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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Portuguese Society of Rheumatology and the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology have updated the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection &#40;LTBI&#41; and active tuberculosis &#40;ATB&#41; in patients with inflammatory joint diseases &#40;IJD&#41; that are candidates to therapy with tumour necrosis factor alpha &#40;TNF&#945;&#41; antagonists&#46; In order to reduce the risk of tuberculosis &#40;TB&#41; reactivation and the incidence of new infections&#44; TB screening is recommended to be done as soon as possible&#44; ideally at the moment of IJD diagnosis&#44; and patient assessment repeated before starting anti-TNF&#945; therapy&#46; Treatment for ATB and LTBI must be done under the care of a TB specialist&#46; When TB treatment is indicated&#44; it should be completed prior to starting anti-TNF&#945; therapy&#46; If the IJD activity justifies the need for immediate treatment&#44; anti-TNF&#945; therapy can be started two months after antituberculous therapy has been initiated&#44; in the case of ATB&#44; and one month after in the case of LTBI&#46; Chest X-ray is mandatory for all patients&#46; If Gohn&#39;s complex is present&#44; the patient should be treated for LTBI&#59; healed lesions require the exclusion of ATB&#46; In cases of suspected active lesions&#44; ATB should be excluded&#47;confirmed and adequate therapy initiated&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculin skin test&#44; with two units of RT23&#44; should be performed in all patients&#46; If the induration is &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; the test should be repeated within 1 to 2 weeks&#44; on the opposite forearm&#44; and will be considered negative only if the result is again &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Positive TST implicates LTBI treatment&#44; unless previous proper treatment was provided&#46; If TST is performed in immunossuppressed IJD patients&#44; LTBI treatment should be offered to the patient before starting anti-TNF-&#945; therapy&#44; even in the presence of a negative test&#44; after risk &#47; benefit assessment&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia e a Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia actualizaram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico e a terap&#234;utica das tuberculoses latente &#40;TL&#41; e activa &#40;TD&#41; em doentes com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias articulares &#40;DIA&#41;&#44; candidatos a tratamento com antagonistas do factor de necrose tumoral alfa &#40;TNF&#945;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com o objectivo de reduzir o risco de reactiva&#231;&#227;o da tuberculose &#40;TB&#41; ou nova infec&#231;&#227;o&#44; recomenda-se o rastreio de TD e TL t&#227;o precocemente quanto poss&#237;vel&#44; preferencialmente no momento do diagn&#243;stico da DIA&#44; e repetir a avalia&#231;&#227;o do doente antes de in&#237;ciar terap&#234;utica anti-TNF&#945;&#46; O tratamento da TD e TL deve ser sempre su- pervisionado por um especialista em TB&#46; Quando houver indica&#231;&#227;o para terap&#234;utica de TB&#44; esta dever&#225; ser cumprida integralmente antes de se iniciar o anti-TNF&#945;&#46; No caso da actividade da DIA o exigir&#44; o anti-TNF&#945; poder&#225; ser iniciado ap&#243;s dois meses de terap&#234;utica antibacilar&#44; no caso de TD&#44; ou ap&#243;s um m&#234;s&#44; no caso de TL&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Todos os doentes devem realizar radiografia do t&#243;rax&#46; Altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com complexo de Gohn devem ser tratadas como TL&#46; Les&#245;es residuais obrigam a excluir TB activa&#46; Se se suspeitar de les&#245;es em actividade&#44; o diagn&#243;stico de TD deve ser excluido e o tratamento adequado institu&#237;do&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prova tubercul&#237;nica &#40;PT&#41;&#44; com 2 unidades de tuberculina RT23&#44; dever&#225; ser efectuada em todos os doentes&#46; Se a indura&#231;&#227;o for &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; a prova deve ser repetida dentro de 1 a 2 semanas no antebra&#231;o oposto&#44; e considerada negativa apenas se o segundo resultado for igualmente &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; As PT positivas obrigam a tratamento de TL&#44; excepto se o doente tiver sido previamente tratado de forma adequada&#46; Se a PT &#233; realizada apenas em fase de imunodepress&#227;o&#44; mesmo que seja negativa&#44; deve ser equacionado o tratamento de TL antes de iniciar terap&#234;utica anti-TNF&#945;&#44; ap&#243;s ponderar a rela&#231;&#227;o risco&#47;benef&#237;cio&#46;</p>"
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Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of latent and active tuberculosis in inflammatory joint diseases candidates for therapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors – March 2008 update
Recomendações para o diagnóstico e tratamento das tuberculoses latente e activa nas doenças inflamatórias articulares candidatas a terapêutica com fármacos inibidores do factor de necrose tumoral alfa. Revisão de Março de 2008
João Eurico Fonseca1,
Corresponding author
info@spreumatologia.pt

Correspondence/Correspondência: Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Rua D. Estefânia, 177 – 1.° D, 1000-154 Lisbon.
, Helena Lucas2, Helena Canhão1, Raquel Duarte2, Maria José Santos1, Miguel Villar2, Augusto Faustino1, Elena Raymundo2
1. Rheumatoid Arthritis Study Group (Grupo de Estudos de Artrite Reumatóide-GEAR) of the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology (Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia – SPR)
2. Tuberculosis Committee of the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia – SPP)
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    "titulo" => "Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of latent and active tuberculosis in inflammatory joint diseases candidates for therapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors &#8211; March 2008 update"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Portuguese Society of Rheumatology and the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology have updated the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection &#40;LTBI&#41; and active tuberculosis &#40;ATB&#41; in patients with inflammatory joint diseases &#40;IJD&#41; that are candidates to therapy with tumour necrosis factor alpha &#40;TNF&#945;&#41; antagonists&#46; In order to reduce the risk of tuberculosis &#40;TB&#41; reactivation and the incidence of new infections&#44; TB screening is recommended to be done as soon as possible&#44; ideally at the moment of IJD diagnosis&#44; and patient assessment repeated before starting anti-TNF&#945; therapy&#46; Treatment for ATB and LTBI must be done under the care of a TB specialist&#46; When TB treatment is indicated&#44; it should be completed prior to starting anti-TNF&#945; therapy&#46; If the IJD activity justifies the need for immediate treatment&#44; anti-TNF&#945; therapy can be started two months after antituberculous therapy has been initiated&#44; in the case of ATB&#44; and one month after in the case of LTBI&#46; Chest X-ray is mandatory for all patients&#46; If Gohn&#39;s complex is present&#44; the patient should be treated for LTBI&#59; healed lesions require the exclusion of ATB&#46; In cases of suspected active lesions&#44; ATB should be excluded&#47;confirmed and adequate therapy initiated&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculin skin test&#44; with two units of RT23&#44; should be performed in all patients&#46; If the induration is &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; the test should be repeated within 1 to 2 weeks&#44; on the opposite forearm&#44; and will be considered negative only if the result is again &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Positive TST implicates LTBI treatment&#44; unless previous proper treatment was provided&#46; If TST is performed in immunossuppressed IJD patients&#44; LTBI treatment should be offered to the patient before starting anti-TNF-&#945; therapy&#44; even in the presence of a negative test&#44; after risk &#47; benefit assessment&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia e a Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia actualizaram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico e a terap&#234;utica das tuberculoses latente &#40;TL&#41; e activa &#40;TD&#41; em doentes com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias articulares &#40;DIA&#41;&#44; candidatos a tratamento com antagonistas do factor de necrose tumoral alfa &#40;TNF&#945;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com o objectivo de reduzir o risco de reactiva&#231;&#227;o da tuberculose &#40;TB&#41; ou nova infec&#231;&#227;o&#44; recomenda-se o rastreio de TD e TL t&#227;o precocemente quanto poss&#237;vel&#44; preferencialmente no momento do diagn&#243;stico da DIA&#44; e repetir a avalia&#231;&#227;o do doente antes de in&#237;ciar terap&#234;utica anti-TNF&#945;&#46; O tratamento da TD e TL deve ser sempre su- pervisionado por um especialista em TB&#46; Quando houver indica&#231;&#227;o para terap&#234;utica de TB&#44; esta dever&#225; ser cumprida integralmente antes de se iniciar o anti-TNF&#945;&#46; No caso da actividade da DIA o exigir&#44; o anti-TNF&#945; poder&#225; ser iniciado ap&#243;s dois meses de terap&#234;utica antibacilar&#44; no caso de TD&#44; ou ap&#243;s um m&#234;s&#44; no caso de TL&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Todos os doentes devem realizar radiografia do t&#243;rax&#46; Altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com complexo de Gohn devem ser tratadas como TL&#46; Les&#245;es residuais obrigam a excluir TB activa&#46; Se se suspeitar de les&#245;es em actividade&#44; o diagn&#243;stico de TD deve ser excluido e o tratamento adequado institu&#237;do&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prova tubercul&#237;nica &#40;PT&#41;&#44; com 2 unidades de tuberculina RT23&#44; dever&#225; ser efectuada em todos os doentes&#46; Se a indura&#231;&#227;o for &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; a prova deve ser repetida dentro de 1 a 2 semanas no antebra&#231;o oposto&#44; e considerada negativa apenas se o segundo resultado for igualmente &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; As PT positivas obrigam a tratamento de TL&#44; excepto se o doente tiver sido previamente tratado de forma adequada&#46; Se a PT &#233; realizada apenas em fase de imunodepress&#227;o&#44; mesmo que seja negativa&#44; deve ser equacionado o tratamento de TL antes de iniciar terap&#234;utica anti-TNF&#945;&#44; ap&#243;s ponderar a rela&#231;&#227;o risco&#47;benef&#237;cio&#46;</p>"
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