Indoor air quality and respiratory symptoms in Porto schools
Qualidade do ar interior e sintomas respiratórios em escolas do Porto
Sílvia Fraga1,4, Elisabete Ramos1,4, Anabela Martins2,4, Maria João Samúdio2,4, Gabriela Silva2,4, Joaquim Guedes3,4, Eduardo Oliveira Fernandes2,4, Henrique Barros1,4
1 Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto / Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto
2 Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto / Mechanical Engineering Institute, School of Engineering, Universidade do Porto
3 Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto / Faculty of Science, Universidade do Porto
4 Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto Telefone: +351 225505652, Fax: +351 225505653
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"Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto Telefone: +351 225505652, Fax: +351 225505653" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Qualidade do ar interior e sintomas respiratórios em escolas do Porto" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2008-03-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2008-05-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key-words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec159647" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Respiratory symptoms" 1 => "schools" 2 => "adolescents" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec159646" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Sintomas respiratórios" 1 => "escolas" 2 => "adolescentes" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aim</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the association between the indoor air quality in Porto schools and the prevalence of allergic and respiratory symptoms in adolescents.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were evaluated in nine Porto schools. Questionnaires were distributed to 9 classes of 7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> , 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> year students in each school, total 1607 adolescents, with a mean age of 14.0 years (standard deviation<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3). Information was collected on participants’ socio-demographic and social characteristics, behaviour, and housing conditions. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used to evaluate respiratory symptoms.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">5.8% of participants stated they had had asthma, 9.2% wheezing, 22.0% sneezing and 6.6% itchy rash In the 12 months preceding the evaluation.</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After adjustment for parental educational attainment level, CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 2100ppm values were associated with exercise-induced wheeze [OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.86 (95%CI:1.20-2.89)] and night cough [OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.40 (4.20-2.89)]. We observed an increasing odds ratio in wheezing symptoms over the last 12 months, in asthma ‘at some point’ and asthma over the last 12 months, and night cough at schools with higher VOC values. The association was not statistically significant, however.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lower indicators of indoor air quality, particularly CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, were associated with a greater respiratory symptomatology.</p>" ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a associação entre a qualidade do ar interior em escolas da cidade do Porto e a prevalência de patologia alérgica e respiratória nos adolescentes que as frequentam.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Participantes e métodos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi avaliada temperatura, humidade relativa, concentração de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (dióxido de carbono) e de COV (compostos orgânicos voláteis) em nove escolas públicas da cidade do Porto. Em cada escola foram avaliados os alunos de nove turmas do 7.°, 8.° e 9.° anos, num total de 1607 adolescentes com média de idades de 14,0 (desvio-padrão<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,3) anos. A avaliação foi feita através de um questionário que compreendia questões referentes a características demográficas, sociais e comportamentais do adolescente e características da habitação de residência. Utilizou-se o questionário do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood</span> (ISAAC) para avaliar a sintomatologia respiratória.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nos doze meses que antecederam a avaliação, referiram ter tido asma 5,8% dos adolescentes, pieira 9,2%, crises de espirros 22,0% e alterações na pele 6,6%.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Após ajuste para a escolaridade dos pais, valores de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 2100 ppm associaram-se a pieira durante o exercício [OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1,86 (IC95% 1,20 -2,89)] e tosse nocturna [OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1,40 (0,95 -2,06)]. Observou -se um aumento da estimativa de risco de sintomas de pieira nos últimos 12 meses, asma alguma vez na vida e nos últimos 12 meses e tosse nocturna nas escolas com valores mais elevados de COV, embora a associação não seja estatisticamente significativa.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusão</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Piores indicadores de qualidade do ar interior, nomeadamente concentração de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, associaram-se a maior sintomatologia respiratória</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography/Bibliografia" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." 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