Editorial
Tobacco control progress in Portugal: The need for advocacy and civil society leadership
Para o progresso do controlo de tabagismo em Portugal: a necessidade de activismo e liderança da sociedade civil
a Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
b CHCB University Hospital, Covilhã, Portugal
c National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
d Smoke Free Partnership, Brussels, Belgium
e Association of European Cancer Leagues, Belgian Foundation Against Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
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"apellidos" => "Joossens" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CHCB University Hospital, Covilhã, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Smoke Free Partnership, Brussels, Belgium" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Association of European Cancer Leagues, Belgian Foundation Against Cancer, Brussels, Belgium" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Para o progresso do controlo de tabagismo em Portugal: a necessidade de activismo e liderança da sociedade civil" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tobacco remains a leading cause and an aggravating factor of many diseases, mainly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes, and childhood diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In addition, tobacco especially harms those who are most vulnerable, exacerbating health and social inequalities. Also, as a major cause of healthcare costs and loss of productivity, it jeopardizes a country's economy and welfare. However, it is possible to change the paradigm: tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> The globalization of tobacco is caused by the tobacco industry (TI).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Hence, the key strategy to curb the epidemic is to counteract the TI by enacting and enforcing legislation to regulate TI activities; raising awareness about tobacco health hazards; actively engaging civil society in tobacco control (TC).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> Comprehensive TC policies, as part of a sustained and appropriately funded programme, can reduce the burden of tobacco disease. These are evidence-based, follow practices from countries that have made major improvements, and are outlined in the first international public health treaty led by the World Health Organization: Framework Convention on TC (WHO-FCTC).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Portugal has one of the lowest crude smoking prevalence rates and one of the highest for never-smoking in Europe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> However, crude prevalence comparisons can be misleading since they do not take into account the age structure of the population. In Portugal, tobacco use is high in young adults; it remains stable or slightly increases among male age-groups 15–54 years and decreases in males above 55 years; while it is steadily increasing among all women age-groups under 70 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,6,7</span></a> Furthermore, recent studies report an increase in uptake among young people.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> For many decades, Portugal was less advanced in terms of the tobacco epidemic due to historical and socioeconomic determinants, which kept the crude smoking prevalence rate lower than that in most European countries. Portuguese females started smoking later than other Europeans, due to sociocultural factors and delays in changes to gender social roles which led to the overall prevalence rate being masked by lower female smoking rates. Note too that Portugal has one of the highest ageing indexes in Europe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This considerably reduces the overall prevalence rate and over-evaluates never-smoking rates. Therefore, other relevant TC indicators should be analyzed, focusing on age-gender specific trends and indicators that are less influenced by demographics such as the following:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among smokers, motivation to quit is low; less than half try to quit; few use cessation aids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Additionally, the number of smokers trying to quit or giving up with cessation support has been steadily going down since 2006.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social permissiveness and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) are common.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,9–11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Poor enforcement and breaches of smoke-free policy (SFP) are frequent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10,12</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Civil society participation and capacity building in TC are rather poor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,13–15</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are not aware of their role in TC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Portugal scores very low on the European tobacco control scale and its score has been steadily going down.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Portugal is one of the top countries in the WHO Euro region for TI sponsorship through social responsibility corporation projects and “charitable contributions”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TC research is rather scarce.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,18</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> depicts the data supporting these statements.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These trends mirror Portugal's failure to enact, implement and enforce TC policies and emphasize the need for a comprehensive and sustained national strategy. Moreover, given the current socioeconomic crisis this situation is even more critical. In 2012, national programmes on respiratory health, cardiovascular, cancer, mental health and TC were approved. This is certainly an opportunity to improve respiratory and global health in Portugal but without appropriate funding and advocacy promoting civil society participation, success is unlikely. Governments and legislators are crucial but are not the only actors. Within civil society, HCPs and its organizations should have a leadership role<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> as is the case with several European Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that have played a crucial role in coordinating EU Tobacco Directive (TPD) advocacy among NGOs and policy-makers throughout Europe. Sharing resources and joining efforts, NGOs raise awareness of the devastating consequences of tobacco and SHS; disseminate public health science and evidence-based TC policies; identify where there is a need to legislate or improve legislation; provide information to stakeholders; expose the TI strategies, their front groups and the vested interests in this field, and show how they interfere in decision-making and jeopardize public health. HCPs, academics, educators, lawyers, social workers, NGOs, journalists, media, etc., should all team up to empower civil society and advance TC in Portugal. Meanwhile, due to the tobacco industry's interference in policy-making, weak advocacy efforts, underfunding and poor enforcement of TC policies, few European countries have significantly progressed in TC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,15,19</span></a> On the one hand, smoking prevalence depends on the country's epidemic stage and levels of income and wellbeing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> On the other hand, countries with higher levels of public sector corruption and governmental ineffectiveness present higher smoking rates and non-comprehensive SFPs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span></a> In contrast, those countries that have led the way in TC such us Australia, Canada, USA, Ireland, UK, and Uruguay, can demonstrate a sustained downward trend in smoking rates, both by reducing the uptake of youth smoking and by promoting cessation among smokers. In particular, the USA and the UK have reported a more than 50% decrease in smoking prevalence rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,13</span></a> This achievement has not, however, been easy. It was driven by professional hard work and sustained commitment over 50 years to implement strong policies and to actively engage all social actors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Turning to Portugal, following the ratification of the WHO-FCTC, TC activity has been steadily going down compared to other EU countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This is an unacceptable paradox. The consequences speak for themselves: tobacco use is consistently rising among young people and women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,6,7</span></a> This will cause a major burden of premature death, disease and disability, and will severely damage Portugal's economy and welfare. As stated by TC leaders, we cannot ignore the fact that “tobacco smoking is a commercially driven behaviour” and that the powerful interference of commercial vested interests has been blocking TC progress. Moreover, “the necessary political and medical leadership has so far been lacking”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The solution, however, does not depend entirely on hospitals or medical care but largely on health policy decision-making, implementation and monitoring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3,19</span></a> The main WHO-FCTC goal is to promote TC implementation providing support through international collaboration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, some countries such as Portugal remain isolated; therefore, it is extremely difficult to promote action and leadership in TC. Likewise, this exposes the lack of advocacy and stresses the urgent need for a concerted national strategy. There is an urgent need for change. Portuguese citizens and the public health community should demand transparency and accountability. Recognizing the problem is the first step. Only by breaking the silence and working together can progress in tobacco control in Portugal become a reality. This is not an easy task. It will need proper funding, professional team work and perseverance; improvement will happen but will take time. WHO can support and guide these efforts, the European NGOs and international TC networks will support the Portuguese movement. Focusing on the main priorities is crucial: (1) a comprehensive smoke-free policy; (2) the implementation of TPD and (3) tobacco taxes directive. Following the EU NGOs steps, the Movement of Portuguese NGOs towards TC was launched in April 2013. This movement is, however, in its infancy. The authors of this paper warmly welcome Portuguese citizens, HCPs and NGOs such as the Pulmonology Society, Lung Foundation, Respira, Cancer League, TC Coalition, GPs, Public Health and Epidemiology Associations, Cardiology, Pediatrics and Allergy Societies, Asthmatic Association, Medical, Nurses, Pharmacists, Medical and Health Sciences Students and other HCPs Associations, as well as many other NGOs to the TC movement and encourage all to work together in strong partnership and concerted effort towards the progress of tobacco control. “Remember the common goal and the common enemy – when we are not united, the tobacco industry wins” (Berteletti F, personal communication, ICPTC13, Lisbon, November 14th 2013).</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authorship</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SBR conceived the paper and drafted the manuscript. NM wrote part of the manuscript. All the authors critically reviewed, contributed to and approved the final manuscript.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Self-reported SHS exposure in bars and restaurants</span>The 2012 Eurobarometer reports a declining trend in SHS exposure in EU bars and restaurants, when compared to 2009 data. Portugal was one of the few countries where this declining trend was not observed: SHS increased in bars and remain stable in restaurants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Children exposure to SHS assessed by self-report and SHS biomarkers</span>52.2% of a 4th grade Portuguese children national sample report at least one smoking parent and, therefore, are potentially exposed to SHS in the home and in the car. Most of those children reporting parents’ smoking declare that they smoke indoors: 62.9% in the home and 46.9% in the car (non-published research: Precioso et al., 2011). A European study has compared SHS exposure among children and their mothers using SHS biomarkers (urine/hair cotinine). Portuguese children were among the most exposed, when compared with other 16 European countries (non-published research: Reis et al., Democophes study 2012). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Self-reported SHS exposure: regional surveys</span>Two regional surveys (Chaves<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and Covilhã), have reported that 46.2% and 48.0% of the participants, respectively, were exposed to SHS anywhere (home/school/workplace/leisure settings). In both studies self-reported SHS exposure was higher in leisure settings (33.0% and 36.8%, respectively), where vulnerable populations such as children, teens and young adults should be protected by law. Self-reported exposure in the home and workplaces was similar to the pre-ban period.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In Covilhã, the great majority of the participants would allow smoking in the home/car; only 13.6% of the participants would assertively ask smokers not to smoke. (non-published research: Ravara et al., 2013). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SHS exposure in hospitality venues and other settings assessed by SHS biomarkers</span>Several studies report high SHS exposure of employees in restaurants, bars, discos, casinos, mental health services. Ventilation does not protect workers and clients from SHS exposure: SHS exposure assessed by biomarkers remains high in non-smoking areas in places allowing smoking (non-published research: Calheiros et al., 2008–2010; Reis et al., 2010–2011). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Enforcement of and Compliance with the smoking ban; assertiveness regarding SHS exposure: population-based surveys</span>Several authors report that the Portuguese partial smoking ban is vulnerable to breaches and poorly enforced, especially in venues allowing exemptions, among vehicle and night-shift workers and high smoking prevalence environments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10,12</span></a> In 2012, a computer-assisted telephone interview national survey was carried out. Patchy compliance with the ban was reported in general by 55% of the participants: 47.9% in restaurants/cafes; 47.9% in universities; 37.2% in schools; 25.7% in workplaces; 24.4% in universities; 4.6% in public transports, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001. Of the daily-smokers, 71% smoked in the home and 64.3% in the car; only 30.3% of non-smokers would ask smokers not to smoke indoors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tobacco Control activity measured by an objective scale and TC population awareness</span>Joossens and Raw using the European TC Scale, an objective scale of TC policies, have consistently reported poor TC activity in Portugal over the last decade, i.e. following Portugal ratification of the WHO-Framework on Tobacco Control. Currently, Portugal ranks at the bottom of Europe, very far from Spain and France.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> A recent study has surveyed citizens’ support for a tobacco end game strategy in 18th European countries. While the overall support was 34.9%, Portuguese citizens reported the lowest support (18.0%). Contrastingly, the Southern Europe region reported the highest support (42.5%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Smoking trends and engagement of HCPs and physicians in tobacco control</span>Several authors report high smoking rates among Portuguese HCPs/physicians.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,15,16</span></a> Recent surveys report that Portuguese physicians do not act as role-models, i.e. neither as non-smokers examplars nor as tobacco control leaders, when compared with the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> HCPs/physicians’ tobacco control attitudes and support for smoke-free policy are not based in public health science. Portuguese physicians’ engagement in tobacco control is rather poor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TC advocacy and activism</span>In Portugal, TC advocacy is led by few underfunded NGOs and HCP associations, such as the National Coalition on TC (COPPT), the Portuguese Societies of Pulmonology and Cardiology, Portuguese Cancer League, TC experts’ forum (Smoke-free Portugal) among others. Despite limited resources, these organizations have struggled to move TC. To date, however, they have not been successful in launching a concerted effort to advance TC. The Portuguese Medical Association has neither a clear commitment to tobacco control nor an official policy on tobacco use and advocacy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Following the severe recession that Portugal is suffering, TC activism and mobilization have stalled. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tobacco industry sponsorship</span>Evrengil et al. analyzed the tobacco industry sponsorship in several countries through social responsibility corporation projects and “charitable contributions”. During 2012, in the WHO Euro Region, Portugal ranked 4th in the number of such projects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tobacco control research</span>In 2005, Fraga et al. carried out a literature review and reported that Portugal was among the European countries with less TC research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In 2014, Willessem et al. carried out a similar bibliometric analysis reporting the same trend regarding Portugal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab887990.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Facts and data supporting Portugal tobacco control analysis.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2014" "editorial" => "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Atlanta, GA" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "World Health Organization. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2024 October | 81 | 52 | 133 |
| 2024 September | 80 | 22 | 102 |
| 2024 August | 84 | 36 | 120 |
| 2024 July | 83 | 32 | 115 |
| 2024 June | 90 | 26 | 116 |
| 2024 May | 119 | 35 | 154 |
| 2024 April | 82 | 41 | 123 |
| 2024 March | 65 | 22 | 87 |
| 2024 February | 68 | 39 | 107 |
| 2024 January | 52 | 22 | 74 |
| 2023 December | 58 | 26 | 84 |
| 2023 November | 51 | 51 | 102 |
| 2023 October | 66 | 38 | 104 |
| 2023 September | 45 | 33 | 78 |
| 2023 August | 41 | 14 | 55 |
| 2023 July | 49 | 29 | 78 |
| 2023 June | 42 | 20 | 62 |
| 2023 May | 64 | 25 | 89 |
| 2023 April | 43 | 13 | 56 |
| 2023 March | 95 | 24 | 119 |
| 2023 February | 83 | 19 | 102 |
| 2023 January | 50 | 16 | 66 |
| 2022 December | 80 | 21 | 101 |
| 2022 November | 128 | 50 | 178 |
| 2022 October | 66 | 26 | 92 |
| 2022 September | 64 | 30 | 94 |
| 2022 August | 57 | 31 | 88 |
| 2022 July | 75 | 50 | 125 |
| 2022 June | 50 | 36 | 86 |
| 2022 May | 59 | 50 | 109 |
| 2022 April | 47 | 36 | 83 |
| 2022 March | 31 | 42 | 73 |
| 2022 February | 61 | 37 | 98 |
| 2022 January | 53 | 32 | 85 |
| 2021 December | 35 | 27 | 62 |
| 2021 November | 40 | 36 | 76 |
| 2021 October | 34 | 42 | 76 |
| 2021 September | 32 | 31 | 63 |
| 2021 August | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2021 July | 31 | 17 | 48 |
| 2021 June | 30 | 22 | 52 |
| 2021 May | 33 | 28 | 61 |
| 2021 April | 107 | 68 | 175 |
| 2021 March | 76 | 29 | 105 |
| 2021 February | 50 | 15 | 65 |
| 2021 January | 51 | 24 | 75 |
| 2020 December | 64 | 10 | 74 |
| 2020 November | 56 | 20 | 76 |
| 2020 October | 63 | 26 | 89 |
| 2020 September | 69 | 18 | 87 |
| 2020 August | 60 | 30 | 90 |
| 2020 July | 109 | 20 | 129 |
| 2020 June | 102 | 21 | 123 |
| 2020 May | 77 | 13 | 90 |
| 2020 April | 80 | 15 | 95 |
| 2020 March | 76 | 23 | 99 |
| 2020 February | 85 | 26 | 111 |
| 2020 January | 133 | 15 | 148 |
| 2019 December | 110 | 12 | 122 |
| 2019 November | 99 | 16 | 115 |
| 2019 October | 107 | 23 | 130 |
| 2019 September | 81 | 27 | 108 |
| 2019 August | 267 | 17 | 284 |
| 2019 July | 295 | 14 | 309 |
| 2019 June | 297 | 20 | 317 |
| 2019 May | 308 | 12 | 320 |
| 2019 April | 236 | 24 | 260 |
| 2019 March | 318 | 18 | 336 |
| 2019 February | 312 | 8 | 320 |
| 2019 January | 292 | 19 | 311 |
| 2018 December | 198 | 5 | 203 |
| 2018 November | 75 | 2 | 77 |
| 2018 October | 106 | 9 | 115 |
| 2018 September | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2018 August | 40 | 33 | 73 |
| 2018 July | 57 | 17 | 74 |
| 2018 June | 68 | 15 | 83 |
| 2018 May | 107 | 25 | 132 |
| 2018 April | 99 | 19 | 118 |
| 2018 March | 93 | 24 | 117 |
| 2018 February | 80 | 13 | 93 |
| 2018 January | 32 | 18 | 50 |
| 2017 December | 117 | 23 | 140 |
| 2017 November | 36 | 31 | 67 |
| 2017 October | 39 | 26 | 65 |
| 2017 September | 36 | 23 | 59 |
| 2017 August | 40 | 20 | 60 |
| 2017 July | 30 | 16 | 46 |
| 2017 June | 37 | 26 | 63 |
| 2017 May | 40 | 32 | 72 |
| 2017 April | 13 | 21 | 34 |
| 2017 March | 16 | 29 | 45 |
| 2017 February | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2017 January | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2016 December | 20 | 16 | 36 |
| 2016 November | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2016 October | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2016 September | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2016 August | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2016 July | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2016 June | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 2016 May | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 April | 33 | 2 | 35 |
| 2016 March | 41 | 26 | 67 |
| 2016 February | 45 | 32 | 77 |
| 2016 January | 31 | 20 | 51 |
| 2015 December | 46 | 27 | 73 |
| 2015 November | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2015 October | 29 | 17 | 46 |
| 2015 September | 34 | 22 | 56 |
| 2015 August | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2015 July | 33 | 12 | 45 |
| 2015 June | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2015 May | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2015 April | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2015 March | 32 | 15 | 47 |
| 2015 February | 103 | 37 | 140 |
| 2015 January | 83 | 45 | 128 |
| 2014 December | 97 | 56 | 153 |
Show all
