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a 30&#37; do previsto ou entre 30-50&#37; do previsto acompanhado de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria cr&#243;nica &#40;crit&#233;rio GOLD 2010&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Os doentes eram seguidos em regime de ambulat&#243;rio na sala de ventila&#231;&#227;o eletiva&#44; hospital de dia de insuficientes respirat&#243;rios e unidade de reabilita&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Desenho do estudo</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi concebido um question&#225;rio para caracterizar a DPOC e as comorbilidades&#46; O question&#225;rio foi aplicado por um m&#233;dico a todos os doentes por entrevista pessoal ou telef&#243;nica para caraterizar a doen&#231;a e as suas comorbilidades&#46; Os dados foram complementados por consulta do processo cl&#237;nico&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste question&#225;rio avaliavam-se m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis&#58; dados demogr&#225;ficos&#44; h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; sintomas respirat&#243;rios&#44; grau de dispneia avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de dispneia do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medical Research Council</span> &#40;MRC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; gravidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica&#44; comorbilidades&#44; medica&#231;&#227;o realizada&#44; exacerba&#231;&#245;es no &#250;ltimo ano&#44; n&#250;mero de internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano e nos 5 anos pr&#233;vios&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O registo das comorbilidades foi complementado com a consulta do processo cl&#237;nico&#46; Para determina&#231;&#227;o das comorbilidades consideraram-se as respostas do doente no question&#225;rio&#44; as que constavam no processo cl&#237;nico ou que correspondiam &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o que este efetuava&#46; As comorbilidades foram quantificadas utilizando o &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o existe um consenso sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de comorbilidade&#44; havendo diverg&#234;ncia resultante de dificuldades em estabelecer se se est&#225; perante uma &#250;nica doen&#231;a ou 2 ou mais doen&#231;as distintas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; De acordo com Rosin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; definiu-se comorbilidade como a presen&#231;a de uma ou mais doen&#231;as&#44; para al&#233;m da DPOC&#44; que podiam ser causadas ou estar diretamente relacionadas com esta&#44; independentemente de constitu&#237;rem parte do espectro da hist&#243;ria natural da DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considerou-se exacerba&#231;&#227;o como agudiza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria com necessidade de prescri&#231;&#227;o de antibi&#243;tico e&#47;ou corticoides sist&#233;micos&#44; tal como Hurst et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> a definiram&#46; De acordo com os mesmos autores&#44; exacerbadores frequentes foram os doentes que tiveram 2 ou mais exacerba&#231;&#245;es no &#250;ltimo ano<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todas as vari&#225;veis foram testadas relativamente &#224; sua distribui&#231;&#227;o normal mediante o histograma de frequ&#234;ncias e teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kolmogorov-Smirnov</span>&#46; A diferen&#231;a entre 2 m&#233;dias foi determinada utilizando o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T-student</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mann-Whitney</span>&#46; Quando as vari&#225;veis apresentavam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal utilizou-se o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T-student</span>&#59; se pelo contr&#225;rio esta n&#227;o fosse normal usou-se o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mann-Whitney</span>&#46; Propor&#231;&#245;es e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas com o teste do Qui-quadrado ou de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fisher</span>&#44; quando adequado&#46; Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo um valor p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com o software PASW &#40;version 18&#59; SPSS inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo foram inclu&#237;dos 89 doentes&#44; apresentando uma m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 anos e sendo a maioria do g&#233;nero masculino &#40;86&#44;5&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A m&#233;dia de idades no sexo masculino foi significativamente superior &#224; do sexo feminino &#40;69 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 61 anos&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relativamente aos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; 78&#44;7&#37; eram ex-fumadores e 15&#44;7&#37; ainda mantinham h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#46; A carga tab&#225;gica m&#233;dia foi de 60 unidades ma&#231;o ano &#40;UMA&#41;&#46; As mulheres apresentavam em m&#233;dia uma carga tab&#225;gica inferior &#224; dos homens &#40;43 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UMA&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Setenta e cinco doentes &#40;84&#44;3&#37;&#41; apresentavam pelo menos um sintoma respirat&#243;rio &#40;tosse&#44; expetora&#231;&#227;o&#44; dispneia ou pieira&#41; na maioria dos dias e 48&#44;3&#37; apresentavam tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os doentes pertenciam ao est&#225;dio IV do GOLD&#44; com um VEMS m&#233;dio de 38&#44;1&#37; do previsto&#44; apresentando todos insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria cr&#243;nica&#46; As mulheres tinham um VEMS m&#233;dio mais elevado &#40;49&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 37&#37; do previsto&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;055&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maioria dos doentes &#40;86&#44;6&#37;&#41; referia pelo menos uma comorbilidade&#44; com uma m&#233;dia de 3&#44;9 comorbilidades por doente&#44; sendo que 83&#44;1&#37; tinham 2 ou mais comorbilidades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a> e <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; O &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> m&#233;dio foi de 1&#44;9&#44; passando a 4&#44;2 quando ajustado &#224; idade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre g&#233;neros&#44; observou-se uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens com pelo menos 2 comorbilidades &#40;88&#44;3&#37; dos homens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 50&#37; das mulheres&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; e com &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> de pelo menos 2 &#40;55&#44;8&#37; dos homens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 25&#37; das mulheres&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;047&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conforme se pode constatar na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#44; as comorbilidades mais frequentes foram as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#40;68&#44;5&#37;&#41; e dentro desta patologia a mais prevalente foi a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;57&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida da cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; da arritmia &#40;18&#37;&#41; e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;4&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Depois da patologia cardiovascular&#44; as doen&#231;as mais frequentes foram&#58; patologia osteoarticular &#40;50&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#40;48&#37;&#41;&#44; s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono &#40;42&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; dislipid&#233;mia &#40;34&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; cataratas &#40;31&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;29&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; diabetes mellitus &#40;20&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; depress&#227;o &#40;15&#44;7&#37;&#41; e neoplasias &#40;13&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Dos doentes com neoplasia&#44; 3&#44;4&#37; correspondiam a neoplasias do pulm&#227;o e 10&#44;1&#37; eram uma miscel&#226;nea de carcinomas &#40;laringe&#44; bexiga&#44; f&#237;gado&#44; pr&#243;stata e mama&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com exce&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o&#44; que foi mais prevalente no sexo feminino &#40;45&#44;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 11&#44;7&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41;&#44; n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na distribui&#231;&#227;o das restantes comorbilidades entre g&#233;nero&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cinquenta e quatro doentes &#40;60&#44;7&#37;&#41; tinham apresentado pelo menos uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o da sua doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria no &#250;ltimo ano e destas 49&#44;6&#37; necessitaram de internamento&#46; Sessenta e seis doentes &#40;74&#44;1&#37;&#41; tinham tido pelo menos um internamento por agravamento da DPOC nos 5 anos pr&#233;vios &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trinta e cinco doentes &#40;39&#44;3&#37;&#41; foram classificados como exacerbadores frequentes&#44; ou seja&#44; tinham apresentado pelo menos 2 exacerba&#231;&#245;es no &#250;ltimo ano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41; e apresentavam um risco aumentado de terem 2 ou mais comorbilidades &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> 5&#44;2&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre exacerbadores frequentes e refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> 3&#44;7&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 43 doentes com tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica&#44; 51&#44;2&#37; eram exacerbadores frequentes&#44; comparando com 28&#44;3&#37; dos doentes que n&#227;o apresentavam estes sintomas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;027&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os exacerbadores frequentes tiveram tamb&#233;m um maior n&#250;mero de internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano &#40;1&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 0&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&#41; e nos 5 anos pr&#233;vios &#40;3&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&#41; &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados deste estudo confirmam que a DPOC est&#225; associada a diversas comorbilidades&#44; tal como documentado noutros estudos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;12&#8211;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observ&#225;mos um predom&#237;nio do g&#233;nero masculino&#44; o que pode refletir uma menor preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo nos anos 50-60 entre as mulheres&#44; em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo encontr&#225;mos v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as relacionadas com o g&#233;nero&#46; As mulheres apresentavam uma menor exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco para o mesmo grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o e eram mais jovens&#44; sugerindo que estas possam ser mais suscet&#237;veis aos efeitos do fumo do tabaco&#46; Esta observa&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi descrita por outros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de todos os doentes se encontrarem no est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; as mulheres apresentavam&#44; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens&#44; um VEMS m&#233;dio mais elevado&#44; sendo uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o o facto de estas serem em m&#233;dia mais novas&#44; refletindo a rela&#231;&#227;o entra a idade e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o&#44; tal como Fletcher e Peto sugeriram<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As comorbilidades mais frequentes foram as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46; O mecanismo pelo qual a DPOC pode conduzir a eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o se encontra totalmente esclarecido&#46; O tabaco &#233; um fator de risco comum a ambas doen&#231;as&#44; contudo&#44; parece haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre DPOC e doen&#231;a cardiovascular independente deste fator de risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Os estudos apontam para o facto da inflama&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas se poder difundir para a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica&#44; promovendo um estado de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica persistente de baixo grau&#44; que em conjunto com outros fatores de risco conduz &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de placas e sua rutura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De real&#231;ar a preval&#234;ncia de doentes com DPOC e carcinoma do pulm&#227;o &#40;3&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; A DPOC &#233; um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de neoplasia do pulm&#227;o&#44; aumentando o seu risco em 2-5 vezes comparando com os fumadores sem DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas e o risco de neoplasia do pulm&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica pode ter um papel na patog&#233;nese do carcinoma pulmonar&#44; atuando como um fator pro-oncog&#233;nico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; O carcinoma do pulm&#227;o foi descrito como causa de morte em 7-38&#37; dos doentes com DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; O risco aumentado de carcinoma do pulm&#227;o em doentes com DPOC&#44; independentemente dos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; pode justificar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de programas de rastreio de cancro do pulm&#227;o nestes doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O perfil de comorbilidades observado no nosso estudo foi consistente com o relatado noutros artigos&#46; Numa revis&#227;o da literatura&#44; Chatila et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> demonstraram que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares estavam presentes em 13-65&#37; dos doentes com DPOC&#44; hipertens&#227;o arterial em 18-52&#37;&#44; diabetes mellitus em 2-16&#37;&#44; artrite em 22-70&#37;&#44; dislipid&#233;mia em 9-51&#37; e neoplasias em 4-18&#37;&#46; Estas percentagens s&#227;o bastante semelhantes &#224;s encontradas no nosso estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mais recentemente&#44; no estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; foi comparada a preval&#234;ncia de diferentes comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC e num grupo controlo&#46; Neste estudo&#44; observou-se que os doentes com DPOC apresentavam uma maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades&#46; Comparando com o nosso estudo&#44; as preval&#234;ncias de acidente vascular cerebral&#44; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; arritmia&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e depress&#227;o foram semelhantes&#46; Contudo&#44; no presente estudo verific&#225;mos uma preval&#234;ncia superior de cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica &#40;18 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 9&#37;&#41; e diabetes mellitus &#40;20&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 10&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">B&#225;rbara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> realizaram um estudo com doentes em est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> a <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD e constataram que as comorbilidades mais frequentes foram as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#40;49&#37;&#41;&#44; seguidas das gastrointestinais &#40;20&#37;&#41; e doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas &#40;16&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo apenas inclu&#237;mos doentes do est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; contudo&#44; no estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> e SAFE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> foram inclu&#237;dos doentes do est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> a <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; tendo sido obtida uma preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades similar&#46; O estudo Eclipse concluiu que a presen&#231;a de comorbilidades parecia ser independente do grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a variabilidade da preval&#234;ncia das v&#225;rias comorbilidades entre os estudos &#233; o uso de diferentes m&#233;todos e defini&#231;&#245;es para avaliar as comorbilidades&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; as mulheres com DPOC&#44; comparativamente com os homens&#44; eram particularmente suscet&#237;veis a desenvolverem osteoporose&#44; doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias intestinais&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e depress&#227;o e apresentavam uma menor preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes mellitus&#46; No nosso estudo apenas encontr&#225;mos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o&#44; que foi mais frequente nas mulheres&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observou-se uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens com pelo menos 2 comorbilidades e um &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> superior a 2&#46; Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para estes resultados &#233; o facto de os homens serem mais idosos do que as mulheres&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na nossa opini&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para perceber o impacto da DPOC nas v&#225;rias comorbilidades e compreender a influ&#234;ncia do tratamento desta doen&#231;a pulmonar sobre as comorbilidades&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo&#44; 39&#44;3&#37; dos doentes eram exacerbadores frequentes&#46; V&#225;rios estudos comprovam que as exacerba&#231;&#245;es aceleram o decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar&#44; que caracteriza a DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Os autores do estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> demonstraram que havia um grupo de doentes que era suscet&#237;vel &#224;s exacerba&#231;&#245;es&#44; independentemente da gravidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica e o fen&#243;tipo de exacerbadores frequentes estava associado a hist&#243;ria de refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico&#44; baixa qualidade de vida e leucocitose&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A microaspira&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do g&#225;strico e&#47;ou irrita&#231;&#227;o vagal por refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico pode constituir um irritante das vias a&#233;reas e desencadear um poss&#237;vel mecanismo para a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; No nosso estudo&#44; tal como no estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e no de Rascon-Aguilar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; tamb&#233;m encontr&#225;mos uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e exacerbadores frequentes&#46; Na nossa opini&#227;o&#44; deveriam ser realizados estudos intervencionistas para avaliar o impacto desta associa&#231;&#227;o e do seu tratamento&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste estudo&#44; os exacerbadores frequentes tiveram um risco aumentado de terem pelo menos 2 comorbilidades &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> de 5&#41;&#46; Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esta associa&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ser o facto dos exacerbadores frequentes apresentarem um maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica e por isso um maior n&#250;mero de comorbilidades&#46; Na nossa opini&#227;o&#44; devem ser realizados mais estudos para comprovar esta rela&#231;&#227;o e para perceber os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Burgel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> descreveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica e exacerbadores frequentes em doentes com DPOC&#44; tal como encontr&#225;mos no nosso estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo foi a inclus&#227;o apenas de doentes com DPOC em est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; pelo que os resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para a popula&#231;&#227;o com DPOC&#44; embora&#44; segundo o estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; as comorbilidades estejam presentes com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos doentes com DPOC&#44; independentemente dos est&#225;dios do GOLD&#46; Por outro lado&#44; n&#227;o termos um grupo controlo impediu-nos de avaliar o efeito da idade e de outros eventuais fatores sobre a preval&#234;ncia das comorbilidades&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo confirma a elevada preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD e a sua influ&#234;ncia nas exacerba&#231;&#245;es e internamentos&#44; justificando uma abordagem abrangente e integradora&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Verificou-se que os exacerbadores frequentes apresentavam um risco aumentado de ter pelo menos 2 comorbilidades e apresentavam maior frequ&#234;ncia de refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano e 5 anos pr&#233;vios&#46; A presen&#231;a de tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nicas estiveram associadas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de exacerba&#231;&#245;es da DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A identifica&#231;&#227;o das comorbilidades mais frequentes pode constituir uma ferramenta importante para melhorar o conhecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o complexa entre h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; DPOC e comorbilidades&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que para esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se realizaram experi&#234;ncias em seres humanos e&#47;ou animais&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Autoria</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vanda Areias colaborou na recolha de dados&#44; realizou a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e elaborou a primeira vers&#227;o do artigo&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Susana Carreira e Marisa Anci&#227;es colaboraram na recolha de dados&#44; an&#225;lise dos mesmos e revis&#227;o do artigo&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Professora Doutora Paula Pinto e Professora Doutora Cristina B&#225;rbara conceberam o estudo&#44; supervisionaram todos os aspetos relativos ao mesmo e reviram o artigo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#243;nica &#40;DPOC&#41; est&#225; associada a v&#225;rias comorbilidades&#44; contudo&#44; a preval&#234;ncia das mesmas varia entre os estudos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a preval&#234;ncia das diversas comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41; 2010&#44; seguidos em regime de ambulat&#243;rio&#44; num hospital universit&#225;rio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi concebido e aplicado um question&#225;rio com o objetivo de caracterizar a DPOC e suas comorbilidades&#46; Os dados foram completados por consulta do processo cl&#237;nico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 89 doentes &#40;87&#37; do g&#233;nero masculino&#41;&#44; com m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 68 anos&#44; 79&#37; dos quais ex-fumadores&#46; O valor de volume expirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo por segundo &#40;VEMS&#41; m&#233;dio foi de 38&#37; do previsto e todos os doentes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria cr&#243;nica&#46; Trinta e cinco doentes &#40;39&#37;&#41; apresentavam exacerba&#231;&#245;es frequentes&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trinta e sete doentes &#40;42&#37;&#41; tinham apresentado pelo menos um internamento por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da sua doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria no ano anterior e 66 doentes &#40;74&#37;&#41; nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A maioria dos doentes &#40;97&#37;&#41; apresentava pelo menos uma comorbilidade&#44; com uma m&#233;dia de 4 comorbilidades por doente e um &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> m&#233;dio de 2&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As comorbilidades mais frequentes foram doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#44; patologia osteoarticular &#40;51&#37;&#41;&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#40;48&#37;&#41;&#44; s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono &#40;43&#37;&#41;&#44; dislipid&#233;mia &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; cataratas &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;29&#37;&#41; e diabetes &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os exacerbadores frequentes apresentaram um risco aumentado de terem 2 ou mais comorbilidades &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> de 5&#41;&#44; bem como uma maior preval&#234;ncia de refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; e um maior n&#250;mero de internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano e nos 5 anos anteriores &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo confirmou a elevada preval&#234;ncia e a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC GOLD est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span>&#44; justificando a necessidade de uma abordagem terap&#234;utica abrangente e integradora&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease &#40;COPD&#41; is associated with several co-morbidities&#44; however their prevalence varies from one study to another&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aim</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of several co-morbidities in patients with COPD severity score GOLD 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span>&#44; 2010&#41; followed in ambulatory care&#44; in a University Hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A questionnaire was designed and carried out in order to characterize COPD and its co-morbidities&#46; Clinical files were consulted in order to complete the data&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">89 patients &#40;87&#37; male&#41; with a mean age of 68 years old&#44; of which 79&#37; were ex-smokers&#44; were included&#46; The average value of FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;forced expiratory volume in one second&#41; was 38&#37; of the expected values and all the patients presented chronic respiratory failure&#46; Thirty-five patients &#40;39&#37;&#41; were frequent exacerbators&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-seven patients &#40;42&#37;&#41; had been hospitalized at least once due to exacerbation of their respiratory disease in the previous year&#44; and 66 patients &#40;74&#37;&#41; hospitalized in the previous five years&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Most of the patients &#40;97&#37;&#41; presented at least one comorbidity&#44; with an average of 4 co-morbidities per patient and an average Charlson index of 2&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent co-morbidities were cardiovascular diseases &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#44; osteoarticular pathology &#40;51&#37;&#41;&#44; erectile dysfunction &#40;48&#37;&#41;&#44; sleep apnoea syndrome &#40;43&#37;&#41; dyslipidaemia &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; cataracts &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; gastroesophageal reflux &#40;29&#37;&#41; and diabetes &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequent exacerbators presented an increased risk of having two or more co-morbidities &#40;Odds Ratio of 5&#41;&#44; as well as a higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0006&#41; and more hospitalizations in the last year and in the previous 5 years &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study confirmed the high prevalence and the association of co-morbidities in patients with COPD severity score GOLD 4&#44; thus justifying the need for a comprehensive and integrating therapeutic approach&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rela&#231;&#227;o entre exacerba&#231;&#245;es e refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico&#46;</p> <p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">OR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dados apresentados em n&#250;mero &#40;&#37;&#41; e m&#233;dia &#177; SD&#46;</p><p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BiPAP&#58; Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure&#59; FEV1&#58; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no 1&#46;&#176; segundo&#59; MRC&#58; Medical Research Council&#59; UMA&#58; unidades ma&#231;o ano&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Homens &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mulheres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;15&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-fumadores &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70 &#40;78&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;80&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N&#227;o fumadores &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;5&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Carga tab&#225;gica &#40;UMA&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de massa corporal &#40;Kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de dispneia &#8211; MRC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tosse cr&#243;nica e expetora&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43 &#40;48&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;46&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VEMS&#37; do previsto</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;055<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Parcial &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;20&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;16&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;79&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64 &#40;83&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oxig&#233;nio de longa dura&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66 &#40;74&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59 &#40;76&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BiPAP &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;69&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exacerba&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo ano &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;60&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47 &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#250;mero de exacerba&#231;&#245;es no &#250;ltimo ano</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Internamento no &#250;ltimo ano&#44; por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;41&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;40&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Internamento nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos&#44; por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66 &#40;74&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exacerbadores frequentes &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;39&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;047<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61 &#40;68&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;57&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;59&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;19&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Arritmia &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;19&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tromboembolismo pulmonar &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patologia osteoarticular &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;50&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;54&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;48&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38 &#40;42&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;41&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipid&#233;mia &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;34&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;33&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;31&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;33&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;29&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;33&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;20&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Comorbilidades em doentes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica estádio IV
Co-morbidities in patients with gold stage 4 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
V. Areiasa,
Corresponding author
vandareias@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, S. Carreirab, M. Anciãesb, P. Pintoc, C. Bárbarad
a Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de Faro, Faro, Portugal
b Serviço de Pneumologia II, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisboa, Portugal
c Serviço de Pneumologia II, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital Pulido Valente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
d Serviço de Pneumologia I e II, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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seguidos em ambulat&#243;rio e determinar a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com exacerba&#231;&#245;es e internamentos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material e m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Amostra</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudo transversal&#44; com an&#225;lise retrospetiva&#46; Os doentes foram inclu&#237;dos de forma consecutiva entre 15 de julho de 2010 e 31 de dezembro de 2010&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o&#44; os doentes tinham que ter o diagn&#243;stico de DPOC muito grave&#44; definida por uma rela&#231;&#227;o do volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo &#40;VEMS&#41;&#47;capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;CVF&#41; p&#243;s-broncodilata&#231;&#227;o &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;70 e VEMS &#60; 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se pelo contr&#225;rio esta n&#227;o fosse normal usou-se o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mann-Whitney</span>&#46; Propor&#231;&#245;es e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas com o teste do Qui-quadrado ou de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fisher</span>&#44; quando adequado&#46; Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo um valor p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com o software PASW &#40;version 18&#59; SPSS inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo foram inclu&#237;dos 89 doentes&#44; apresentando uma m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 anos e sendo a maioria do g&#233;nero masculino &#40;86&#44;5&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A m&#233;dia de idades no sexo masculino foi significativamente superior &#224; do sexo feminino &#40;69 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 61 anos&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relativamente aos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; 78&#44;7&#37; eram ex-fumadores e 15&#44;7&#37; ainda mantinham h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#46; A carga tab&#225;gica m&#233;dia foi de 60 unidades ma&#231;o ano &#40;UMA&#41;&#46; As mulheres apresentavam em m&#233;dia uma carga tab&#225;gica inferior &#224; dos homens &#40;43 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UMA&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Setenta e cinco doentes &#40;84&#44;3&#37;&#41; apresentavam pelo menos um sintoma respirat&#243;rio &#40;tosse&#44; expetora&#231;&#227;o&#44; dispneia ou pieira&#41; na maioria dos dias e 48&#44;3&#37; apresentavam tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os doentes pertenciam ao est&#225;dio IV do GOLD&#44; com um VEMS m&#233;dio de 38&#44;1&#37; do previsto&#44; apresentando todos insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria cr&#243;nica&#46; As mulheres tinham um VEMS m&#233;dio mais elevado &#40;49&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 37&#37; do previsto&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;055&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maioria dos doentes &#40;86&#44;6&#37;&#41; referia pelo menos uma comorbilidade&#44; com uma m&#233;dia de 3&#44;9 comorbilidades por doente&#44; sendo que 83&#44;1&#37; tinham 2 ou mais comorbilidades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a> e <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; O &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> m&#233;dio foi de 1&#44;9&#44; passando a 4&#44;2 quando ajustado &#224; idade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre g&#233;neros&#44; observou-se uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens com pelo menos 2 comorbilidades &#40;88&#44;3&#37; dos homens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 50&#37; das mulheres&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; e com &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> de pelo menos 2 &#40;55&#44;8&#37; dos homens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 25&#37; das mulheres&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;047&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conforme se pode constatar na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#44; as comorbilidades mais frequentes foram as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#40;68&#44;5&#37;&#41; e dentro desta patologia a mais prevalente foi a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;57&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida da cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; da arritmia &#40;18&#37;&#41; e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;4&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Depois da patologia cardiovascular&#44; as doen&#231;as mais frequentes foram&#58; patologia osteoarticular &#40;50&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#40;48&#37;&#41;&#44; s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono &#40;42&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; dislipid&#233;mia &#40;34&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; cataratas &#40;31&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;29&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; diabetes mellitus &#40;20&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; depress&#227;o &#40;15&#44;7&#37;&#41; e neoplasias &#40;13&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Dos doentes com neoplasia&#44; 3&#44;4&#37; correspondiam a neoplasias do pulm&#227;o e 10&#44;1&#37; eram uma miscel&#226;nea de carcinomas &#40;laringe&#44; bexiga&#44; f&#237;gado&#44; pr&#243;stata e mama&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com exce&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o&#44; que foi mais prevalente no sexo feminino &#40;45&#44;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 11&#44;7&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41;&#44; n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na distribui&#231;&#227;o das restantes comorbilidades entre g&#233;nero&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cinquenta e quatro doentes &#40;60&#44;7&#37;&#41; tinham apresentado pelo menos uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o da sua doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria no &#250;ltimo ano e destas 49&#44;6&#37; necessitaram de internamento&#46; Sessenta e seis doentes &#40;74&#44;1&#37;&#41; tinham tido pelo menos um internamento por agravamento da DPOC nos 5 anos pr&#233;vios &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trinta e cinco doentes &#40;39&#44;3&#37;&#41; foram classificados como exacerbadores frequentes&#44; ou seja&#44; tinham apresentado pelo menos 2 exacerba&#231;&#245;es no &#250;ltimo ano &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41; e apresentavam um risco aumentado de terem 2 ou mais comorbilidades &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> 5&#44;2&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre exacerbadores frequentes e refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> 3&#44;7&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 43 doentes com tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica&#44; 51&#44;2&#37; eram exacerbadores frequentes&#44; comparando com 28&#44;3&#37; dos doentes que n&#227;o apresentavam estes sintomas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;027&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os exacerbadores frequentes tiveram tamb&#233;m um maior n&#250;mero de internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano &#40;1&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 0&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&#41; e nos 5 anos pr&#233;vios &#40;3&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&#41; &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados deste estudo confirmam que a DPOC est&#225; associada a diversas comorbilidades&#44; tal como documentado noutros estudos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;12&#8211;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observ&#225;mos um predom&#237;nio do g&#233;nero masculino&#44; o que pode refletir uma menor preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo nos anos 50-60 entre as mulheres&#44; em Portugal&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo encontr&#225;mos v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as relacionadas com o g&#233;nero&#46; As mulheres apresentavam uma menor exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco para o mesmo grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o e eram mais jovens&#44; sugerindo que estas possam ser mais suscet&#237;veis aos efeitos do fumo do tabaco&#46; Esta observa&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi descrita por outros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de todos os doentes se encontrarem no est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; as mulheres apresentavam&#44; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens&#44; um VEMS m&#233;dio mais elevado&#44; sendo uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o o facto de estas serem em m&#233;dia mais novas&#44; refletindo a rela&#231;&#227;o entra a idade e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o&#44; tal como Fletcher e Peto sugeriram<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As comorbilidades mais frequentes foram as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46; O mecanismo pelo qual a DPOC pode conduzir a eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o se encontra totalmente esclarecido&#46; O tabaco &#233; um fator de risco comum a ambas doen&#231;as&#44; contudo&#44; parece haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre DPOC e doen&#231;a cardiovascular independente deste fator de risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Os estudos apontam para o facto da inflama&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas se poder difundir para a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica&#44; promovendo um estado de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica persistente de baixo grau&#44; que em conjunto com outros fatores de risco conduz &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de placas e sua rutura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De real&#231;ar a preval&#234;ncia de doentes com DPOC e carcinoma do pulm&#227;o &#40;3&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; A DPOC &#233; um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de neoplasia do pulm&#227;o&#44; aumentando o seu risco em 2-5 vezes comparando com os fumadores sem DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas e o risco de neoplasia do pulm&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica pode ter um papel na patog&#233;nese do carcinoma pulmonar&#44; atuando como um fator pro-oncog&#233;nico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; O carcinoma do pulm&#227;o foi descrito como causa de morte em 7-38&#37; dos doentes com DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; O risco aumentado de carcinoma do pulm&#227;o em doentes com DPOC&#44; independentemente dos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; pode justificar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de programas de rastreio de cancro do pulm&#227;o nestes doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O perfil de comorbilidades observado no nosso estudo foi consistente com o relatado noutros artigos&#46; Numa revis&#227;o da literatura&#44; Chatila et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> demonstraram que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares estavam presentes em 13-65&#37; dos doentes com DPOC&#44; hipertens&#227;o arterial em 18-52&#37;&#44; diabetes mellitus em 2-16&#37;&#44; artrite em 22-70&#37;&#44; dislipid&#233;mia em 9-51&#37; e neoplasias em 4-18&#37;&#46; Estas percentagens s&#227;o bastante semelhantes &#224;s encontradas no nosso estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mais recentemente&#44; no estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; foi comparada a preval&#234;ncia de diferentes comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC e num grupo controlo&#46; Neste estudo&#44; observou-se que os doentes com DPOC apresentavam uma maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades&#46; Comparando com o nosso estudo&#44; as preval&#234;ncias de acidente vascular cerebral&#44; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; arritmia&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e depress&#227;o foram semelhantes&#46; Contudo&#44; no presente estudo verific&#225;mos uma preval&#234;ncia superior de cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica &#40;18 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 9&#37;&#41; e diabetes mellitus &#40;20&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 10&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">B&#225;rbara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> realizaram um estudo com doentes em est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> a <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD e constataram que as comorbilidades mais frequentes foram as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#40;49&#37;&#41;&#44; seguidas das gastrointestinais &#40;20&#37;&#41; e doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas &#40;16&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo apenas inclu&#237;mos doentes do est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; contudo&#44; no estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> e SAFE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> foram inclu&#237;dos doentes do est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> a <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; tendo sido obtida uma preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades similar&#46; O estudo Eclipse concluiu que a presen&#231;a de comorbilidades parecia ser independente do grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a variabilidade da preval&#234;ncia das v&#225;rias comorbilidades entre os estudos &#233; o uso de diferentes m&#233;todos e defini&#231;&#245;es para avaliar as comorbilidades&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; as mulheres com DPOC&#44; comparativamente com os homens&#44; eram particularmente suscet&#237;veis a desenvolverem osteoporose&#44; doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias intestinais&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e depress&#227;o e apresentavam uma menor preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes mellitus&#46; No nosso estudo apenas encontr&#225;mos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o&#44; que foi mais frequente nas mulheres&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observou-se uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens com pelo menos 2 comorbilidades e um &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> superior a 2&#46; Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para estes resultados &#233; o facto de os homens serem mais idosos do que as mulheres&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na nossa opini&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para perceber o impacto da DPOC nas v&#225;rias comorbilidades e compreender a influ&#234;ncia do tratamento desta doen&#231;a pulmonar sobre as comorbilidades&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No nosso estudo&#44; 39&#44;3&#37; dos doentes eram exacerbadores frequentes&#46; V&#225;rios estudos comprovam que as exacerba&#231;&#245;es aceleram o decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar&#44; que caracteriza a DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Os autores do estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> demonstraram que havia um grupo de doentes que era suscet&#237;vel &#224;s exacerba&#231;&#245;es&#44; independentemente da gravidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica e o fen&#243;tipo de exacerbadores frequentes estava associado a hist&#243;ria de refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico&#44; baixa qualidade de vida e leucocitose&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A microaspira&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do g&#225;strico e&#47;ou irrita&#231;&#227;o vagal por refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico pode constituir um irritante das vias a&#233;reas e desencadear um poss&#237;vel mecanismo para a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da DPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; No nosso estudo&#44; tal como no estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e no de Rascon-Aguilar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; tamb&#233;m encontr&#225;mos uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e exacerbadores frequentes&#46; Na nossa opini&#227;o&#44; deveriam ser realizados estudos intervencionistas para avaliar o impacto desta associa&#231;&#227;o e do seu tratamento&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste estudo&#44; os exacerbadores frequentes tiveram um risco aumentado de terem pelo menos 2 comorbilidades &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> de 5&#41;&#46; Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esta associa&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ser o facto dos exacerbadores frequentes apresentarem um maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica e por isso um maior n&#250;mero de comorbilidades&#46; Na nossa opini&#227;o&#44; devem ser realizados mais estudos para comprovar esta rela&#231;&#227;o e para perceber os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Burgel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> descreveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica e exacerbadores frequentes em doentes com DPOC&#44; tal como encontr&#225;mos no nosso estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo foi a inclus&#227;o apenas de doentes com DPOC em est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD&#44; pelo que os resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para a popula&#231;&#227;o com DPOC&#44; embora&#44; segundo o estudo Eclipse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; as comorbilidades estejam presentes com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos doentes com DPOC&#44; independentemente dos est&#225;dios do GOLD&#46; Por outro lado&#44; n&#227;o termos um grupo controlo impediu-nos de avaliar o efeito da idade e de outros eventuais fatores sobre a preval&#234;ncia das comorbilidades&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo confirma a elevada preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do GOLD e a sua influ&#234;ncia nas exacerba&#231;&#245;es e internamentos&#44; justificando uma abordagem abrangente e integradora&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Verificou-se que os exacerbadores frequentes apresentavam um risco aumentado de ter pelo menos 2 comorbilidades e apresentavam maior frequ&#234;ncia de refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico e internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano e 5 anos pr&#233;vios&#46; A presen&#231;a de tosse e expetora&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nicas estiveram associadas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de exacerba&#231;&#245;es da DPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A identifica&#231;&#227;o das comorbilidades mais frequentes pode constituir uma ferramenta importante para melhorar o conhecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o complexa entre h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; DPOC e comorbilidades&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que para esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se realizaram experi&#234;ncias em seres humanos e&#47;ou animais&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Autoria</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vanda Areias colaborou na recolha de dados&#44; realizou a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e elaborou a primeira vers&#227;o do artigo&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Susana Carreira e Marisa Anci&#227;es colaboraram na recolha de dados&#44; an&#225;lise dos mesmos e revis&#227;o do artigo&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Professora Doutora Paula Pinto e Professora Doutora Cristina B&#225;rbara conceberam o estudo&#44; supervisionaram todos os aspetos relativos ao mesmo e reviram o artigo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#243;nica &#40;DPOC&#41; est&#225; associada a v&#225;rias comorbilidades&#44; contudo&#44; a preval&#234;ncia das mesmas varia entre os estudos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a preval&#234;ncia das diversas comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41; 2010&#44; seguidos em regime de ambulat&#243;rio&#44; num hospital universit&#225;rio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi concebido e aplicado um question&#225;rio com o objetivo de caracterizar a DPOC e suas comorbilidades&#46; Os dados foram completados por consulta do processo cl&#237;nico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 89 doentes &#40;87&#37; do g&#233;nero masculino&#41;&#44; com m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 68 anos&#44; 79&#37; dos quais ex-fumadores&#46; O valor de volume expirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo por segundo &#40;VEMS&#41; m&#233;dio foi de 38&#37; do previsto e todos os doentes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria cr&#243;nica&#46; Trinta e cinco doentes &#40;39&#37;&#41; apresentavam exacerba&#231;&#245;es frequentes&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trinta e sete doentes &#40;42&#37;&#41; tinham apresentado pelo menos um internamento por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da sua doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria no ano anterior e 66 doentes &#40;74&#37;&#41; nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A maioria dos doentes &#40;97&#37;&#41; apresentava pelo menos uma comorbilidade&#44; com uma m&#233;dia de 4 comorbilidades por doente e um &#237;ndice de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson</span> m&#233;dio de 2&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As comorbilidades mais frequentes foram doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#44; patologia osteoarticular &#40;51&#37;&#41;&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#40;48&#37;&#41;&#44; s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono &#40;43&#37;&#41;&#44; dislipid&#233;mia &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; cataratas &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;29&#37;&#41; e diabetes &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os exacerbadores frequentes apresentaram um risco aumentado de terem 2 ou mais comorbilidades &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> de 5&#41;&#44; bem como uma maior preval&#234;ncia de refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; e um maior n&#250;mero de internamentos no &#250;ltimo ano e nos 5 anos anteriores &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo confirmou a elevada preval&#234;ncia e a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbilidades em doentes com DPOC GOLD est&#225;dio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span>&#44; justificando a necessidade de uma abordagem terap&#234;utica abrangente e integradora&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease &#40;COPD&#41; is associated with several co-morbidities&#44; however their prevalence varies from one study to another&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aim</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of several co-morbidities in patients with COPD severity score GOLD 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span>&#44; 2010&#41; followed in ambulatory care&#44; in a University Hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A questionnaire was designed and carried out in order to characterize COPD and its co-morbidities&#46; Clinical files were consulted in order to complete the data&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">89 patients &#40;87&#37; male&#41; with a mean age of 68 years old&#44; of which 79&#37; were ex-smokers&#44; were included&#46; The average value of FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;forced expiratory volume in one second&#41; was 38&#37; of the expected values and all the patients presented chronic respiratory failure&#46; Thirty-five patients &#40;39&#37;&#41; were frequent exacerbators&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-seven patients &#40;42&#37;&#41; had been hospitalized at least once due to exacerbation of their respiratory disease in the previous year&#44; and 66 patients &#40;74&#37;&#41; hospitalized in the previous five years&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Most of the patients &#40;97&#37;&#41; presented at least one comorbidity&#44; with an average of 4 co-morbidities per patient and an average Charlson index of 2&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent co-morbidities were cardiovascular diseases &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#44; osteoarticular pathology &#40;51&#37;&#41;&#44; erectile dysfunction &#40;48&#37;&#41;&#44; sleep apnoea syndrome &#40;43&#37;&#41; dyslipidaemia &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; cataracts &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; gastroesophageal reflux &#40;29&#37;&#41; and diabetes &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequent exacerbators presented an increased risk of having two or more co-morbidities &#40;Odds Ratio of 5&#41;&#44; as well as a higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0006&#41; and more hospitalizations in the last year and in the previous 5 years &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study confirmed the high prevalence and the association of co-morbidities in patients with COPD severity score GOLD 4&#44; thus justifying the need for a comprehensive and integrating therapeutic approach&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;15&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-fumadores &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70 &#40;78&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;80&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N&#227;o fumadores &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;5&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Carga tab&#225;gica &#40;UMA&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de massa corporal &#40;Kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de dispneia &#8211; MRC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tosse cr&#243;nica e expetora&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43 &#40;48&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;46&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VEMS&#37; do previsto</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;055<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Parcial &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;20&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;16&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;79&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64 &#40;83&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oxig&#233;nio de longa dura&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66 &#40;74&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59 &#40;76&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exacerba&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo ano &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;60&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47 &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#250;mero de exacerba&#231;&#245;es no &#250;ltimo ano</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Internamento no &#250;ltimo ano&#44; por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;40&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Internamento nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos&#44; por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66 &#40;74&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exacerbadores frequentes &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;39&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Homens &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mulheres &#40;n <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de Charlson</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de Charlson ajustado &#224; idade</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;043<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doentes com &#8805;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2 comorbilidades &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74 &#40;83&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68 &#40;88&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de Charlson &#8805;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2 &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;51&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43 &#40;55&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;047<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61 &#40;68&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;70&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;57&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;59&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;19&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Arritmia &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;19&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tromboembolismo pulmonar &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patologia osteoarticular &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;50&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;54&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;48&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#237;ndroma da apneia do sono &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38 &#40;42&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;41&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipid&#233;mia &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;34&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;33&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cataratas &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;31&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;33&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Refluxo gastro-esof&#225;gico &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;29&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;33&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;20&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depress&#227;o &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;45&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;013<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoplasia &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;13&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neoplasia do pulm&#227;o &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;3&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;3&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outras &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;10&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 08732159
Original language: Portuguese
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Pulmonology

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