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Iatrogenic pneumothorax: Experience of a Moroccan Emergency Center
Pneumotórax Iatrogénico: experiência de um Centro de Emergência Marroquino
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A nossa experiência nos últimos 15 anos" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1446 "Ancho" => 1487 "Tamanyo" => 53449 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of procedures according to the approach and associated mortality.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Blanco, G.A. Obeso, J.C. Durán, J.E. Rivo, E. García-Fontán, E. Peña, M. Rodríguez, J. Albort, M.A. Cañizares" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Blanco" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G.A." 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"apellidos" => "El Hammoumi" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hamoumimassine@hotmail.fr" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Drissi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Achir" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Benchekroun" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." 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"apellidos" => "Kabiri" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Thoracic Surgery Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie Université Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Surgical Emergencies, Hospital Avicenne, Rabat, Morocco" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Avicenne, Rabat, Morocco" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Pneumotórax Iatrogénico: experiência de um Centro de Emergência Marroquino" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 894 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 133003 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest CT showing a barotraumatic pneumothorax after mechanical ventilation.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pneumothorax is a serious but common complication of invasive chest procedures. Several procedures were identified as causing pneumothorax, but according to the literature the most frequent causes are thoracocentesis, central venous cannulation and barotraumas.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present climate of increased use of invasive procedures, the incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax (IPx) is going to increase particularly in training hospitals. It is for this reason that we want to assess and delineate retrospectively the common diagnostic or therapeutic causes of IPx and its impact on morbidity.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From January 2011 to December 2011, we listed 36 cases of patients who developed IPx in the emergency department, after an invasive procedure for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. For each patient details of age, gender, the invasive procedure which caused IPnx, the specific treatment and consequences were recorded.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age was 38 years (range: 19–69 years). Twenty-one (58%) of the patients were male and 15 (42%) were female. All the invasive procedures which caused IPnx were performed as emergencies in the Emergency Department. The purpose of the invasive procedure was diagnostic in 6 cases and therapeutic in 30 cases.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">8 patients (22%) had procedures for underlying lung or tracheal diseases and 28 patients (78%) for other diseases (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The procedure type most frequently causing IPnx was subclavian and jugular central venous catheterization; 20 patients (55%) (right side: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15; left side: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5). The other frequent causes were barotrauma due to mechanical ventilation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>): 8 cases (22%). Of this 8 there were 3 cases with bilateral pneumothorax, 6 cases of thoracentesis (16%) and 2 patients had life-saving percutaneous tracheotomy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical signs compatible with a pneumothorax were found in all patients with associated radiographic signs.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous tracheotomies were performed by the physician (not a surgeon) who admitted the patient and indicated a life saving tracheotomy in the intensive care unit.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to our protocol, once the invasive procedure is accomplished a systematic chest radiograph is taken.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regardless of the causal procedure, and depending on patient stability and the size of the pneumothorax the majority (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33, 91.6%) of our patients were managed by a small chest tube placement (unilateral <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30, bilateral <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3).</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chest tube placement was performed by a trained physician, using either the ventral approach (2–3 Intercostals space) in the mid-clavicular line, also called the approach according to Monaldi (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8, chest tube Joly size 16), or the lateral approach (4–6 Intercostal space) in the anterior to mid-axillary line, also called the approach according to Bulau (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28, chest tube Joly size 16–18). The tube is connected to a bottle or canister. Suction is often used to help it drain. Otherwise, gravity alone will allow it to drain.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the drain was in place, a chest radiograph was taken to check the location of the drain. The tube stayed in for as long as there was air or fluid to be removed, or the risk of air gathering.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical malfunction of the tube with a radiological malposition was noted in 6 cases with a chest tube replacement by a larger size chest tube (Joly size 18). Malfunction was due to the interlobar placement of the tube.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average of duration of drainage was 3 days (range: 1–15 days); sadly one of our patients died of ischemic brain damage 15 days after percutaneous tracheotomy.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospitalization was prolonged due to this treatment in only 10 cases, presumably because of the underlying disease which required long hospitalization.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge Iatrogenous Pneumothorax has very rarely been reported in the English literature; we entered “pneumothorax” AND “Iatrogenous” in Pubmed and there were no retrospective or prospective studies about the incidence of this complication which is one of the most common complications of invasive chest procedures. The morbidity associated with pneumothorax, particularly with a chest tube placement, should be a warning to physicians to avoid all unnecessary pneumothorax-related procedures especially in emergencies.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Careful choice of the site for percutaneous central vascular access is recommended, and the internal jugular vein is preferable because of the lower frequency of related pneumothorax, 7 IPx of 424 subclavian puncture site in the study of Pikwer,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and 4 IPx of 1552 jugular puncture in the same study. Eisen et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> obtained similar results and concluded that a higher risk of pneumothorax was associated with the subclavian puncture, in our study 12 of the 20 patients had a subclavian approach, which is explained by anatomical proximity of sub clavian vessels to the pleural space and the greater familiarity of physicians with this site but Schummer et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> noted in a prospective study of 1794 catheterizations similar risk of IPx in subclavian and internal jugular site.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thoracocentesis in order to evacuate recurrent or large pleural effusions is traditionally a safe procedure when performed by an experienced operator. IPx occurred in 19% in the study of Grogan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and 5.1% in the recent study of Henry et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However the latter found no statistically significant association between the occurrence of pneumothorax and the type of needle used, the size of the effusion, the amount of fluid drained, the presence of loculations, the type of thoracentesis, or the experience of the operator. All our thoracocentesis-related pneumothoraces were performed by training operators so we conclude that thoracocentesis can be difficult and needs a controlled setting.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, we did not use ultrasound control after six thoracocentesis but a chest radiograph control. However, several studies have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for thoracic ultrasound in detection of occult pneumothorax in critical care,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and trauma patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The absence of lung sliding suggests pneumothorax, but it can occur in multiple other conditions such as mainstem intubation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or pleural adhesions. The “lung point” is an ultrasound sign with 100% specificity for pneumothorax,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and can be used to determine the size of the pneumothorax.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Very few studies have been published about the role of tracheotomy in the pathogenesis of pneumothorax. Glicklick et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> reported 17% IPx in his earlier study of 45 tracheotomies. Pneumothorax is more significantly possible when tracheotomy is an emergency <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. Some authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> proved experimentally the mechanism of pneumothorax via a pneumomediastinum secondary to air way hyper pressure during tracheotomy and surgery.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complications with mechanical ventilation are common, and rupture of the pulmonary alveoli or airways after a sudden increase of intra-alveolar pressure is a common cause of pneumothorax. The incidence of pneumothorax during ARDS is less than 10% since the reduction of tidal volume and limiting plateau pressure. The more aggressive use of ventilator pressure characteristics was found to be associated with a higher incidence of pneumothorax, 17% in the study of Miller<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> who noted the major role of protective lung strategy. In our study, the 8 cases with barotrauma had an associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and lung obstructive disease which increased the side effects of mechanical ventilation. An existing lung disease such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), or asthma is the most common cause of a greater associated incidence of pneumothorax after positive pressure ventilation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> These patients have generally bleb or bulla due to airway obstruction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with a decreased lung compliance responsible for high alveolar pressure even using low tidal volume. Chest X-ray or Computed Tomography is used to detect the air leak: pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum with possible risk of haemodynamic complications. Risk factors associated with barotrauma are the underlying disease for mechanical ventilation and a high airway pressure during mechanical ventilation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Alveolar pressure, obtained by measuring plateau pressure at the end of the inspiration, is the best tool for evaluating the risk of alveolar barotrauma. This pressure must be kept below 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Barotraumatic pneumothorax was managed by chest tube placement to prevent tension pneumothorax and haemodynamic complications and in our cases the time the chest tube was in place was longer (4 days). We use a preventive protocol in mechanic ventilation to avoid alveolar hyperpressure depending on the underlying lung disease and severity of the ARDS: a controlled low tidal volume ventilation is taken.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is commonly believed that the size of a pneumothorax is an important determinant of treatment decision particularly as to whether chest tube drainage is required. In our practice we still use clinical and chest radiological data to take a decision; however, a volumetric quantification of pneumothoraces has been performed in a Chinese study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> by automated computer-aided volumetry in CT images. The results indicated that the inclusion of volume made it the most statistically significant indicators compared to the other tests in which volume was excluded from the clinical parameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> This study provides the evidence for the application of volumetric quantification of pneumothoraces in the management of clinically stable chest trauma patients with traumatic pneumothorax but it is based on computed tomography images which are not a systematic part of our practice.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most authors recommend the lateral approach for chest tube insertion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> without data documenting why they advise against using the ventral approach. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies which just examine the ventral approach or investigate differences between the two common approaches. Some authors recommend that if an approach other than the lateral is chosen then it should be performed by a thoracic surgeon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ATLS manual recommends that the chest tube should “usually” be inserted via the lateral approach.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In our protocol, to avoid the potential risk of lacerating the internal mammary artery and to have a safer intercostals space for preparation we use the lateral approach which is frequently described as a “safe zone”. We reserve the ventral approach for anterior pneumothoraces.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review summarizes the current state of etiologies of IPx. Another factor is that we had many attending physicians on-scene. The influence of differing individual skills and different levels of familiarity with invasive procedures can affect the incidence of iatrogenous complications. So it is advisable to use ultrasound guidance whenever possible for central venous cannulation or thoracocentesis. If pneumothorax occurs, it is important to recognize the signs and symptoms particularly during mechanical ventilation or with underlying lung disease. A chest X-ray should be promptly done. Depending on its size and symptoms, treatment can vary from simple observation to a chest tube placement to be performed by experienced personnel or under their supervision even at training hospitals.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres547833" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565701" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres547832" "titulo" => "Resumo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565702" "titulo" => "Palavras chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-05-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-09-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565701" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Pneumothorax" 1 => "Iatrogenic" 2 => "Drainage" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565702" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Pneumotórax" 1 => "Iatrogénico" 2 => "Drenagem" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax (IPx) will increase with invasive procedures particularly at training hospitals, that is why we have made a retrospective study of the common diagnostic or therapeutic causes of IPx and its impact on morbidity. From January 2011 to December 2011, 36 patients developed IPx as emergencies, after an invasive procedure. Their mean age was 38 years (range: 19–69 years). Of the patients, 21 (58%) were male and 15 (42%) were female. The purpose was diagnostic in 6 cases and therapeutic in 30 cases. In 8 patients (22%) the procedure was performed due to underlying lung diseases and in 28 patients (78%) for other diseases. The procedure most frequently causing IPnx was central venous catheterization, with 20 patients (55%), other frequent causes were mechanical ventilation in 8 cases (22%) (of whom we reported 3 cases of bilateral pneumothorax), 6 cases of thoracentesis (16%) and 2 patients had life-saving percutaneous tracheotomy. The majority of our patients were managed by a small chest tube placement (unilateral <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30, bilateral <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3). The average duration of drainage was 3 days (range: 1–15 days), sadly one of our patients died of ischemic brain damage 15 days after tracheotomy.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At training hospitals the incidence of IPnx will increase with the increase in invasive procedures, which should only be performed by experienced personnel or under their supervision.</p></span>" ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "<span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A incidência de pneumotórax iatrogénico (IPx) vai aumentar com procedimentos invasivos particularmente em hospitais de formação, sendo esse o motivo pelo qual fizemos um estudo retrospetivo do diagnóstico ou das causas terapêuticas comuns de IPx e do seu impacto na morbilidade. Desde janeiro de 2011 até dezembro de 2011, 36 pacientes desenvolveram IPx como emergências, depois de um procedimento invasivo. A sua média de idades foi de 38 anos (intervalo: 19-69 anos). Dos pacientes, 21 (58%) eram do sexo masculino e 15 (42%) do sexo feminino. O objetivo era diagnóstico em 6 casos e terapêutico em 30 casos. Em 8 pacientes (22%) o procedimento foi realizado devido a doenças pulmonares subjacentes e em 28 pacientes (78%) por outras doenças. O procedimento que mais frequentemente provocou IPnx foi a cateterização venosa central, com 20 doentes (55%), outras causas frequentes foram a ventilação mecânica, 8 casos (22%) dos quais foram relatados 3 casos de pneumotórax bilateral, 6 casos de toracocentese (16%) e 2 pacientes traqueotomia percutânea de socorro. A maioria dos nossos pacientes foram submetidos à colocação de um pequeno dreno torácico (unilateral n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30, bilateral n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3). A duração média da drenagem foi de 3 dias (intervalo: 1-15 dias), tendo infelizmente um dos nossos pacientes falecido devido a dano cerebral isquémico, 15 dias após a traqueotomia.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em hospitais de formação a incidência de IPnx aumentará com o cada vez maior número de procedimentos invasivos, que apenas devem ser desempenhados por pessoal experiente ou sob a supervisão do mesmo.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 894 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 133003 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest CT showing a barotraumatic pneumothorax after mechanical ventilation.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of invasive procedure for diagnostic purpose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of invasive procedure for therapeutic purpose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Spontaneous pleural effusion (HVC-hepatic cirrhosis) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Thoracocentesis: 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trauma without pleural effusion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Venous central catheter: 17Mechanical ventilation: 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Respiratory failure (lung disease, COPD, asthma) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mechanical ventilation: 5Venous central catheter: 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Facial trauma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Tracheotomy: 2Mechanical ventilation: 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab884843.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">diseases associated with the iatrogenous pneumothorax.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Cause of IPx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (number of cases)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Right IPx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Left IPx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Bilateral IPx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Central venous catheterization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Subclavian puncture: 12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jugular puncture: 8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Barotrauma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="char" valign="top">8</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Thoracentesis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="char" valign="top">6</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Percutaneous tracheotomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="char" valign="top">2</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab884844.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Invasive procedures associated with iatrogenous pneumothorax.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2024 October | 53 | 28 | 81 |
| 2024 September | 61 | 24 | 85 |
| 2024 August | 59 | 55 | 114 |
| 2024 July | 70 | 36 | 106 |
| 2024 June | 43 | 37 | 80 |
| 2024 May | 71 | 32 | 103 |
| 2024 April | 58 | 34 | 92 |
| 2024 March | 44 | 27 | 71 |
| 2024 February | 45 | 26 | 71 |
| 2024 January | 30 | 30 | 60 |
| 2023 December | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2023 November | 39 | 34 | 73 |
| 2023 October | 26 | 41 | 67 |
| 2023 September | 37 | 31 | 68 |
| 2023 August | 31 | 31 | 62 |
| 2023 July | 26 | 29 | 55 |
| 2023 June | 29 | 11 | 40 |
| 2023 May | 58 | 20 | 78 |
| 2023 April | 40 | 17 | 57 |
| 2023 March | 89 | 24 | 113 |
| 2023 February | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2023 January | 25 | 18 | 43 |
| 2022 December | 67 | 23 | 90 |
| 2022 November | 77 | 32 | 109 |
| 2022 October | 71 | 32 | 103 |
| 2022 September | 23 | 43 | 66 |
| 2022 August | 45 | 47 | 92 |
| 2022 July | 54 | 35 | 89 |
| 2022 June | 39 | 34 | 73 |
| 2022 May | 55 | 30 | 85 |
| 2022 April | 48 | 37 | 85 |
| 2022 March | 45 | 42 | 87 |
| 2022 February | 49 | 33 | 82 |
| 2022 January | 51 | 28 | 79 |
| 2021 December | 41 | 47 | 88 |
| 2021 November | 44 | 29 | 73 |
| 2021 October | 38 | 29 | 67 |
| 2021 September | 21 | 28 | 49 |
| 2021 August | 34 | 20 | 54 |
| 2021 July | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2021 June | 28 | 31 | 59 |
| 2021 May | 44 | 22 | 66 |
| 2021 April | 50 | 54 | 104 |
| 2021 March | 83 | 16 | 99 |
| 2021 February | 78 | 11 | 89 |
| 2021 January | 53 | 19 | 72 |
| 2020 December | 47 | 7 | 54 |
| 2020 November | 70 | 23 | 93 |
| 2020 October | 37 | 10 | 47 |
| 2020 September | 100 | 22 | 122 |
| 2020 August | 130 | 21 | 151 |
| 2020 July | 145 | 19 | 164 |
| 2020 June | 135 | 16 | 151 |
| 2020 May | 143 | 27 | 170 |
| 2020 April | 106 | 9 | 115 |
| 2020 March | 109 | 16 | 125 |
| 2020 February | 132 | 14 | 146 |
| 2020 January | 117 | 18 | 135 |
| 2019 December | 126 | 24 | 150 |
| 2019 November | 123 | 14 | 137 |
| 2019 October | 108 | 11 | 119 |
| 2019 September | 99 | 18 | 117 |
| 2019 August | 272 | 11 | 283 |
| 2019 July | 262 | 20 | 282 |
| 2019 June | 300 | 8 | 308 |
| 2019 May | 244 | 13 | 257 |
| 2019 April | 251 | 19 | 270 |
| 2019 March | 325 | 12 | 337 |
| 2019 February | 268 | 9 | 277 |
| 2019 January | 313 | 24 | 337 |
| 2018 December | 215 | 6 | 221 |
| 2018 November | 108 | 3 | 111 |
| 2018 October | 126 | 12 | 138 |
| 2018 September | 44 | 4 | 48 |
| 2018 August | 135 | 25 | 160 |
| 2018 July | 50 | 28 | 78 |
| 2018 June | 89 | 11 | 100 |
| 2018 May | 68 | 13 | 81 |
| 2018 April | 160 | 22 | 182 |
| 2018 March | 99 | 24 | 123 |
| 2018 February | 41 | 11 | 52 |
| 2018 January | 43 | 17 | 60 |
| 2017 December | 41 | 10 | 51 |
| 2017 November | 36 | 14 | 50 |
| 2017 October | 40 | 20 | 60 |
| 2017 September | 54 | 19 | 73 |
| 2017 August | 75 | 24 | 99 |
| 2017 July | 49 | 17 | 66 |
| 2017 June | 37 | 16 | 53 |
| 2017 May | 47 | 15 | 62 |
| 2017 April | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2017 March | 36 | 53 | 89 |
| 2017 February | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2017 January | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2016 December | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2016 November | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2016 October | 29 | 12 | 41 |
| 2016 September | 22 | 6 | 28 |
| 2016 August | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2016 July | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2016 May | 5 | 16 | 21 |
| 2016 April | 38 | 3 | 41 |
| 2016 March | 51 | 10 | 61 |
| 2016 February | 63 | 11 | 74 |
| 2016 January | 52 | 12 | 64 |
| 2015 December | 61 | 7 | 68 |
| 2015 November | 29 | 6 | 35 |
| 2015 October | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2015 September | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2015 August | 45 | 7 | 52 |
| 2015 July | 48 | 7 | 55 |
| 2015 June | 40 | 10 | 50 |
| 2015 May | 58 | 7 | 65 |
| 2015 April | 68 | 12 | 80 |
| 2015 March | 49 | 3 | 52 |
| 2015 February | 88 | 8 | 96 |
| 2015 January | 97 | 3 | 100 |
| 2014 December | 118 | 17 | 135 |
| 2014 November | 105 | 10 | 115 |
| 2014 October | 116 | 10 | 126 |
| 2014 September | 98 | 8 | 106 |
| 2014 August | 108 | 9 | 117 |
| 2014 July | 105 | 14 | 119 |
| 2014 June | 101 | 7 | 108 |
| 2014 May | 116 | 7 | 123 |
| 2014 April | 104 | 8 | 112 |
| 2014 March | 103 | 14 | 117 |
| 2014 February | 97 | 9 | 106 |
| 2014 January | 117 | 11 | 128 |
| 2013 December | 101 | 16 | 117 |
| 2013 November | 97 | 22 | 119 |
| 2013 October | 110 | 14 | 124 |
| 2013 September | 106 | 24 | 130 |
| 2013 August | 124 | 31 | 155 |
| 2013 July | 97 | 30 | 127 |
| 2013 June | 51 | 19 | 70 |
| 2013 May | 74 | 36 | 110 |
| 2013 April | 95 | 54 | 149 |
| 2013 March | 32 | 5 | 37 |
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