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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the possibility of non-invasive estimation of central venous pressure &#40;CVP&#41; through inferior vena cava &#40;IVC&#41; analysis&#44; using transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Design</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective 3-year study&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Setting</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 16-bed medical&#47;surgical Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients admitted to the ICU were enrolled&#46; CVP measurement and TTE &#40;determining cardiac chambers dimension and left ventricular shortening fraction&#41; with IVC analysis &#40;maximum dimension and IVC index&#41; were performed simultaneously&#46; Parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis was performed to establish correlations between variables&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">560 patients were admitted to the study&#44; including 477 in whom IVC was analysed&#44; aging 62&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;3 years&#44; a mean ICU stay 11&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;7 days&#44; a APACHE II score 23&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;9 and a SAPS II score 55&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;4&#46; Through linear regression analysis CVP was influenced by IVC index &#40;p&#61;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; IVC maximum dimension &#40;p&#61;0&#46;013&#41; and presence of mechanical ventilation &#40;p&#61;0&#46;002&#41;&#46; A statistically significant correlation was found between the following parameters&#58; an IVC index&#60; 25&#37; and a CVP &#62;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; an IVC index and a CVP 26&#37;-50&#37;&#59; an IVC index &#62;51&#37; and CVP&#60; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; an IVC maximum dimension &#62; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a CVP &#62;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; an IVC maximum dimension &#60;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and CVP&#60; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Patients with right ventricle enlargement presented a lack of agreement between IVC maximum dimension and CVP&#62; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg was observed&#44; and in patients with chronic respiratory failure &#40;who presented a high prevalence of right ventricular enlargement&#41; a lack of agreement between IVC index &#62;50&#37; and CVP&#60; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg was also observed&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IVC analysis is a possible way to noninvasively estimate CVP in a medical&#47;surgical ICU&#46; However&#44; patients with right ventricular enlargement and admitted with chronic respiratory failure present a lack of agreement between IVC parameters and low values of CVP&#46; IVC dimension is a marker of chronic disease and IVC index correlated better with CVP&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a possibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o venosa central &#40;PVC&#41; atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da veia cava inferior &#40;VCI&#41;&#44; obtida por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#40;ETT&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Desenho</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospectivo com 3 anos de dura&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Local</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente &#40;UCIP&#41; de 16 camas&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudados doentes admitidos numa UCIP nos quais se avaliou a PVC em simult&#226;neo com exame ETT que&#44; para al&#233;m da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da VCI&#44; consistiu na obten&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o das cavidades card&#237;acas e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#46; Para a correla&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados testes estat&#237;sticos param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Admitidos 560 doentes com registo simult&#226;neo de PVC e ETT e inclu&#237;dos 477 doentes em que foi poss&#237;vel visualizar a VCI&#44; com idade m&#233;dia de 62&#44;6 &#177; &#177;17&#44;3 anos&#44; m&#233;dia de internamento de 11&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#44;7 dias&#44; um &#237;ndice APACHE II m&#233;dio de 23&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;9 e SAPS II m&#233;dio de 55&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#44;4&#46; Por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear verificou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PVC e a dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI &#40;p&#61;0&#44;013&#41;&#44; o &#237;ndice da VCI &#40;p&#61;0&#44;001&#41; e a presen&#231;a de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica &#40;p&#61;0&#44;002&#41;&#46; A correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a PVC e a dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI e respectivo &#237;ndice foi de 0&#44;34 e 0&#44;44&#46; Por teste de qui-quadrado&#44; verificou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os seguintes intervalos de valores&#58; &#237;ndice da VCI &#60;25&#37; e PVC&#62; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; &#237;ndice da VCI entre 26 e 50&#37; e PVC entre 8 e 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; &#237;ndice da VCI&#62; 51&#37; e PVC&#62; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI&#62; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e PVC&#62; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI&#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e PVC&#62; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Nos doentes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito &#40;VD&#41; observou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o mais fraca entre a PVC &#60;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e a dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI &#60;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; nos doentes admitidos por exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica verificou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre a PVC &#60;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e o &#237;ndice da VCI&#62; 50&#37;&#46; A dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI&#44; mas n&#227;o o seu &#237;ndice&#44; correlacionou-se com a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e AD&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise da VCI por ETT revelou-se &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa da PVC em doentes admitidos numa UCIP&#46; Em doentes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e admitidos por exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#44; os m&#233;todos avaliados n&#227;o foram fidedignos para valores baixos de PVC&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o da VCI traduz melhor a cronicidade da doen&#231;a&#44; enquanto o &#237;ndice da VCI reflecte melhor o estado de volemia&#46;</p>"
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Non invasive evaluation of central venous pressure using echocardiography in the intensive care – Specific features of patients with right ventricular enlargement and chronic exacerbated pulmonary disease
Avaliação não invasiva da pressão venosa central por ecocardiografia em cuidados intensivos – Particularidades nos doentes com dilatação do ventrículo direito e exacerbação de doença pulmonar crónica
Paulo Marcelino1,
Corresponding author
pmarcelino@fm.ul.pt

Correspondence to/Correspondência: Hospital de Curry Cabral, Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Rua da Beneficência, 8 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal.
, Alexandra Borba2, Ana Paula Fernandes1, Susan Marum1, Nuno Germano3, Mário G. Lopes4
1 Assistente Hospitalar de Medicina Interna, subespecialista de Medicina Intensiva / Hospital Assistant, Internal Medicine, sub-speciality Intensive Medicine
2 Interna do Internato Complementar de Pneumologia / Intern, Complementary Internship, Pulmonology
3 Assistente Eventual de Medicina Interna / Future Assistant, Internal Medicine
4 Professor Agregado da Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, chefe de Serviço de Cardiologia, director do Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa / Institute Professor, Lisbon University School of Medicine, Head, Cardiology Unit, Director, Cardiology Unit, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon
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    "titulo" => "Non invasive evaluation of central venous pressure using echocardiography in the intensive care &#8211; Specific features of patients with right ventricular enlargement and chronic exacerbated pulmonary disease"
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        "titulo" => "Avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o venosa central por ecocardiografia em cuidados intensivos &#8211; Particularidades nos doentes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the possibility of non-invasive estimation of central venous pressure &#40;CVP&#41; through inferior vena cava &#40;IVC&#41; analysis&#44; using transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Design</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective 3-year study&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Setting</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 16-bed medical&#47;surgical Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients admitted to the ICU were enrolled&#46; CVP measurement and TTE &#40;determining cardiac chambers dimension and left ventricular shortening fraction&#41; with IVC analysis &#40;maximum dimension and IVC index&#41; were performed simultaneously&#46; Parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis was performed to establish correlations between variables&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">560 patients were admitted to the study&#44; including 477 in whom IVC was analysed&#44; aging 62&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;3 years&#44; a mean ICU stay 11&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;7 days&#44; a APACHE II score 23&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;9 and a SAPS II score 55&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;4&#46; Through linear regression analysis CVP was influenced by IVC index &#40;p&#61;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; IVC maximum dimension &#40;p&#61;0&#46;013&#41; and presence of mechanical ventilation &#40;p&#61;0&#46;002&#41;&#46; A statistically significant correlation was found between the following parameters&#58; an IVC index&#60; 25&#37; and a CVP &#62;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; an IVC index and a CVP 26&#37;-50&#37;&#59; an IVC index &#62;51&#37; and CVP&#60; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; an IVC maximum dimension &#62; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a CVP &#62;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; an IVC maximum dimension &#60;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and CVP&#60; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Patients with right ventricle enlargement presented a lack of agreement between IVC maximum dimension and CVP&#62; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg was observed&#44; and in patients with chronic respiratory failure &#40;who presented a high prevalence of right ventricular enlargement&#41; a lack of agreement between IVC index &#62;50&#37; and CVP&#60; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg was also observed&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IVC analysis is a possible way to noninvasively estimate CVP in a medical&#47;surgical ICU&#46; However&#44; patients with right ventricular enlargement and admitted with chronic respiratory failure present a lack of agreement between IVC parameters and low values of CVP&#46; IVC dimension is a marker of chronic disease and IVC index correlated better with CVP&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a possibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o venosa central &#40;PVC&#41; atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da veia cava inferior &#40;VCI&#41;&#44; obtida por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#40;ETT&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Desenho</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospectivo com 3 anos de dura&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Local</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente &#40;UCIP&#41; de 16 camas&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudados doentes admitidos numa UCIP nos quais se avaliou a PVC em simult&#226;neo com exame ETT que&#44; para al&#233;m da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da VCI&#44; consistiu na obten&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o das cavidades card&#237;acas e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#46; Para a correla&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados testes estat&#237;sticos param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Admitidos 560 doentes com registo simult&#226;neo de PVC e ETT e inclu&#237;dos 477 doentes em que foi poss&#237;vel visualizar a VCI&#44; com idade m&#233;dia de 62&#44;6 &#177; &#177;17&#44;3 anos&#44; m&#233;dia de internamento de 11&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#44;7 dias&#44; um &#237;ndice APACHE II m&#233;dio de 23&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;9 e SAPS II m&#233;dio de 55&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#44;4&#46; Por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear verificou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PVC e a dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI &#40;p&#61;0&#44;013&#41;&#44; o &#237;ndice da VCI &#40;p&#61;0&#44;001&#41; e a presen&#231;a de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica &#40;p&#61;0&#44;002&#41;&#46; A correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a PVC e a dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI e respectivo &#237;ndice foi de 0&#44;34 e 0&#44;44&#46; Por teste de qui-quadrado&#44; verificou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os seguintes intervalos de valores&#58; &#237;ndice da VCI &#60;25&#37; e PVC&#62; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; &#237;ndice da VCI entre 26 e 50&#37; e PVC entre 8 e 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; &#237;ndice da VCI&#62; 51&#37; e PVC&#62; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI&#62; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e PVC&#62; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI&#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e PVC&#62; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Nos doentes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito &#40;VD&#41; observou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o mais fraca entre a PVC &#60;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e a dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI &#60;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; nos doentes admitidos por exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica verificou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre a PVC &#60;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e o &#237;ndice da VCI&#62; 50&#37;&#46; A dimens&#227;o m&#225;xima da VCI&#44; mas n&#227;o o seu &#237;ndice&#44; correlacionou-se com a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e AD&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise da VCI por ETT revelou-se &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa da PVC em doentes admitidos numa UCIP&#46; Em doentes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e admitidos por exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#44; os m&#233;todos avaliados n&#227;o foram fidedignos para valores baixos de PVC&#46; A dilata&#231;&#227;o da VCI traduz melhor a cronicidade da doen&#231;a&#44; enquanto o &#237;ndice da VCI reflecte melhor o estado de volemia&#46;</p>"
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Pulmonology

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