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A MMC foi preparada pela farm&#225;cia do hospital a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#46; Foi temporariamente armazenada numa seringa recoberta com papel de prata para prote&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; luz e transportada num contentor refrigerado a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do produto&#46; A MMC foi manuseada cuidadosamente e aplicada&#44; atrav&#233;s de um estilete met&#225;lico recoberto com algod&#227;o impregnado da solu&#231;&#227;o&#44; sobre a les&#227;o esten&#243;tica e tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o durante 3 minutos&#46; A regi&#227;o foi posteriormente limpa com um estilete com algod&#227;o embebido em NaCl 0&#44;9&#37;&#46; O excedente do produto foi enviado de volta &#224; farm&#225;cia para manipula&#231;&#227;o adequada&#46; Todos os doentes foram cl&#237;nica e endoscopicamente reavaliados um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a primeira sess&#227;o de MMC e em seguida mensalmente durante 6 meses ou at&#233; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o&#46; O n&#250;mero de tratamentos com BR&#47;MMC foi efetuado&#44; em cada caso&#44; de acordo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o&#46; Para al&#233;m dos procedimentos interventivos efetuados e dos resultados obtidos com o tratamento adjuvante com BR&#47;MMC&#44; os doentes foram avaliados relativamente ao tipo&#44; localiza&#231;&#227;o&#44; extens&#227;o e di&#226;metro da estenose &#40;&#37; do l&#250;men&#41;&#46; A broncoscopia r&#237;gida foi efetuada com o consentimento informado de cada doente e assinado pelo mesmo&#46; O tratamento com BR&#47;MMC foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica do hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante o per&#237;odo em estudo a MMC foi aplicada como tratamento adjuvante em 11 doentes com ETPE&#59; 6 mulheres e 5 homens&#44; com idade m&#233;dia de 58&#44;4 anos &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;7&#59; m&#237;nimo 39&#44; m&#225;ximo 72&#41;&#46; Todos os doentes tinham diferentes graus de estridor respirat&#243;rio no exame f&#237;sico inicial&#46; O di&#226;metro inicial da estenose variou de 25-90&#37; do l&#250;men traqueal&#44; com um di&#226;metro mediano da estenose de 75&#37;&#46; As estenoses localizavam-se maioritariamente 1-3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm abaixo das cordas vocais&#44; com envolvimento de 1-3 an&#233;is traqueais&#46; Uma conforma&#231;&#227;o em anel fibroso &#40;estenose complexa&#41; foi observada em 9 casos e os restantes 2 apresentavam meio anel fibroso &#40;estenose simples&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR e aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC foi realizada como previamente descrito em todos os doentes&#46; Um corticoide sist&#233;mico &#40;prednisolona na dose de 0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;dia&#41; foi prescrito por 7 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento a todos os doentes para controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o&#46; De acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas da estenose &#8211; presen&#231;a de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e&#47;ou fibrose &#8211; foi utilizado o laser Nd-YAG em 7 doentes&#44; eletrocaut&#233;rio em 4&#44; CAP em 3 e crioterapia em 2 casos selecionados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Em 2 doentes foi colocada uma pr&#243;tese traqueal de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dumon</span> 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#47;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#40;Novatech&#44; SA&#59; La Ciotat&#44; Fran&#231;a&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#59; um por destrui&#231;&#227;o da cartilagem com traqueomalacia e outro por recorr&#234;ncia do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o com a necessidade de traqueostomia permanente&#46; O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de sess&#245;es de MMC&#47;doente foi de 3&#44;5 &#40;m&#237;nimo 1&#59; m&#225;ximo 10&#41;&#44; com boa resposta e redu&#231;&#227;o duradoura na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o em 6 casos &#40;55&#37;&#41;&#44; moderada em 2 &#40;18&#37;&#41; e recorrente em 3 &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#46; Tal como demonstrado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#44; assistimos a uma redu&#231;&#227;o no di&#226;metro da estenose em todos os doentes&#44; com not&#243;ria melhoria na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o tratamento com BR&#47;MMC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Em 4 casos foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50&#37; no di&#226;metro da estenose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; em 2 casos de 40&#37; e 3 com uma melhoria de 25-30&#37;&#46; A mediana do di&#226;metro final da traqueia foi de 75&#37; do l&#250;men&#44; com uma melhoria global m&#233;dia no di&#226;metro da estenose de 34&#37;&#46; O tempo m&#233;dio decorrido desde a melhoria cl&#237;nica e redu&#231;&#227;o no tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o foi de 27&#44;5 meses&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhuma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica garante uma efic&#225;cia de 100&#37; nas ETPE e todos os procedimentos podem causar les&#227;o adicional favorecendo a recidiva atrav&#233;s da forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e fibrose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;7&#44;9</span></a>&#46; A recorr&#234;ncia &#233; relativamente frequente e a principal complica&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Nos &#250;ltimos anos assistimos a uma procura crescente de procedimentos alternativos tendo em vista a modula&#231;&#227;o do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7</span></a>&#46; A MMC &#233; um agente antiproliferativo capaz de diminuir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos fibroblastos e recorr&#234;ncia do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; A aplica&#231;&#227;o repetida de MMC tem mostrado melhores resultados do que a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10</span></a>&#46; As doses utilizadas na estenose traqueal variam entre concentra&#231;&#245;es de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml e 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;10</span></a>&#44; aplicadas durante 1-5 minutos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Na maioria dos estudos foi demonstrada a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml no tratamento das ETPE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;7&#44;10</span></a>&#46; A evid&#234;ncia sugere que os efeitos da sua aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica s&#227;o apenas localizados&#44; com um impacto m&#237;nimo nos tecidos adjacentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; A dose de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml tem sido associada a bons resultados em an&#225;lises mais recentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> e a agress&#227;o pouco traum&#225;tica atrav&#233;s da dilata&#231;&#227;o por RB ou laser antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC parece tamb&#233;m trazer benef&#237;cio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alguns estudos apontam para uma melhor resposta das estenoses recentes &#224; MMC comparativamente &#224;s estenoses fibr&#243;ticas mais maduras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Na presen&#231;a de fibrose uma combina&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos &#233; geralmente necess&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A nossa s&#233;rie sugere que a dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC &#40;0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41; durante 3 minutos pode ser ben&#233;fica na modula&#231;&#227;o do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o&#44; diminuindo e atrasando a recorr&#234;ncia do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#46; Tal como verificado em outros estudos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#44; foi observada uma melhoria cl&#237;nica e uma resposta mais duradoura naqueles tratados com MMC&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC foi assim efetuada em todos os doentes&#44; sendo utilizado um tratamento combinado com t&#233;cnicas interventivas adicionais de acordo com a presen&#231;a de fibrose&#44; risco hemorr&#225;gico e necessidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o de abundante tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#46; Na nossa experi&#234;ncia&#44; ap&#243;s a primeira aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC&#44; foi observada uma melhoria global das estenoses nos 6 meses seguintes&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de doentes da amostra e aus&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o ou grupo controlo&#44; o nosso estudo n&#227;o permite tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas&#46; No entanto&#44; a aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC &#40;0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41; ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR como tratamento broncosc&#243;pico adjuvante nas ETPE parece produzir bons resultados&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e melhoria sustentada do di&#226;metro traqueal&#46; S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospetivos randomizados e maior investiga&#231;&#227;o para determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o mais eficaz&#44; tempo e frequ&#234;ncia da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC&#46; A possibilidade do seu uso mais precoce no algoritmo de tratamento das ETPE deve ser explorada e pode revelar-se futuramente uma mais-valia no controle do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Prote&#231;&#227;o dos seres humanos e animais</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que os procedimentos seguidos estavam de acordo com os regulamentos estabelecidos pelos respons&#225;veis da Comiss&#227;o de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e &#201;tica e de acordo com os da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial e da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e&#47;ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo&#46; O autor para correspond&#234;ncia deve estar na posse deste documento&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Confidencialidade dos dados"
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            0 => "Estenose traqueal p&#243;s-entuba&#231;&#227;o"
            1 => "Broncoscopia r&#237;gida"
            2 => "Mitomicina-C"
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            1 => "Rigid bronchoscopy"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico&#44; tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da estenose traqueal p&#243;s-entuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;ETPE&#41; continua a ser um desafio&#46; A recorr&#234;ncia &#233; comum devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o excessiva de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e a um processo insidioso de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o constritiva&#46; A aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de mitomicina-C &#40;MMC&#41; tem mostrado bons resultados como tratamento adjuvante na manipula&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica das estenoses traqueais&#46; Os autores tiveram como objetivo avaliar os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC&#44; ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o broncosc&#243;pica&#44; como tratamento adjuvante da ETPE&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doentes com ETPE selecionados retrospetivamente&#44; nos quais foi efetuada dilata&#231;&#227;o com broncosc&#243;pio r&#237;gido &#40;BR&#41; seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC como adjuvante no tratamento endosc&#243;pico&#46; A MMC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml foi aplicada com um estilete recoberto com algod&#227;o&#44; em redor da les&#227;o esten&#243;tica e tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#44; durante 3 minutos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em 11 doentes com ETPE&#44; com mediana de estenose inicial de 75&#37; do di&#226;metro do l&#250;men traqueal&#44; foi aplicado o tratamento sucessivo com BR&#47;MMC&#46; A m&#233;dia de sess&#245;es com aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC efetuada por doente foi de 3&#44;5&#46; Observou-se uma boa resposta e redu&#231;&#227;o duradoura na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o em 55&#37; dos casos&#44; moderada em 18&#37; e recorrente em 27&#37;&#46; A melhoria m&#233;dia no di&#226;metro da estenose foi de 34&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml parece estar associada a bons resultados quando utilizada como adjuvante no tratamento das ETPE&#46; Esses resultados devem-se &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e melhoria sustentada no di&#226;metro do l&#250;men traqueal&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post-intubation tracheal stenosis &#40;PITS&#41; continues to be challenging in terms of diagnosis&#44; management and prevention&#46; Recurrence is common because of excessive granulation tissue formation and an insidious process of scar contracture&#46; Topical application of mitomycin-C &#40;MMC&#41; as an adjuvant treatment for endoscopic management of stenosis has shown good results&#46; The authors aimed to evaluate the results of MMC topical application following bronchoscopic dilatation as an adjuvant in PITS treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospectively selected patients with PITS who had had rigid bronchoscopy &#40;RB&#41; dilatation followed by MMC application as adjuvant to endoscopic treatment&#46; MMC in a concentration of 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml was applied with a cotton stiletto around the stenotic lesion and granulation tissue for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eleven patients with PITS&#44; with a median initial tracheal stenosis of 75&#37; of the lumen&#44; underwent RB&#47;MMC treatment&#46; Mean MMC sessions performed&#47;patient was 3&#46;5&#44; with good response and prolonged decrease in granulation tissue formation in 55&#37; of cases&#44; moderate in 18&#37; and relapse in 27&#37;&#46; Mean stenosis improvement was 34&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Topical MMC application at 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml concentration seems to be associated with good results as adjuvant in PITS management with decrease in granulation tissue and sustained improvement in lumen diameter&#46;</p></span>"
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1017
            "Ancho" => 1660
            "Tamanyo" => 144536
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resultados do tratamento com BR&#47;MMC apresentados por percentagem de estenose do l&#250;men traqueal&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 978
            "Ancho" => 975
            "Tamanyo" => 141581
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caso n&#46;&#176; 11 &#8211; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a> e <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46; A&#58; estenose &#40;&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#37;&#41; com exuberante tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#59; B&#58; CAP&#59; C&#58; aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR&#59; D&#58; estenose final &#40;&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#41; com escasso tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#44; 2 meses ap&#243;s a primeira sess&#227;o de MMC&#46;</p>"
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      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BR&#58; broncoscopia r&#237;gida&#59; C&#58; complexa&#59; CAP&#58; coagula&#231;&#227;o por argon plasma&#59; MMC&#58; mitomicina-C&#59; m&#58; meses&#59; N&#46;&#176;&#58; n&#250;mero de doentes&#59; S&#58; simplea&#59; Tx&#58; tratmento&#59; &#37;&#58; percentagem&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#46;&#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de estenose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eletrocaut&#233;rio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Laser&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Crioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pr&#243;tese traqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#245;es MMC &#40;N&#46;&#176;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo de seguimento &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo desde o primeiro tx BR&#47;MMC &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo desde o &#250;ltimo tx BR&#47;MMC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo desde melhoria global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; melhoria estenose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Aplicação tópica de mitomicina-C como adjuvante no tratamento broncoscópico da estenose traqueal pós-entubação
Topical application of mitomycin-C as an adjuvant treatment to bronchoscopic procedures in post-intubation tracheal stenosis
F. Viveiros
Corresponding author
fcorreia@chvng.min-saude.pt

Autor para correspondência.
, J. Gomes, A. Oliveira, S. Neves, J. Almeida, J. Moura e Sá
Unidade de Broncologia, Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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No entanto&#44; em ambos os procedimentos&#44; a recorr&#234;ncia &#233; comum &#40;40-70&#37;&#41; num per&#237;odo de meses a anos&#44; devido a uma forma&#231;&#227;o excessiva de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e a um processo insidioso de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o constritiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6</span></a>&#46; A mitomicina-C &#40;MMC&#41; &#233; um agente antibi&#243;tico e antineopl&#225;sico que inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos fibroblastos&#44; modulando o processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;5</span></a>&#46; A sua aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica como tratamento adjuvante na manipula&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica das estenoses traqueais tem mostrado bons resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#8211;8</span></a>&#44; sugerindo que a modula&#231;&#227;o do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o pode ter um papel importante na melhoria da taxa de sucesso e redu&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de procedimentos frequentes nas ETPE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a>&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o broncosc&#243;pica como procedimento adjuvante no tratamento da ETPE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Efetuada uma sele&#231;&#227;o retrospetiva dos doentes com ETPE observados nos &#250;ltimos 6 anos &#40;2006-2012&#41; na Unidade de Broncologia do Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar de Gaia&#44; Portugal&#44; nos quais foi realizada dilata&#231;&#227;o com broncosc&#243;pio r&#237;gido &#40;BR&#41; seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC como adjuvante ao tratamento endosc&#243;pico das ETPE&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o com BR de 8&#44;5-14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm foi efetuada em todos os doentes&#44; enquanto a dilata&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o foi aplicada previamente &#224; 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m&#237;nimo 39&#44; m&#225;ximo 72&#41;&#46; Todos os doentes tinham diferentes graus de estridor respirat&#243;rio no exame f&#237;sico inicial&#46; O di&#226;metro inicial da estenose variou de 25-90&#37; do l&#250;men traqueal&#44; com um di&#226;metro mediano da estenose de 75&#37;&#46; As estenoses localizavam-se maioritariamente 1-3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm abaixo das cordas vocais&#44; com envolvimento de 1-3 an&#233;is traqueais&#46; Uma conforma&#231;&#227;o em anel fibroso &#40;estenose complexa&#41; foi observada em 9 casos e os restantes 2 apresentavam meio anel fibroso &#40;estenose simples&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR e aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC foi realizada como previamente descrito em todos os doentes&#46; Um corticoide sist&#233;mico &#40;prednisolona na dose de 0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;dia&#41; foi prescrito por 7 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento a todos os doentes para controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o&#46; 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moderada em 2 &#40;18&#37;&#41; e recorrente em 3 &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#46; Tal como demonstrado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#44; assistimos a uma redu&#231;&#227;o no di&#226;metro da estenose em todos os doentes&#44; com not&#243;ria melhoria na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o tratamento com BR&#47;MMC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Em 4 casos foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50&#37; no di&#226;metro da estenose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; em 2 casos de 40&#37; e 3 com uma melhoria de 25-30&#37;&#46; A mediana do di&#226;metro final da traqueia foi de 75&#37; do l&#250;men&#44; com uma melhoria global m&#233;dia no di&#226;metro da estenose de 34&#37;&#46; O tempo m&#233;dio decorrido desde a melhoria cl&#237;nica e redu&#231;&#227;o no tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o foi de 27&#44;5 meses&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhuma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica garante uma efic&#225;cia de 100&#37; nas ETPE e todos os procedimentos podem causar les&#227;o adicional favorecendo a recidiva atrav&#233;s da forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e fibrose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;7&#44;9</span></a>&#46; A recorr&#234;ncia &#233; relativamente frequente e a principal complica&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Nos &#250;ltimos anos assistimos a uma procura crescente de procedimentos alternativos tendo em vista a modula&#231;&#227;o do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7</span></a>&#46; A MMC &#233; um agente antiproliferativo capaz de diminuir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos fibroblastos e recorr&#234;ncia do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; A aplica&#231;&#227;o repetida de MMC tem mostrado melhores resultados do que a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10</span></a>&#46; As doses utilizadas na estenose traqueal variam entre concentra&#231;&#245;es de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml e 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;10</span></a>&#44; aplicadas durante 1-5 minutos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Na maioria dos estudos foi demonstrada a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml no tratamento das ETPE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;4&#44;7&#44;10</span></a>&#46; A evid&#234;ncia sugere que os efeitos da sua aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica s&#227;o apenas localizados&#44; com um impacto m&#237;nimo nos tecidos adjacentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; A dose de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml tem sido associada a bons resultados em an&#225;lises mais recentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> e a agress&#227;o pouco traum&#225;tica atrav&#233;s da dilata&#231;&#227;o por RB ou laser antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC parece tamb&#233;m trazer benef&#237;cio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alguns estudos apontam para uma melhor resposta das estenoses recentes &#224; MMC comparativamente &#224;s estenoses fibr&#243;ticas mais maduras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Na presen&#231;a de fibrose uma combina&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos &#233; geralmente necess&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A nossa s&#233;rie sugere que a dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC &#40;0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41; durante 3 minutos pode ser ben&#233;fica na modula&#231;&#227;o do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o&#44; diminuindo e atrasando a recorr&#234;ncia do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#46; Tal como verificado em outros estudos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#44; foi observada uma melhoria cl&#237;nica e uma resposta mais duradoura naqueles tratados com MMC&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC foi assim efetuada em todos os doentes&#44; sendo utilizado um tratamento combinado com t&#233;cnicas interventivas adicionais de acordo com a presen&#231;a de fibrose&#44; risco hemorr&#225;gico e necessidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o de abundante tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#46; Na nossa experi&#234;ncia&#44; ap&#243;s a primeira aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC&#44; foi observada uma melhoria global das estenoses nos 6 meses seguintes&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de doentes da amostra e aus&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o ou grupo controlo&#44; o nosso estudo n&#227;o permite tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas&#46; No entanto&#44; a aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC &#40;0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41; ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR como tratamento broncosc&#243;pico adjuvante nas ETPE parece produzir bons resultados&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e melhoria sustentada do di&#226;metro traqueal&#46; S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospetivos randomizados e maior investiga&#231;&#227;o para determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o mais eficaz&#44; tempo e frequ&#234;ncia da aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC&#46; A possibilidade do seu uso mais precoce no algoritmo de tratamento das ETPE deve ser explorada e pode revelar-se futuramente uma mais-valia no controle do tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Prote&#231;&#227;o dos seres humanos e animais</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que os procedimentos seguidos estavam de acordo com os regulamentos estabelecidos pelos respons&#225;veis da Comiss&#227;o de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e &#201;tica e de acordo com os da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial e da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e&#47;ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo&#46; O autor para correspond&#234;ncia deve estar na posse deste documento&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Estenose traqueal p&#243;s-entuba&#231;&#227;o"
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            2 => "Mitomicina-C"
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            1 => "Rigid bronchoscopy"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico&#44; tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da estenose traqueal p&#243;s-entuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;ETPE&#41; continua a ser um desafio&#46; A recorr&#234;ncia &#233; comum devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o excessiva de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e a um processo insidioso de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o constritiva&#46; A aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de mitomicina-C &#40;MMC&#41; tem mostrado bons resultados como tratamento adjuvante na manipula&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica das estenoses traqueais&#46; Os autores tiveram como objetivo avaliar os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC&#44; ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o broncosc&#243;pica&#44; como tratamento adjuvante da ETPE&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doentes com ETPE selecionados retrospetivamente&#44; nos quais foi efetuada dilata&#231;&#227;o com broncosc&#243;pio r&#237;gido &#40;BR&#41; seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC como adjuvante no tratamento endosc&#243;pico&#46; A MMC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml foi aplicada com um estilete recoberto com algod&#227;o&#44; em redor da les&#227;o esten&#243;tica e tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#44; durante 3 minutos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em 11 doentes com ETPE&#44; com mediana de estenose inicial de 75&#37; do di&#226;metro do l&#250;men traqueal&#44; foi aplicado o tratamento sucessivo com BR&#47;MMC&#46; A m&#233;dia de sess&#245;es com aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC efetuada por doente foi de 3&#44;5&#46; Observou-se uma boa resposta e redu&#231;&#227;o duradoura na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o em 55&#37; dos casos&#44; moderada em 18&#37; e recorrente em 27&#37;&#46; A melhoria m&#233;dia no di&#226;metro da estenose foi de 34&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A aplica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica de MMC na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml parece estar associada a bons resultados quando utilizada como adjuvante no tratamento das ETPE&#46; Esses resultados devem-se &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e melhoria sustentada no di&#226;metro do l&#250;men traqueal&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post-intubation tracheal stenosis &#40;PITS&#41; continues to be challenging in terms of diagnosis&#44; management and prevention&#46; Recurrence is common because of excessive granulation tissue formation and an insidious process of scar contracture&#46; Topical application of mitomycin-C &#40;MMC&#41; as an adjuvant treatment for endoscopic management of stenosis has shown good results&#46; The authors aimed to evaluate the results of MMC topical application following bronchoscopic dilatation as an adjuvant in PITS treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospectively selected patients with PITS who had had rigid bronchoscopy &#40;RB&#41; dilatation followed by MMC application as adjuvant to endoscopic treatment&#46; MMC in a concentration of 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml was applied with a cotton stiletto around the stenotic lesion and granulation tissue for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eleven patients with PITS&#44; with a median initial tracheal stenosis of 75&#37; of the lumen&#44; underwent RB&#47;MMC treatment&#46; Mean MMC sessions performed&#47;patient was 3&#46;5&#44; with good response and prolonged decrease in granulation tissue formation in 55&#37; of cases&#44; moderate in 18&#37; and relapse in 27&#37;&#46; Mean stenosis improvement was 34&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Topical MMC application at 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml concentration seems to be associated with good results as adjuvant in PITS management with decrease in granulation tissue and sustained improvement in lumen diameter&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caso n&#46;&#176; 11 &#8211; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a> e <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46; A&#58; estenose &#40;&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#37;&#41; com exuberante tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#59; B&#58; CAP&#59; C&#58; aplica&#231;&#227;o de MMC ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o por BR&#59; D&#58; estenose final &#40;&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#41; com escasso tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#44; 2 meses ap&#243;s a primeira sess&#227;o de MMC&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BR&#58; broncoscopia r&#237;gida&#59; C&#58; complexa&#59; CAP&#58; coagula&#231;&#227;o por argon plasma&#59; MMC&#58; mitomicina-C&#59; m&#58; meses&#59; N&#46;&#176;&#58; n&#250;mero de doentes&#59; S&#58; simplea&#59; Tx&#58; tratmento&#59; &#37;&#58; percentagem&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#46;&#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de estenose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eletrocaut&#233;rio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Laser&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Crioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pr&#243;tese traqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#245;es MMC &#40;N&#46;&#176;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo de seguimento &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo desde o primeiro tx BR&#47;MMC &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo desde o &#250;ltimo tx BR&#47;MMC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tempo desde melhoria global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; melhoria estenose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 08732159
Original language: Portuguese
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Pulmonology

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