a loss of the positive respiratory effects which are gained when there is the full prone cycle&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is widely recognized as an effective technique in removing retained airway secretions and improving atelectasis in a variety of clinical conditions&#44; including bronchial toilette and bronchoalveolar lavage in the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No data are available on how and whether fiberoptic bronchoscopy could help prevent prolonged prone position ventilation sessions from being interrupted&#44; earlier than scheduled&#44; with potential detrimental therapeutic effects&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe bronchial toilette by flexible bronchoscopy performed during prone mechanical ventilation in two cardiosurgical patients who developed ALI after combined coronary artery surgery&#44; aortic valve replacement and carotid endoarterectomy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case report</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case 1</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 75-year-old lady&#44; although extubated uneventfully on the first postoperative day&#44; on the second postoperative day she showed dyspnoea&#44; a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio of 70 and SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>92&#37; which required tracheal reintubation and mechanical ventilation&#46; After 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of ineffective protective mechanical ventilation in Biphasic Intermittent Airway Pressure &#40;BiPAP&#44; Drager&#44; Lubeck&#44; Germany&#41; modality with FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 0&#46;7&#44; respiratory rate &#40;RR&#41; 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>breath&#47;min&#44; I&#47;E ratio 1&#58;1&#44; peak airway inspiratory pressure 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and PEEP 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; prone ventilation was applied with immediate rise in SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#37;&#46; The patient was passive and completely controlled by ventilation&#46; Five hours after starting the prone session&#44; an acute deterioration of SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#37; was observed&#46; Arterial blood gas analysis &#40;ABG&#41; showed hypoxaemia and metabolic acidaemia due to secondary cardiovascular impairment &#40;pH 7&#46;21&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;l&#41;&#46; Clinical examination through auscultation showed airways obstruction due to secretions&#46; Tracheal suctioning through a closed circuit aspiration system and also a larger tube through a standard catheter mount was only partially effective and the SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> remained &#60;92&#37;&#46; Therefore we performed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy while the patient maintained the prone position by inserting the bronchoscope through the elbow port of the catheter mount &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; into the endotracheal tube&#46; During the procedure FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was raised to 1&#46;0 while PEEP and respiratory frequency were reduced to avoid a possible increase in intrinsic PEEP &#40;PEEPi&#41;&#46; Simultaneously&#44; peak airway inspiratory pressure was increased to maintain an expiratory minute ventilation equal to what it had been before the bronchoscope insertion&#46; PEEPi was measured by achieving an end expiratory hold pause&#44; after this the bronchoscopy ventilatory settings were reset to the previous BiPAP modality&#46; The bronchoscopy revealed the presence of a clot obstructing the lower left bronchus lumen which was removed&#44; resulting in rapid recovery of oxygenation &#40;SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#37; pH 7&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 122<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case 2</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 75-year-old lady was treated with prone mechanical ventilation in Biphasic Intermittent Airway Pressure &#40;BIPAP&#44; Drager&#44; Lubeck&#44; Germany&#41; modality for early postoperative ARDS&#46; Ventilator setting was RR 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>breath&#47;min&#44; I&#47;E ratio 1&#58;1&#44; peak airway inspiratory pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; PEEP 10&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 0&#46;8&#46; On the third postoperative day&#44; during a prone session with the patient passive and completely controlled by ventilation&#44; a sudden drop in SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> occurred&#46; ABG showed pH 7&#46;19 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;l&#46; Clinical examination through auscultation showed that airways were obstructed by a large amount of secretions&#46; Tracheal suctioning resulted in unsatisfactory SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> improvement and auscultation still confirmed that the airways were obstructed by secretions&#44; therefore a selective bronchial toilet was deemed necessary&#46; A flexible bronchoscopy was then carried out in the prone position as described in the first case&#46; Ventilator parameters were set as mentioned above&#46; A large amount of secretions were suctioned in the lower lung regions with quick normalization of SaO2 and ABG values &#40;pH 7&#46;30 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 116<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg pCO2 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; Previous ventilatory settings were restored after the procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both patients were discharged home alive from the hospital&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This preliminary experience suggests that flexible bronchoscopy in the patient undergoing mechanical ventilation in the prone position is feasible and safe&#46; Most importantly such endoscopic technique helps to avoid undesirable premature interruption of the prone mechanical ventilation and the consequent loss of the favourable physiological gains&#44; which had the potential to achieve&#44; atelectasis of the lung regions recruited while prone&#44; increased intrapulmonary shunt&#44; decreased SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and increased pulmonary artery resistances&#46; To date there are no guidelines for the ventilator setting during fiberoptic bronchoscopy&#46; Great care must be taken when bronchoscopy is performed on a patient receiving mechanical ventilation&#46; Extremely low VT and significant PEEPi may develop unless flow&#44; respiratory rate&#44; mode&#44; and tube size are carefully selected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> We increased FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> to 1&#44; reduce PEEP level and respiratory frequency to avoid an increase in PEEPi&#46; At the same time inspiratory pressure was increased to maintain minute volume and avoid an increase in carbon dioxide</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although performing flexible bronchoscopy in the prone position patient does not seem to make the procedure more difficult when compared to the supine position&#44; decision making about bronchoscopy in severe hypoxia should be even more cautious than in the supine patient&#44; as a dangerous delay in resuscitation manoeuvres due to postponed switching the patient to the supine position should always be avoided&#46; In addition ventilator parameters must be appropriately set to prevent oxygen desaturation and pulmonary hyperinflation due to the severe reduction in the internal diameter of the endotracheal tube&#46; It could be worth carrying out a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of such an approach on the outcome of critically ill patients undergoing prone mechanical ventilation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In patients with severe acute lung injury &#40;ALI&#41; or acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; the prone position has been shown to improve survival of patients who are severely hypoxemic with an arterial oxygen tension to inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; In those patients tracheobronchial toilette is crucial in preventing or treating airways obstructed by secretions and deterioration of oxygenation&#46; Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is widely recognized as an effective technique to perform bronchial toilette in the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flexible bronchoscopy performed during prone mechanical ventilation in two cardiosurgical patients who developed ALI after complex surgery&#44; proved feasible and safe and helped to avoid undesirable earlier cessation of prone mechanical ventilation&#46; However decision making about bronchoscopy in severe hypoxia should be even more cautious than in the supine patient&#44; as dangerous delay in resuscitation manoeuvres due to postponed switching the patient to the supine position should always be prevented&#46;</p></span>"
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Case report
Flexible bronchoscopy during mechanical ventilation in the prone position to treat acute lung injury
Broncoscopia flexível durante a ventilação mecânica na posição de decúbito ventral para tratar a lesão pulmonar aguda
F. Guarracinoa,
Corresponding author
f.guarracino@ao-pisa.toscana.it

Corresponding author.
, P. Bertinia, U. Bortolottib, M. Stefania, N. Ambrosinoc,d
a Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, Cardio-Thoracic Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
b Cardiac Surgery Unit, Cardio-Thoracic Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
c Pulmonary and Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Cardio-Thoracic Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
d Weaning and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Italy
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with severe acute lung injury &#40;ALI&#41; or acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; the prone position during mechanical ventilation has been shown to be able to recruit lung parenchyma and to favour protective mechanical ventilation&#44; resulting in improved survival even in severely hypoxemic patients with an arterial oxygen tension to inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However prolonged sessions are required in order to obtain advantages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> during which the prone position gives enhanced mobilization of airway secretions through postural drainage and lung recruitment&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suctioning is therefore crucial for tracheobronchial toilet&#46; However when standard tracheal suctioning results are not satisfactory&#44; and arterial desaturation occurs&#44; this usually prompts the intensivist to switch the patient to the supine position in order to get improved tracheobronchial suctioning&#46; This means an earlier interruption of the prone ventilation with a loss of the positive respiratory effects which are gained when there is the full prone cycle&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is widely recognized as an effective technique in removing retained airway secretions and improving atelectasis in a variety of clinical conditions&#44; including bronchial toilette and bronchoalveolar lavage in the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No data are available on how and whether fiberoptic bronchoscopy could help prevent prolonged prone position ventilation sessions from being interrupted&#44; earlier than scheduled&#44; with potential detrimental therapeutic effects&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe bronchial toilette by flexible bronchoscopy performed during prone mechanical ventilation in two cardiosurgical patients who developed ALI after combined coronary artery surgery&#44; aortic valve replacement and carotid endoarterectomy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case report</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case 1</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 75-year-old lady&#44; although extubated uneventfully on the first postoperative day&#44; on the second postoperative day she showed dyspnoea&#44; a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio of 70 and SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>92&#37; which required tracheal reintubation and mechanical ventilation&#46; After 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of ineffective protective mechanical ventilation in Biphasic Intermittent Airway Pressure &#40;BiPAP&#44; Drager&#44; Lubeck&#44; Germany&#41; modality with FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 0&#46;7&#44; respiratory rate &#40;RR&#41; 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>breath&#47;min&#44; I&#47;E ratio 1&#58;1&#44; peak airway inspiratory pressure 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and PEEP 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; prone ventilation was applied with immediate rise in SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#37;&#46; The patient was passive and completely controlled by ventilation&#46; Five hours after starting the prone session&#44; an acute deterioration of SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#37; was observed&#46; Arterial blood gas analysis &#40;ABG&#41; showed hypoxaemia and metabolic acidaemia due to secondary cardiovascular impairment &#40;pH 7&#46;21&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;l&#41;&#46; Clinical examination through auscultation showed airways obstruction due to secretions&#46; Tracheal suctioning through a closed circuit aspiration system and also a larger tube through a standard catheter mount was only partially effective and the SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> remained &#60;92&#37;&#46; Therefore we performed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy while the patient maintained the prone position by inserting the bronchoscope through the elbow port of the catheter mount &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; into the endotracheal tube&#46; During the procedure FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was raised to 1&#46;0 while PEEP and respiratory frequency were reduced to avoid a possible increase in intrinsic PEEP &#40;PEEPi&#41;&#46; Simultaneously&#44; peak airway inspiratory pressure was increased to maintain an expiratory minute ventilation equal to what it had been before the bronchoscope insertion&#46; PEEPi was measured by achieving an end expiratory hold pause&#44; after this the bronchoscopy ventilatory settings were reset to the previous BiPAP modality&#46; The bronchoscopy revealed the presence of a clot obstructing the lower left bronchus lumen which was removed&#44; resulting in rapid recovery of oxygenation &#40;SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#37; pH 7&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 122<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case 2</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 75-year-old lady was treated with prone mechanical ventilation in Biphasic Intermittent Airway Pressure &#40;BIPAP&#44; Drager&#44; Lubeck&#44; Germany&#41; modality for early postoperative ARDS&#46; Ventilator setting was RR 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>breath&#47;min&#44; I&#47;E ratio 1&#58;1&#44; peak airway inspiratory pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; PEEP 10&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 0&#46;8&#46; On the third postoperative day&#44; during a prone session with the patient passive and completely controlled by ventilation&#44; a sudden drop in SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> occurred&#46; ABG showed pH 7&#46;19 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;l&#46; Clinical examination through auscultation showed that airways were obstructed by a large amount of secretions&#46; Tracheal suctioning resulted in unsatisfactory SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> improvement and auscultation still confirmed that the airways were obstructed by secretions&#44; therefore a selective bronchial toilet was deemed necessary&#46; A flexible bronchoscopy was then carried out in the prone position as described in the first case&#46; Ventilator parameters were set as mentioned above&#46; A large amount of secretions were suctioned in the lower lung regions with quick normalization of SaO2 and ABG values &#40;pH 7&#46;30 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 116<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg pCO2 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; Previous ventilatory settings were restored after the procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both patients were discharged home alive from the hospital&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This preliminary experience suggests that flexible bronchoscopy in the patient undergoing mechanical ventilation in the prone position is feasible and safe&#46; Most importantly such endoscopic technique helps to avoid undesirable premature interruption of the prone mechanical ventilation and the consequent loss of the favourable physiological gains&#44; which had the potential to achieve&#44; atelectasis of the lung regions recruited while prone&#44; increased intrapulmonary shunt&#44; decreased SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and increased pulmonary artery resistances&#46; To date there are no guidelines for the ventilator setting during fiberoptic bronchoscopy&#46; Great care must be taken when bronchoscopy is performed on a patient receiving mechanical ventilation&#46; Extremely low VT and significant PEEPi may develop unless flow&#44; respiratory rate&#44; mode&#44; and tube size are carefully selected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> We increased FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> to 1&#44; reduce PEEP level and respiratory frequency to avoid an increase in PEEPi&#46; At the same time inspiratory pressure was increased to maintain minute volume and avoid an increase in carbon dioxide</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although performing flexible bronchoscopy in the prone position patient does not seem to make the procedure more difficult when compared to the supine position&#44; decision making about bronchoscopy in severe hypoxia should be even more cautious than in the supine patient&#44; as a dangerous delay in resuscitation manoeuvres due to postponed switching the patient to the supine position should always be avoided&#46; In addition ventilator parameters must be appropriately set to prevent oxygen desaturation and pulmonary hyperinflation due to the severe reduction in the internal diameter of the endotracheal tube&#46; It could be worth carrying out a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of such an approach on the outcome of critically ill patients undergoing prone mechanical ventilation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In patients with severe acute lung injury &#40;ALI&#41; or acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; the prone position has been shown to improve survival of patients who are severely hypoxemic with an arterial oxygen tension to inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; In those patients tracheobronchial toilette is crucial in preventing or treating airways obstructed by secretions and deterioration of oxygenation&#46; Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is widely recognized as an effective technique to perform bronchial toilette in the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flexible bronchoscopy performed during prone mechanical ventilation in two cardiosurgical patients who developed ALI after complex surgery&#44; proved feasible and safe and helped to avoid undesirable earlier cessation of prone mechanical ventilation&#46; However decision making about bronchoscopy in severe hypoxia should be even more cautious than in the supine patient&#44; as dangerous delay in resuscitation manoeuvres due to postponed switching the patient to the supine position should always be prevented&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em pacientes com les&#227;o pulmonar aguda grave &#40;LPA&#41; ou s&#237;ndrome de dificuldade respirat&#243;ria aguda &#40;ARDS&#41;&#44; foi demonstrado que a posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito ventral melhora a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes que sejam gravemente hipox&#233;micos com uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o de oxig&#233;nio no sangue arterial e a fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#233;nio &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; &#60;100&#46; Nesses pacientes&#44; a toilette traqueobr&#244;nquica &#233; fundamental para a preven&#231;&#227;o ou tratamento das vias respirat&#243;rias obstru&#237;das por secre&#231;&#245;es e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da oxigena&#231;&#227;o&#46; A fibrobroncoscopia flex&#237;vel &#233; amplamente reconhecida como uma t&#233;cnica eficaz para realizar a toilette br&#244;nquica na unidade de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#46; A broncoscopia flex&#237;vel realizada durante a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito ventral em 2 pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca que desenvolveram LPA ap&#243;s cirurgias complicadas&#44; provaram ser vi&#225;veis e seguras&#44; e ajudaram a evitar uma interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce indesej&#225;vel da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito ventral&#46; No entanto&#44; a tomada de decis&#227;o sobre a broncoscopia em caso de hip&#243;xia grave deve ser ainda mais cautelosa do que no paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina&#44; dado que um atraso perigoso nas manobras de reanima&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; mudan&#231;a adiada do paciente para a posi&#231;&#227;o supina deve ser sempre evitado&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 08732159
Original language: English
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