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Surgical lung biopsy for diffuse lung disease. Our experience in the last 15 years
Biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica na doença pulmonar difusa. A nossa experiência nos últimos 15 anos
M. Blanco
, G.A. Obeso, J.C. Durán, J.E. Rivo, E. García-Fontán, E. Peña, M. Rodríguez, J. Albort, M.A. Cañizares
Corresponding author
Vigo University Clinical Hospital Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Our experience in the last 15 years" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "59" "paginaFinal" => "64" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Blanco, G.A. Obeso, J.C. Durán, J.E. Rivo, E. García-Fontán, E. Peña, M. Rodríguez, J. Albort, M.A. Cañizares" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Blanco" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "montseblancoramos@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G.A." "apellidos" => "Obeso" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Durán" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.E." "apellidos" => "Rivo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "García-Fontán" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Peña" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Albort" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "Cañizares" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Vigo University Clinical Hospital Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica na doença pulmonar difusa. A nossa experiência nos últimos 15 anos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1446 "Ancho" => 1487 "Tamanyo" => 53449 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of procedures according to the approach and associated mortality.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classification of interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes a broad and heterogeneous group of pathologies under a common clinical–radiological context.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Thoracic surgery plays an important role in this entity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Surgical lung biopsy performed with minithoracothomy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is indicated in all cases where a specific diagnosis of ILD has not been reached after less invasive examinations, but it is not a technique without serious complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is well known that VATS means a shorter operating time, less incidence of postoperative complications and reduced hospital stay in regard to thoracotomy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Whether it should be performed must be assessed in each individual case and will depend on the patient's clinical status.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2000, the ATS (American Thoracic Society) and the ERS (European Respiratory Society) published the first international consensus as regards the diagnosis and treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Two years later, the classification of ILD was modified following a new consensus developed by the two societies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> With this double consensus, the clinical and radiological criteria for the diagnosis of IPF were established without pathological confirmation. There are 4 major criteria and 4 minor criteria. Diagnosis of IPF is achieved in the presence of the 4 major criteria and at least 3 minor.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Here is our surgical experience in the diagnosis of ILD. We analyze the effect produced on the indications of the surgical lung biopsy in this group of entities after the publication of the consensus of ATS and ERS.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a retrospective study which included 171 patients operated in our department between 1997 and 2011 to obtain a lung biopsy in the ILD diagnosis process. These patients were classified in two groups: those operated between 1997 and 2002 (group 1) and those operated between 2003 and 2011 (group 2).</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To divide our series we chose year 2003 as the turning point, this was one year after the publication of the last consensus of the ATS and ERS on ILD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> We think that this is long enough to asses the influence of the two consensus on the indications of surgical lung biopsy.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a right or left VATS by means 2 or 3 ports of 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm. When it was impossible to get to a collapsed lung or when the patient did not tolerate clamping, an anterior thoracotomy was performed. Two or three specimens were obtained with endostaplers. The assessed variables in this study were: preoperative presumptive diagnosis, respiratory status, postoperative histological diagnosis, approach, mean postoperative hospital stay, postoperative morbidity, intraoperative and postoperative mortality and causes.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 9.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago IL, USA). Age was expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). All other categorical variables were summarized as counts and percentages. Results were considered to be significant if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> was less than 0.05. We used the Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for qualitative variables. For quantitative variables we used the Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 171 patients, 82 (48%) were men and 89 (52%) were women. The mean age was 57.29 years (SD 13.46). There were no significant differences with regard to age between the two sexes. Preoperative FEV1 (%) was 76.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21.96, FVC (%) was 77.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23.57 and DLCO (%) was 56.18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.66.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The preoperative presumptive diagnosis was: ILD without specifications in 142 patients (83.04%), sarcoidosis in 7 (4.09%), extrinsic allergic alveolitis in 7 (4.09%), Wegener disease in 3 (1.75%), Langerhans cell histiocytosis in 3 (1.75%), vasculitis in 3 (1.75%), drug-associated ILD in 2 (1.16%), rheumatoid lung in 1 (0.58%), lymphangioleiomyomatosis in 1 (0.58%), ILD and respiratory failure in 1 (0.58%) and Gaucher's disease in 1 (0.58%).</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The postoperative histological diagnosis was: usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in 49 of the 171 cases (28.65%), extrinsic allergic alveolitis in 42 (24.56%), nonspecific alterations in 37 (21.63%), honeycombing lung in 9 (5.26%), sarcoidosis in 8 (4.67%), pneumoconiosis in 4 (2.33%), normal lung in 3 (1.75%), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia in 3 (1.75%), acute interstitial pneumonia in 3 (1.75%), granulomatous lymphomatosis in 3 (1.75%), carcinomatous lymphangitis in 2 (1.16%), Langerhans cell histiocytosis in 2 (1.16%), Wegener disease in 1 (0.64%), vasculitis in 1 (0.58%), deposit disease in 1 (0.58%), cytomegalovirus pneumonia in 1 (0.58%), bronchioalveolar carcinoma in 1 (0.58%), aspergillosis in 1 (0.58%). The diagnosis was made based on the light microscopy study. Immunohistochemistry techniques were useful in 12 of the 171 cases (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing group 1 (operated between 1997 and 2002) and group 2 (operated between 2003 and 2011), we observed a decrease in the number of indications for surgical lung biopsies. In the first period 99 patients were operated, while in the second period 72 patients were operated. Moreover, we can observe that from year 2004 (two years after publication of the recommendations) there was a noticeable decrease in the number of biopsies performed when we compare the results with the previous years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Also, when we compared the postoperative diagnosis between both groups, we observed a small decrease in the number of diagnoses of unspecific biopsy (28 in group 1 and 9 in group 2) and honeycombing lung (7 in group 1 and 2 in group 2) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 171 cases, 6 (3.50%) needed a minithoracotomy due to adhesions, 2 for lack of collapsed lung (1.16%) and 9 (5.26%) due to patient intolerance to one-lung ventilation. There were 10 deaths (5.84%) between 0 and 33 days after surgery (mean 7.67 days; SD 10.82 days). Differences in age and sex among these 10 patients and the rest of the series were not statistically significant. Causes of death were progression in respiratory failure due to underlying disease in 7 of the 10 cases (70%), alveolar haemorrhage in 2 of the 10 cases (20%) and heart failure in 1 of the 10 cases (10%). Intraoperative mortality was nil. Mortality was higher in the group of patients that underwent a thoracotomy (4 of 15 patients; 26.66%) compared with the group of VATS (6 deaths in 141 cases; 4.25%). The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> was <0.005 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). Also, the death rate in group 1 was (7 deaths) compared to group 2 (3 deaths), although this was not statistically significant.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean postoperative stay in the whole series was 6.12 days (interquartile range 3–6 days). The mean stay for patients that underwent a thoracotomy was 12 days (SD 7.12) versus, 5.02 (SD, 4.33) for those operated by VATS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our series presents demographic characteristics that do not substantially differ from those described by Xaubet et al. in 2004.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In their study of 23 centres of the Spanish territory with 511 unselected cases for surgical indication, these authors observed an average age of 61 years old with a slight predominance of males (ratio male/female 1.2:1). Our results present an average age of 57.29 years old and a male/female ratio of 1.08:1.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed a marked decreased in the number of biopsies performed from 2004. We attribute this to the published clinical–radiological criteria for the diagnosis of IPF without histological confirmation. This fact indicated that recommendations still took some time before being used in clinical practise. However, we must admit that our series is surgical, and we cannot demonstrate whether there is an increase in patients diagnosed of IPF by clinical or radiological criteria.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Again, comparing our results with the series of Xaubet et al., there are important differences in the most common diagnoses: sarcoidosis represents 14.9% in this series, whereas in our study it only represents 4.67%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In the review of epidemiological studies by Demedts et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> sarcoidosis and IPF appear as the most common ILD. This discrepancy could be explained by the increased probability of a diagnosis of sarcoidosis before reaching a surgical biopsy. The clinical, radiological and laboratory data provide a diagnosis that can be confirmed by a transbronchial biopsy with a high diagnostic profitability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> These could be a source of bias in a surgical series. In this way, Santillan-Doherty et al. got a diagnosis of sarcoidosis in only 2 cases (3.71%) of the 60 lung biopsies performed for ILD in Mexico.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By contrast, we found a high percentage of biopsies with the diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (a centrolobular process caused by the exposure to organic allergens)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> in our study. We do not know the real causes of this finding. It could be related to the higher exposure to common agents in a rural population. Another possible explanation could be the greater propensity of the clinicians to request a histological confirmation of an ILD that is considered “curable” and this carries important medicolegal and sociolegal connotations.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the authors consider IPF to be the most frequent ILD. This statement is consistent with the 28.65% of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) diagnosed in our series. Nevertheless, we cannot say that all these patients were diagnosed of IPF since the relationship between IPF and UIP is not one-one. In other words, the diagnosis of IPF requires the clinical exclusion of any other cause of UIP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,7,8</span></a> This information was not available to us in the majority of the cases since 83.04% of the patients were referred to our department to perform a biopsy with the generic diagnosis of ILD, and without any other clinical suspicion. This means, from our point of view, an inappropriate practise possibly caused by overconfidence in the histological study that could explain why 37 of 171 cases (21.63%) received a nonspecific pathological diagnosis. Diagnosis of the majority of ILD is based on using light microscopy to evaluate the proportion, localization and timing of a common histological pattern, and it is not free of susceptibility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In a multicenter study published in 2001, researchers observed a 15% discrepancy in the diagnosis of UIP among expert pathologists.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The pathologist's interpretation of the findings will be more precise the greater his knowledge of the patient's clinical condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,12,15</span></a> In this sense, it is mandatory to optimize the communication between the clinician, surgeon and pathologist in order to obtain the maximum benefit from the technique. Similarly, Sánchez-Varilla et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> found differences between the diagnoses reached by a group of specialist pathologists as opposed to others without specialization in 10 (30.3%) of 33 cases of ILD studied. Of these, 9 were (40.9%) in the group of 22 interstitial idiopathic pneumonias.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another crucial factor for the diagnostic yield of a lung biopsy is the quality of the samples, which must be of sufficient size and taken in the appropriate time course and localization. 5.26% of the biopsies in our series were reported as honeycomb lung. This again means a non-specific diagnosis, as this is the final pathway of multiple ILD.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to avoid an excessive delay of the biopsy during the course of the disease. Thus, we could reduce the number of inconclusive histologies. The biopsies obtained in advanced disease are less profitable and frequently lead to complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In addition, when selecting optimal areas for the biopsy, areas of high honeycomb in the computed tomography should be avoided. Areas of ground glass are preferred.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Finally, the optimal size to obtain a biopsy also depends on the clinical suspicion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> This shows, once again, the importance of the collaboration between specialists.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgical lung biopsy can provide different types of information on the patient with ILD: to confirm a specific diagnosis or to exclude a suspicion; to justify experimental treatments or those with significant side effects; to establish a prognosis or analyze the response to a treatment; to evaluate the indication of lung transplantation or to resolve a medicolegal conflict… But in all cases, it is highly important to formulate the correct clinical question and never forget the great surgical risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, the new clinical–radiological criteria for the diagnosis of IPF published in 2000 and 2002, had induced a marked decrease in the number of biopsies performed from 2004 in our series. Surgical lung biopsy, although technically simple, has a non-negligible morbidity and mortality in patients that suffer ILD. The optimal selection of the cases to minimize the mortality and to optimize the diagnostic performance is essential.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Protection of human and animal subjects</span>. The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Confidentiality of data</span>. The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study received sufficient information and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study.<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Right to privacy and informed consent</span>. The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres547831" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction" 2 => "Patients and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565699" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres547830" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumo" 1 => "Introdução" 2 => "Métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusões" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565700" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-07-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565699" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Diffuse lung disease" 1 => "Lung biopsy" 2 => "Surgical mortality" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec565700" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Doença pulmonar difusa" 1 => "Biópsia pulmonar" 2 => "Mortalidade cirúrgica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Surgical lung biopsy is a technique that presents a morbi-mortality rate of considerable importance. We analyze our experience with surgical lung biopsies for the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease and the effect produced on the indications for surgical biopsy in these pathologies after the publication of the consensus of the ATS (American Thoracic Society) and ERS (European Respiratory Society) for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF).</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a retrospective review of 171 patients operated between January 1997 and December 2011. We divided the series into 2 groups: group 1 (operated between 1997 and 2002) and group 2 (operated between 2003 and 2011). Suspected preoperative diagnosis, respiratory status, pathological postoperative diagnoses, percentage of thoracotomies, mean postoperative stay and perioperative morbidity and mortality were analyzed.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Group 1 consisted of 99 patients and group two 72. The most frequent postoperative diagnoses were: usual interstitial pneumonia and extrinsic allergic alveolitis. There were ten (5.84%) deaths. Death was caused by progressive respiratory failure that was related to interstitial lung disease in 7 (70%) of 10 cases, alveolar haemorrhage in 2 (20%) and heart failure in 1 (10%).</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Since the publication of the ATS and ERS consensus on the IPF, we have observed a noticeable decrease in the number of indications for surgical lung biopsy. This technique, though simple, has a considerable morbidity and mortality.</p></span>" ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdução</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica é uma técnica com uma morbimortalidade não negligenciável. Este trabalho resulta da experiência adquirida na realização de biópsias pulmonares cirúrgicas para o diagnóstico da doença pulmonar intersticial difusa, bem como pelo efeito provocado sobre as indicações da biópsia cirúrgica nesta entidade, após a publicação do consenso da ATS (American Thoracic Society) e da ERS (European Respiratory Society, para Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática (FPI), em 2000 e 2002.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Revisão retrospectiva de 171 doentes intervencionados entre Janeiro de 1997 e Dezembro de 2011. A série de doentes foi dividida em dois grupos: o grupo 1 (operados entre 1997 e 2002) e o grupo 2 (operados entre 2003 e 2011). Os registos efectuados foram a suspeita diagnóstica pré-operatória, o estado respiratório, o diagnóstico patológico pós-operatório, a percentagem de toracotomias, a média de internamento hospitalar, além da morbilidade e mortalidade intra-hospitalares.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Grupo 1 constituído por 99 doentes e o grupo 2 por 72. Os diagnósticos pós-operatórios mais frequentes foram a pneumonia intersticial usual e a alveolite alérgica extrínseca. Houve 10 mortes (5,84%). Em 7 (70%) dos 10 casos, a morte foi causada por progressão da insuficiência respiratória provocada pela doença subjacente, em 2 (20%) por hemorragia alveolar, e em um caso (10%) por insuficiência cardíaca.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusões</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desde a publicação do consenso da ATS e da ERS na FPI, observou-se uma clara diminuição no número de indicações para a biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica. Esta técnica, apesar de simples, tem uma considerável morbilidade e mortalidade.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1441 "Ancho" => 1497 "Tamanyo" => 176284 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative histological diagnosis in our series. UIP: usual interstitial pneumonia; AIP: acute interstitial pneumonia; COP: cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; HL: honeycombing lung.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1614 "Ancho" => 2139 "Tamanyo" => 99384 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the number of lung biopsies performed between 1997 and 2011. Notice how from the year 2004 (arrow) there is a decreased in the number of biopsies performed.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1704 "Ancho" => 1521 "Tamanyo" => 71529 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of most frequent postoperative diagnosis in each group. UIP: usual interstitial pneumoniae; EAA: extrinsic allergic alveolitis; Unesp: unespecific biopsy; HL: honeycombing lung; Sar: sacoidosis.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1446 "Ancho" => 1487 "Tamanyo" => 53449 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of procedures according to the approach and associated mortality.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nuevas estrategias terapéuticas en la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2024 October | 46 | 29 | 75 |
| 2024 September | 48 | 29 | 77 |
| 2024 August | 54 | 30 | 84 |
| 2024 July | 42 | 39 | 81 |
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| 2024 May | 49 | 31 | 80 |
| 2024 April | 63 | 29 | 92 |
| 2024 March | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2024 February | 48 | 26 | 74 |
| 2024 January | 46 | 31 | 77 |
| 2023 December | 31 | 19 | 50 |
| 2023 November | 38 | 36 | 74 |
| 2023 October | 40 | 32 | 72 |
| 2023 September | 34 | 35 | 69 |
| 2023 August | 28 | 24 | 52 |
| 2023 July | 29 | 30 | 59 |
| 2023 June | 27 | 16 | 43 |
| 2023 May | 49 | 23 | 72 |
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| 2022 March | 31 | 51 | 82 |
| 2022 February | 40 | 31 | 71 |
| 2022 January | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2021 December | 29 | 51 | 80 |
| 2021 November | 39 | 37 | 76 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 42 | 73 |
| 2021 September | 17 | 18 | 35 |
| 2021 August | 27 | 16 | 43 |
| 2021 July | 19 | 20 | 39 |
| 2021 June | 25 | 15 | 40 |
| 2021 May | 34 | 28 | 62 |
| 2021 April | 46 | 77 | 123 |
| 2021 March | 59 | 11 | 70 |
| 2021 February | 96 | 13 | 109 |
| 2021 January | 22 | 18 | 40 |
| 2020 December | 30 | 5 | 35 |
| 2020 November | 62 | 20 | 82 |
| 2020 October | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2020 September | 93 | 14 | 107 |
| 2020 August | 74 | 22 | 96 |
| 2020 July | 127 | 23 | 150 |
| 2020 June | 103 | 18 | 121 |
| 2020 May | 100 | 19 | 119 |
| 2020 April | 96 | 6 | 102 |
| 2020 March | 81 | 9 | 90 |
| 2020 February | 76 | 13 | 89 |
| 2020 January | 106 | 16 | 122 |
| 2019 December | 62 | 19 | 81 |
| 2019 November | 97 | 15 | 112 |
| 2019 October | 90 | 12 | 102 |
| 2019 September | 69 | 13 | 82 |
| 2019 August | 128 | 13 | 141 |
| 2019 July | 127 | 13 | 140 |
| 2019 June | 145 | 11 | 156 |
| 2019 May | 118 | 13 | 131 |
| 2019 April | 147 | 25 | 172 |
| 2019 March | 164 | 11 | 175 |
| 2019 February | 133 | 4 | 137 |
| 2019 January | 199 | 16 | 215 |
| 2018 December | 120 | 6 | 126 |
| 2018 November | 47 | 1 | 48 |
| 2018 October | 55 | 12 | 67 |
| 2018 September | 40 | 3 | 43 |
| 2018 August | 47 | 29 | 76 |
| 2018 July | 54 | 21 | 75 |
| 2018 June | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2018 May | 86 | 21 | 107 |
| 2018 April | 74 | 28 | 102 |
| 2018 March | 125 | 17 | 142 |
| 2018 February | 43 | 9 | 52 |
| 2018 January | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2017 December | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2017 November | 59 | 12 | 71 |
| 2017 October | 41 | 15 | 56 |
| 2017 September | 43 | 28 | 71 |
| 2017 August | 37 | 20 | 57 |
| 2017 July | 45 | 17 | 62 |
| 2017 June | 32 | 22 | 54 |
| 2017 May | 38 | 18 | 56 |
| 2017 April | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2017 March | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2017 February | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2017 January | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2016 December | 21 | 22 | 43 |
| 2016 November | 35 | 12 | 47 |
| 2016 October | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2016 September | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2016 August | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2016 July | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2016 May | 50 | 0 | 50 |
| 2016 April | 30 | 1 | 31 |
| 2016 March | 64 | 8 | 72 |
| 2016 February | 81 | 13 | 94 |
| 2016 January | 53 | 18 | 71 |
| 2015 December | 39 | 17 | 56 |
| 2015 November | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2015 October | 56 | 16 | 72 |
| 2015 September | 53 | 20 | 73 |
| 2015 August | 74 | 6 | 80 |
| 2015 July | 57 | 9 | 66 |
| 2015 June | 61 | 7 | 68 |
| 2015 May | 102 | 10 | 112 |
| 2015 April | 101 | 23 | 124 |
| 2015 March | 86 | 7 | 93 |
| 2015 February | 119 | 15 | 134 |
| 2015 January | 120 | 13 | 133 |
| 2014 December | 134 | 17 | 151 |
| 2014 November | 143 | 8 | 151 |
| 2014 October | 168 | 8 | 176 |
| 2014 September | 175 | 11 | 186 |
| 2014 August | 151 | 7 | 158 |
| 2014 July | 164 | 11 | 175 |
| 2014 June | 146 | 8 | 154 |
| 2014 May | 164 | 9 | 173 |
| 2014 April | 162 | 11 | 173 |
| 2014 March | 196 | 15 | 211 |
| 2014 February | 160 | 8 | 168 |
| 2014 January | 158 | 18 | 176 |
| 2013 December | 138 | 13 | 151 |
| 2013 November | 117 | 21 | 138 |
| 2013 October | 126 | 18 | 144 |
| 2013 September | 121 | 25 | 146 |
| 2013 August | 110 | 21 | 131 |
| 2013 July | 123 | 22 | 145 |
| 2013 June | 100 | 15 | 115 |
| 2013 May | 83 | 35 | 118 |
| 2013 April | 115 | 55 | 170 |
| 2013 March | 63 | 13 | 76 |
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