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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; is a chronic and progressive disease that in its advanced stages may be associated with important physical&#44; psychological and social impairments&#46; Palliative care should be provided to advanced COPD patients so as to reduce the high burden of chronically debilitating symptoms such as dyspnoea and anxiety&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient&#8211;physician communication on prognosis&#44; preferences for life-sustaining treatments and palliative care&#44; is essential to ensure that COPD patients receive end-of-life &#40;EoL&#41; quality care that is consistent with the values upheld&#46; The uncertain disease trajectory&#44; which frequently involves unexpected deterioration in health status&#44; makes planning of care in advance essential&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; there has been a growing interest in EoL care in advanced COPD&#46; Some important scientific societies have published recommendations on this theme and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41; introduced it for the first time into the 2013 updated revision&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> The challenge remains in how EoL care is implemented in practice&#46; At present&#44; there is evidence that COPD patients receive poor EoL care and that there is insufficient patient-physician discussion on EoL preferences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We developed a survey to characterize the Portuguese Pulmonologists&#8217; practice in EoL communication and palliative care in advanced COPD patients&#44; and identify hurdles to its consistent implementation&#46; With this study&#44; we hope to help establish strategies to overcome the difficulties that physicians face in their every-day practice&#44; which ultimately may lead to an improvement on the EoL care that COPD patients receive&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Participant recruitment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In January 2013 we asked the Portuguese Pneumology Society &#40;SPP&#41; to provide us with the mailing list of all affiliated Respiratory Medicine specialists and fellows with email contact&#46; We obtained a list of 464 members&#46; We only asked physicians who had had clinical activity in the previous year to answer the survey&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Questionnaire development and administration</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A self-administrated questionnaire was developed specifically for this study&#46; The authors generated questions based on a review of the literature&#46; Questions were drawn up to address four main themes&#58; &#40;1&#41; palliation of symptoms&#59; &#40;2&#41; frequency and topics of EoL communication&#59; &#40;3&#41; timing and interveners of EoL communication&#59; &#40;4&#41; obstacles to EoL communication&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following data were collected to characterize participants&#58; age&#44; gender&#44; religious beliefs&#44; years of practice&#44; type of institution&#44; region of the country and number of patients with COPD treated per year&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the beginning of the questionnaire&#44; participants were asked to answer questions with reference to the patients they had treated in the previous year&#44; who had two or more of the following characteristics&#58; forced expiratory volume in first second &#40;FEV1&#41; under 30&#37;&#44; oxygen dependence&#44; one or more hospital admissions in the previous year for an acute exacerbation of COPD&#44; left heart failure or other comorbidities&#44; weight loss or caquexia&#44; decreased functional status&#44; increasing dependence on others and were over 70 years old&#46; We adopted these criterion from Curtis&#44; whose purpose was to identify patients in whom a discussion on preferences about EoL care should be initiated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We pretested the questionnaire on a convenience sample of 6 pulmonologists to ensure clarity and comprehensiveness&#46; A web platform was then designed to facilitate survey completion and data collection&#46; Participants received an invitation to answer the questionnaire via an e-mail sent by the SPP&#44; containing a link to the online platform&#46; One month was allowed for questionnaire completion&#46; During the one month period two e-mails of reminder were sent to each applicant&#44; after which time the website was closed&#46; All complete questionnaires were considered eligible so that we are characterizing the reality of our practice&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic data and the several variables related to palliation and communication were analyzed using descriptive statistics&#46; To verify a possible influence of the participant characteristics on their ability to undertake EoL communication&#44; a univariate analysis was performed between the main characteristics &#8211; years of practice&#44; type of institution &#40;university hospital vs other&#41;&#44; number of COPD patients treated &#8211; and two questions evaluated by a semi-quantitative scale&#58; &#40;a&#41; &#8220;How often have you started a EoL discussion on your initiative&#63;&#8221;&#59; &#40;b&#41; &#8220;How difficult is it for you to discuss EoL issues with your patients&#63;&#8221;&#46; Statistical significance values were set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the 464 eligible participants&#44; 136 completed the questionnaire &#40;participation rate of 29&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Characteristics of respondents are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Most respondents &#40;52&#46;2&#37;&#41; had treated 50&#8211;200 COPD patients in the previous year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We questioned physicians about the number of patients that would not cause them surprise if they died in the following year&#46; Seventy-one &#40;52&#46;1&#37;&#41; would not be surprised if up to 30&#37; of their patients died in the following year&#44; 56 &#40;41&#46;1&#37;&#41; admitted that 30&#8211;69&#37; could die in that period&#44; and only 9 &#40;6&#46;8&#37;&#41; considered this possibility in 70&#37; or more patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning palliation&#44; we asked physicians how often they treated pain&#44; dyspnoea &#40;namely with opioids&#41; and depression&#47;anxiety&#46; Results are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; The use of opioids to manage dyspnoea was reported to occur occasionally in 32&#46;4&#37; of cases and frequently&#47;always in 37&#46;5&#37;&#46; Respondents indicated they treated anxiety and depression frequently&#47;always in 43&#46;4&#37; of cases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency of EoL communication and the topics are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Most physicians &#40;61&#46;7&#37;&#41; said they had rarely or never initiated this type of discussion&#46; The progression of disease was the topic most discussed by physicians with patients&#44; but life expectancy and the suffering related to death were less often approached&#46; Most respondents also claimed to have never or rarely asked about patients&#8217; spiritual or religious beliefs &#40;81&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding EoL decision-making&#44; the majority of participants said they never&#47;rarely suggested their patients to make decisions about invasive mechanical ventilation&#47;intubation &#40;68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; cardio-pulmonary resuscitation &#40;80&#46;8&#37;&#41; or whether they preferred to die at home versus in hospital &#40;75&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Most had never suggested the drawing up a written advance directive &#40;80&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; although almost all of them &#40;95&#46;6&#37;&#41; were aware that the Portuguese law provides for this possibility&#46; Only 11&#46;8&#37; reported to have frequently referred COPD patients to hospice care services&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also inquired of participants what moment was usually chosen for EoL discussion&#46; Discussion was reported to occur during a major exacerbation in 29&#46;4&#37;&#44; in advanced disease when the patient is stable in 25&#46;0&#37;&#44; after the patient survives a major exacerbation in 24&#46;3&#37;&#44; only if patient or caregiver introduces the subject in 14&#46;0&#37; and early after diagnosis in 7&#46;4&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interveners usually included in EoL discussion are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; Among healthcare professionals&#44; other physicians were the main interveners&#44; followed by nurses&#46; Most &#40;91&#46;0&#37;&#41; respondents indicated that they never or rarely include religious advisors&#46; About half &#40;57&#46;4&#37;&#41; claimed to frequently&#47;always include relatives&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When asked how often they excluded the patient and discussed EoL only with caregivers&#44; most &#40;61&#46;1&#37;&#41; claimed to have never&#47;rarely done so&#46; Also&#44; 63&#46;3&#37; indicated they never&#47;rarely made EoL decisions just with health providers&#46; Most &#40;64&#46;0&#37;&#41; claimed to have never changed the information given to patients&#47;caregivers in order to influence decision according to what they believe is best&#44; and from the remaining&#44; most said they only did this rarely &#40;27&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We questioned closely as to how difficult it was for physicians to hold EoL discussions with their patients&#46; Twenty-seven answered it was very difficult &#40;19&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 94 said it was difficult &#40;69&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; 4 were indifferent &#40;2&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 8 said it was easy &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41; and 3 very easy &#40;2&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; From a 7-item list&#44; we asked them to select all the difficulties usually felt in EoL discussions&#46; Results are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We inquired about the participants&#8217; opinion on the importance of discussing EoL with advanced COPD patients&#46; Most &#40;76&#46;5&#37;&#41; rated it as very important&#44; 31 &#40;22&#46;8&#37;&#41; as a subject of some importance&#44; with only one participant indicating that it was of little importance&#46; Finally&#44; we asked if participants would like this subject to be further discussed in scientific meetings&#46; Almost all &#40;98&#46;5&#37;&#41; agreed&#44; and only 2 &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41; respondents claimed that the issue is being sufficiently addressed already&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no statistical significant differences between years of practice&#44; type of institution or number of COPD patients treated and the main outcomes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the increasing interest on EoL communication and palliative care in end-stage COPD&#44; this is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first study performed in Portugal to evaluate Pulmonologists¿ perception of this matter&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Palliation of symptoms</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the majority of physicians reported that they treated symptoms at least occasionally&#44; our findings suggest that symptom management may not be optimized&#46; Only a few reported using opioids routinely in the treatment of dyspnoea and pain&#46; Since opioids are the only drug proven to be effective in controlling dyspnoea in these patients&#44; these results are clearly unsatisfactory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Previous studies have shown evidence of poor palliation in COPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> The study SUPPORT&#44; for instance&#44; revealed that dyspnoea occurs more often in these patients than in lung cancer patients&#46; In the same study&#44; 21&#37; of patients with COPD reported suffering from severe pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There is a strong possibility that analgesics are withheld in COPD because of concerns about adverse effects&#44; in particular respiratory depression&#46; This fear is unfounded&#44; since there is no evidence to date that the doses of opioids used to treat breathlessness causes clinically detectable respiratory depression or increases mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been suggested that anxiety&#47;depression affects as many as 90&#37; of advanced COPD patients&#44; but previous studies have reported that only 4&#8211;31&#37; were receiving pharmacological treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> We found a better performance&#44; which may reveal a rising awareness of the beneficial effects of antidepressants in improving mood and decreasing dyspnoea in COPD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Treating depression is essential since it may modify patient decisions concerning EoL care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Frequency and topics of end-of-life communication</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important outcome of this study was to realize that more than half of Portuguese Pulmonologists never or rarely introduce EoL discussions with their patients&#46; Previous reports&#44; both from physician and patient point of view&#44; have also shown insufficient EoL communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> One of the topics most neglected by physicians was spiritual&#47;religious beliefs&#44; although there is evidence that the majority of patients want to discuss these issues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although advance care planning seems to increase patient satisfaction and reduce emotional distress&#44; our results show that physicians have used little initiative in introducing it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The lack of certainty on prognosis strengthens the need for advance directives in COPD&#44; but the evidence is they are rarely used&#46; A Survey carried out in the European Respiratory Intermediate care units showed that only 30&#37; of patients admitted to having had a formal discussion about EoL decisions and&#47;or signed a living will&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> As a result&#44; COPD patients are more likely to die with aggressive&#44; technological care directed at preservation of life and less likely to receive palliative care&#44; despite having preferences favouring palliation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In fact&#44; the majority of COPD patients die in the hospital&#44; mostly in intensive care units&#44; although at least half of clinically stable advanced COPD patients would prefer to die in their home environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;20</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospice care in end-stage COPD is another emerging issue&#46; The recent revised version of GOLD recommends that clinicians should identify COPD patients who could benefit from palliative care services and help find available resources within their community&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In our study&#44; about half the respondents indicated they occasionally&#47;frequently refer patients to hospice care&#46; Nonetheless&#44; patients dying of end-stage COPD are in general less likely to be offered hospice services compared to patients with lung cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Uncertainty about prognosis as well as doubts as to whether a traditional hospice model is suitable for patients with COPD&#44; may explain this difference&#44; although it should not impede access to hospice care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Timing and interveners in end-of-life communication</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent consensus recommends that EoL care should be available early during the course of the disease&#44; from when the patient becomes symptomatic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; contrary to this&#44; we found that most physicians discuss it during&#47;after a major exacerbation&#46; Another study also reported that discussions occur mainly in advanced stages of COPD&#44; that is when dyspnoea became severe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are more growing recommendations on the use of interdisciplinary health-care teams to ensure quality EoL care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; we found poor interdisciplinary work in our study&#46; Results were similar in the previously mentioned European survey&#44; which found that nurses were involved in 55&#46;9&#37;&#44; but only in a small minority of cases were opinions sought from other professionals&#46; In the same study&#44; patient&#39;s relatives were involved in discussion in only about half the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> We in turn&#44; found a better performance in terms of engaging the family&#44; although often without patient participation&#46; Interestingly&#44; our participants rarely reported modifying the information provided in order to influence decisions&#44; a phenomenon that was reported to commonly occur in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Obstacles in end-of-life communication</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most participants described the discussion of EoL issues as being difficult or very difficult&#44; which makes it essential to understand what the barriers are that physicians face&#44; especially the ones that can be modified&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in a previous study&#44; the feeling that patients may be unprepared to discuss these matters and the fear of taking away their hope&#44; were pointed out as major obstacles to communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Patient failure to understand COPD as a life-threatening disease and their will to concentrate on staying alive play an important role in this process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Cultural differences possibly have an influence as well&#46; In a European survey evaluating public preferences for self-involvement in EoL decision-making&#44; about 60&#37; of the Portuguese participants wanted to be involved&#44; which was less than the European mean &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> These barriers may be overcome with education about illness progression and encouragement to communicate&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other obstacles mentioned by our respondents have to do with organizational aspects&#44; namely lack of time&#44; lack of training and absence of protocols&#46; The lack of formal protocols to initiate EoL was also pointed out by Partridge et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Additionally&#44; educational practices are inadequate&#44; as revealed in a survey performed in the United States&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> These aspects represent important targets for intervention&#46; Each institution should develop policies to guide health staff in initiating the kind of EoL care that is feasible in their context&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Scientific societies&#44; in their turn&#44; are responsible for ensuring that there is appropriate education on EoL care in medical schools and for promoting continuous education among attendant health-care givers&#46; There is evidence that educational programmes and even smaller interventions result in measurable improvements in communication skills&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;28</span></a> Moreover&#44; our study demonstrates that Pulmonologists are interested in further education on this subject&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limited resources are a significant impediment to effective EoL care&#46; In Portugal&#44; the need for fiscal consolidation has led to major cuts in the financing of the health sector in recent years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Despite the National Program for Palliative Care which was created in 2010&#44; numbers show that resources &#40;regarding number of hospice care beds and the availability of domiciliary services&#41; are still far behind recommendations by the European Association for Palliative care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> These restrictions are recognized by Portuguese citizens&#44; who call for more hospital palliative care units and more palliative care access&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Evidence-based service development using existing resources may be part of the solution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to our results&#44; the particular characteristics of a physician do not seem to influence their ability to communicate on EoL issues&#44; which suggests that the barriers identified are transversal to different practice settings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Limitations and conclusions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has a number of potential limitations&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Curtis criterion to identify candidates for EoL discussion may be subject to criticism&#46; It is a presumptive criterion&#44; since it has not been proven that patients who are included die sooner or have more symptoms&#46; Other proposed criteria&#44; namely the CART and BODE scores&#44; both able to predict mortality in patients with COPD&#44; would be equally valid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#8211;33</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; we believe the former is more suitable for the purposes of this type of questionnaire&#44; since it includes a list of clinical characteristics&#44; which are easier to answer with a yes&#47;no response&#44; when mentally profiling the type of patients&#46; Whereas CART is a tree-algorithm and BODE requires a numeric grading of each variable&#44; both of which cases would make this process more difficult&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning the use of opioids in the treatment of dyspnoea&#44; we retrospectively realized that the question should have been put in a more objective way&#46; Since current recommendations to treat dyspnoea include a multimodal approach&#44; we recognize that the way the question was phrased may not reveal the true scale of opioids use for this purpose&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recognize that our participation rate was low&#46; However&#44; our universe included an unknown number of retired physicians&#44; who were asked not to answer the questionnaire&#44; and thus underestimated the overall response rate&#46; Also&#44; the choosing to use a web platform to perform the survey&#44; may have influenced the response rate and the profile of the respondents&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another obvious limitation is that the self-reported information may not reflect what Pulmonologists actually do in practice&#46; Future studies should find ways of quantifying EoL communication more objectively&#44; while recognizing that research in this area is hampered by important ethical and methodological challenges&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our study demonstrated that our palliative care and EoL communication are a long way from being from what they should be&#46; Awareness&#44; training in this field and the creation of formal protocols have been identified as major areas for improvement&#44; and should be encouraged&#46; Future studies should focus on developing and testing the effectiveness of practical strategies to improve EoL communication and palliative care in COPD&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study received sufficient information and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">End-of-life &#40;EoL&#41; care is a major component in the management of patients with advanced COPD&#46; Patient-physician communication is essential in this process&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aim</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the practice of Portuguese Pulmonologists in EoL communication and palliative care in COPD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An on-line survey was sent to physicians affiliated to the Portuguese Pneumology Society&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We obtained 136 answers from 464 eligible participants &#40;29&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; About half of the physicians reported that they have rarely introduced EoL discussions with their COPD patients &#40;48&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Most had never&#47;rarely suggested decision-making on the use of invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Discussions were described as occurring mostly during&#47;after a major exacerbation &#40;53&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 37&#46;5&#37; of participants reported treating dyspnoea with opioids frequently&#47;always&#46; Only 9&#46;6&#37; stated that they never&#47;rarely treated anxiety&#47;depression&#46; Most participants perceive the discussion of EoL issues as being difficult&#47;very difficult &#40;89&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; The reasons most frequently given were feeling that patients were not prepared for this discussion &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; fear of taking away a patient&#39;s hope &#40;58&#46;0&#37;&#41; and lack of training &#40;51&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient and medical staff EoL communication in COPD is still not good enough&#46; Training in this area and the creation of formal protocols to initiate EoL have been identified as major factors for improvement&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Aim"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os cuidados terminais &#40;EoL&#41; s&#227;o um componente importante do tratamento de doentes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#243;nica &#40;DPOC&#41; avan&#231;ada&#46; A comunica&#231;&#227;o entre o doente e o m&#233;dico &#233; fundamental neste processo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a pr&#225;tica dos pneumologistas portugueses na comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre o fim de vida e os cuidados paliativos na DPOC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi enviado um inqu&#233;rito online para os m&#233;dicos s&#243;cios da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recebemos 136 respostas dos 464 participantes eleg&#237;veis &#40;29&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Cerca de metade dos m&#233;dicos indicaram que raramente iniciaram conversas sobre o fim de vida com os seus doentes com DPOC &#40;48&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; A maioria nunca&#47;raramente sugeriram a toma de decis&#227;o sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva &#40;68&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; As conversas foram descritas como ocorrendo&#44; na sua maioria&#44; durante&#47;ap&#243;s uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o grave &#40;53&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Apenas 37&#44;5&#37; dos participantes indicaram tratar a dispneia frequentemente&#47;sempre com opi&#225;ceos&#46; Apenas 9&#44;6&#37; indicaram que nunca&#47;raramente trataram a ansiedade&#47;depress&#227;o&#46; A maioria dos participantes considerou a conversa sobre quest&#245;es de fim de vida como sendo dif&#237;cil&#47;muito dif&#237;cil &#40;89&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46; Os motivos mais frequentemente indicados foram a sensa&#231;&#227;o de que os doentes n&#227;o estavam preparados para essa conversa &#40;70&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; medo de tirar a esperan&#231;a aos doentes &#40;58&#44;0&#37;&#41; e falta de forma&#231;&#227;o &#40;51&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre o fim de vida entre o doente e os m&#233;dicos na DPOC ainda n&#227;o &#233; suficientemente boa&#46; A forma&#231;&#227;o nesta &#225;rea e a cria&#231;&#227;o de protocolos formais para iniciar os cuidados em fim de vida foram identificados como fatores importantes a melhorar&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">This study was performed at&#58; Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte&#44; EPE - Hospital Pulido Valente&#44; Lisbon&#44; Portugal&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41; or mean &#40;&#177;standard deviation&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#59; COPD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;0 &#40;&#177;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender&#58; female</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83 &#40;61&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Religious beliefs</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Believers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83 &#40;61&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-believers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8220;I prefer not to answer&#8221;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;14&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Years of practice</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;19&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;19&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#8211;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of institution</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;39&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;52&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primary health-care unit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private medical clinic&#47;office&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;6&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Region of the country</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>North&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;28&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Centre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lisboa and Vale do Tejo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67 &#40;49&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alentejo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Algarve&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Madeira and A&#231;ores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of COPD patients treated in the last year</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#8211;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;52&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of COPD patients treated in the last year with 2 or more of the Curtis¿ criteria</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74 &#40;54&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#8211;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47 &#40;36&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of EoL articles read in the last 6 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;41&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#8211;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;6&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of post-graduate courses on EoL attended</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;50&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49 &#40;36&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#8211;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1224548.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participant characteristics&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Never&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rarely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Always&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often treated</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyspnoea &#40;namely using opioids&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41 &#40;30&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pain &#40;namely using opioids&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;8&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anxiety&#47;depression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64 &#40;47&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50 &#40;36&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;6&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1224550.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Palliation of symptoms&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Never&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rarely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Always&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often started by own initiative a EoL discussion</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66 &#40;48&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often discussed</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>The evolution of the disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;40&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Life expectancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>How death can be&#47;related suffering&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;27&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;39&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patient&#39;s spiritual or religious beliefs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;39&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often suggested patients to make decisions about</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Invasive mechanical ventilation&#47;intubation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;39&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;19&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;38&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Place of death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;17&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often suggested the elaboration of a written in advance directive &#40;living will&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">109 &#40;80&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often referred to hospice care</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41 &#40;30&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1224551.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency and topics of EoL communication&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Never&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rarely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Always&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often included other interveners in EoL discussion</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other physicians&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nurses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physiotherapists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;41&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psychologists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Social workers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Religious advisor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83 &#40;61&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patient&#39;s caregiver&#47;family&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;33&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often discussed EoL issues only with caregivers&#47;family&#44; and excluded the patient</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often changed the information given to patients or their caregivers&#47;family in order to influence decision</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87 &#40;64&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;27&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often decided on EoL only with health professionals&#44; without including patients or their caregivers&#47;family</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;39&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Interveners in EoL communication&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Feel that patients are not prepared to discuss these issues&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95 &#40;69&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fear of taking away patients&#8217; hope&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78 &#40;57&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lack of training in this area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70 &#40;51&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lack of support&#47;organization in the work institution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;38&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lack of time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;38&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Difficulty in predicting progression of patient&#39;s disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48 &#40;35&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fear of legal repercussions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obstacles to EoL communication&#46;</p>"
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:34 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Illness trajectories and palliative care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46;A&#46; Murray"
                            1 => "M&#46; Kendall"
                            2 => "K&#46; Boyd"
                            3 => "A&#46; Sheikh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1007"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "330"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1007"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1011"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860828"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0735109799002181"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "07351097"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with cardiopulmonary diseases&#8212;American College of Chest Physicians Position statement"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Selecky"
                            1 => "C&#46; Eliason"
                            2 => "R&#46; Hall"
                            3 => "R&#46; Schneider"
                            4 => "B&#46; Varkey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1378/chest.128.5.3599"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "128"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3599"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3610"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304319"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An official American Thoracic Society clinical policy statement&#58; palliative care for patients with respiratory diseases and critical illnesses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46;N&#46; Lanken"
                            1 => "P&#46;B&#46; Terry"
                            2 => "H&#46;M&#46; Delisser"
                            3 => "B&#46;F&#46; Fahy"
                            4 => "J&#46; Hansen-Flaschen"
                            5 => "J&#46;E&#46; Heffner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200605-587ST"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18390964"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease &#40;GOLD&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis&#44; Management and Prevention of COPD"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with severe COPD"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;R&#46; Curtis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00126107"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "796"
                        "paginaFinal" => "803"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989116"
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Original Article
End-of-life care in COPD: A survey carried out with Portuguese Pulmonologists
Assistência a doentes terminais com DPOC: um inquérito realizado a Pneumologistas Portugueses
C. Gaspara,
Corresponding author
carina.gaspar@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, S. Alfarrobaa, L. Teloa, C. Gomesa, C. Bárbaraa,b
a Serviço de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE - Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal
b Centro de Estudos Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; is a chronic and progressive disease that in its advanced stages may be associated with important physical&#44; psychological and social impairments&#46; Palliative care should be provided to advanced COPD patients so as to reduce the high burden of chronically debilitating symptoms such as dyspnoea and anxiety&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient&#8211;physician communication on prognosis&#44; preferences for life-sustaining treatments and palliative care&#44; is essential to ensure that COPD patients receive end-of-life &#40;EoL&#41; quality care that is consistent with the values upheld&#46; The uncertain disease trajectory&#44; which frequently involves unexpected deterioration in health status&#44; makes planning of care in advance essential&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; there has been a growing interest in EoL care in advanced COPD&#46; Some important scientific societies have published recommendations on this theme and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41; introduced it for the first time into the 2013 updated revision&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> The challenge remains in how EoL care is implemented in practice&#46; At present&#44; there is evidence that COPD patients receive poor EoL care and that there is insufficient patient-physician discussion on EoL preferences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We developed a survey to characterize the Portuguese Pulmonologists&#8217; practice in EoL communication and palliative care in advanced COPD patients&#44; and identify hurdles to its consistent implementation&#46; With this study&#44; we hope to help establish strategies to overcome the difficulties that physicians face in their every-day practice&#44; which ultimately may lead to an improvement on the EoL care that COPD patients receive&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Participant recruitment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In January 2013 we asked the Portuguese Pneumology Society &#40;SPP&#41; to provide us with the mailing list of all affiliated Respiratory Medicine specialists and fellows with email contact&#46; We obtained a list of 464 members&#46; We only asked physicians who had had clinical activity in the previous year to answer the survey&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Questionnaire development and administration</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A self-administrated questionnaire was developed specifically for this study&#46; The authors generated questions based on a review of the literature&#46; Questions were drawn up to address four main themes&#58; &#40;1&#41; palliation of symptoms&#59; &#40;2&#41; frequency and topics of EoL communication&#59; &#40;3&#41; timing and interveners of EoL communication&#59; &#40;4&#41; obstacles to EoL communication&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following data were collected to characterize participants&#58; age&#44; gender&#44; religious beliefs&#44; years of practice&#44; type of institution&#44; region of the country and number of patients with COPD treated per year&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the beginning of the questionnaire&#44; participants were asked to answer questions with reference to the patients they had treated in the previous year&#44; who had two or more of the following characteristics&#58; forced expiratory volume in first second &#40;FEV1&#41; under 30&#37;&#44; oxygen dependence&#44; one or more hospital admissions in the previous year for an acute exacerbation of COPD&#44; left heart failure or other comorbidities&#44; weight loss or caquexia&#44; decreased functional status&#44; increasing dependence on others and were over 70 years old&#46; We adopted these criterion from Curtis&#44; whose purpose was to identify patients in whom a discussion on preferences about EoL care should be initiated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We pretested the questionnaire on a convenience sample of 6 pulmonologists to ensure clarity and comprehensiveness&#46; A web platform was then designed to facilitate survey completion and data collection&#46; Participants received an invitation to answer the questionnaire via an e-mail sent by the SPP&#44; containing a link to the online platform&#46; One month was allowed for questionnaire completion&#46; During the one month period two e-mails of reminder were sent to each applicant&#44; after which time the website was closed&#46; All complete questionnaires were considered eligible so that we are characterizing the reality of our practice&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic data and the several variables related to palliation and communication were analyzed using descriptive statistics&#46; To verify a possible influence of the participant characteristics on their ability to undertake EoL communication&#44; a univariate analysis was performed between the main characteristics &#8211; years of practice&#44; type of institution &#40;university hospital vs other&#41;&#44; number of COPD patients treated &#8211; and two questions evaluated by a semi-quantitative scale&#58; &#40;a&#41; &#8220;How often have you started a EoL discussion on your initiative&#63;&#8221;&#59; &#40;b&#41; &#8220;How difficult is it for you to discuss EoL issues with your patients&#63;&#8221;&#46; Statistical significance values were set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the 464 eligible participants&#44; 136 completed the questionnaire &#40;participation rate of 29&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Characteristics of respondents are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Most respondents &#40;52&#46;2&#37;&#41; had treated 50&#8211;200 COPD patients in the previous year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We questioned physicians about the number of patients that would not cause them surprise if they died in the following year&#46; Seventy-one &#40;52&#46;1&#37;&#41; would not be surprised if up to 30&#37; of their patients died in the following year&#44; 56 &#40;41&#46;1&#37;&#41; admitted that 30&#8211;69&#37; could die in that period&#44; and only 9 &#40;6&#46;8&#37;&#41; considered this possibility in 70&#37; or more patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning palliation&#44; we asked physicians how often they treated pain&#44; dyspnoea &#40;namely with opioids&#41; and depression&#47;anxiety&#46; Results are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; The use of opioids to manage dyspnoea was reported to occur occasionally in 32&#46;4&#37; of cases and frequently&#47;always in 37&#46;5&#37;&#46; Respondents indicated they treated anxiety and depression frequently&#47;always in 43&#46;4&#37; of cases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency of EoL communication and the topics are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Most physicians &#40;61&#46;7&#37;&#41; said they had rarely or never initiated this type of discussion&#46; The progression of disease was the topic most discussed by physicians with patients&#44; but life expectancy and the suffering related to death were less often approached&#46; Most respondents also claimed to have never or rarely asked about patients&#8217; spiritual or religious beliefs &#40;81&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding EoL decision-making&#44; the majority of participants said they never&#47;rarely suggested their patients to make decisions about invasive mechanical ventilation&#47;intubation &#40;68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; cardio-pulmonary resuscitation &#40;80&#46;8&#37;&#41; or whether they preferred to die at home versus in hospital &#40;75&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Most had never suggested the drawing up a written advance directive &#40;80&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; although almost all of them &#40;95&#46;6&#37;&#41; were aware that the Portuguese law provides for this possibility&#46; Only 11&#46;8&#37; reported to have frequently referred COPD patients to hospice care services&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also inquired of participants what moment was usually chosen for EoL discussion&#46; Discussion was reported to occur during a major exacerbation in 29&#46;4&#37;&#44; in advanced disease when the patient is stable in 25&#46;0&#37;&#44; after the patient survives a major exacerbation in 24&#46;3&#37;&#44; only if patient or caregiver introduces the subject in 14&#46;0&#37; and early after diagnosis in 7&#46;4&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interveners usually included in EoL discussion are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; Among healthcare professionals&#44; other physicians were the main interveners&#44; followed by nurses&#46; Most &#40;91&#46;0&#37;&#41; respondents indicated that they never or rarely include religious advisors&#46; About half &#40;57&#46;4&#37;&#41; claimed to frequently&#47;always include relatives&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When asked how often they excluded the patient and discussed EoL only with caregivers&#44; most &#40;61&#46;1&#37;&#41; claimed to have never&#47;rarely done so&#46; Also&#44; 63&#46;3&#37; indicated they never&#47;rarely made EoL decisions just with health providers&#46; Most &#40;64&#46;0&#37;&#41; claimed to have never changed the information given to patients&#47;caregivers in order to influence decision according to what they believe is best&#44; and from the remaining&#44; most said they only did this rarely &#40;27&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We questioned closely as to how difficult it was for physicians to hold EoL discussions with their patients&#46; Twenty-seven answered it was very difficult &#40;19&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 94 said it was difficult &#40;69&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; 4 were indifferent &#40;2&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 8 said it was easy &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41; and 3 very easy &#40;2&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; From a 7-item list&#44; we asked them to select all the difficulties usually felt in EoL discussions&#46; Results are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We inquired about the participants&#8217; opinion on the importance of discussing EoL with advanced COPD patients&#46; Most &#40;76&#46;5&#37;&#41; rated it as very important&#44; 31 &#40;22&#46;8&#37;&#41; as a subject of some importance&#44; with only one participant indicating that it was of little importance&#46; Finally&#44; we asked if participants would like this subject to be further discussed in scientific meetings&#46; Almost all &#40;98&#46;5&#37;&#41; agreed&#44; and only 2 &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41; respondents claimed that the issue is being sufficiently addressed already&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no statistical significant differences between years of practice&#44; type of institution or number of COPD patients treated and the main outcomes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the increasing interest on EoL communication and palliative care in end-stage COPD&#44; this is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first study performed in Portugal to evaluate Pulmonologists¿ perception of this matter&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Palliation of symptoms</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the majority of physicians reported that they treated symptoms at least occasionally&#44; our findings suggest that symptom management may not be optimized&#46; Only a few reported using opioids routinely in the treatment of dyspnoea and pain&#46; Since opioids are the only drug proven to be effective in controlling dyspnoea in these patients&#44; these results are clearly unsatisfactory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Previous studies have shown evidence of poor palliation in COPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> The study SUPPORT&#44; for instance&#44; revealed that dyspnoea occurs more often in these patients than in lung cancer patients&#46; In the same study&#44; 21&#37; of patients with COPD reported suffering from severe pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There is a strong possibility that analgesics are withheld in COPD because of concerns about adverse effects&#44; in particular respiratory depression&#46; This fear is unfounded&#44; since there is no evidence to date that the doses of opioids used to treat breathlessness causes clinically detectable respiratory depression or increases mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been suggested that anxiety&#47;depression affects as many as 90&#37; of advanced COPD patients&#44; but previous studies have reported that only 4&#8211;31&#37; were receiving pharmacological treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> We found a better performance&#44; which may reveal a rising awareness of the beneficial effects of antidepressants in improving mood and decreasing dyspnoea in COPD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Treating depression is essential since it may modify patient decisions concerning EoL care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Frequency and topics of end-of-life communication</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important outcome of this study was to realize that more than half of Portuguese Pulmonologists never or rarely introduce EoL discussions with their patients&#46; Previous reports&#44; both from physician and patient point of view&#44; have also shown insufficient EoL communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> One of the topics most neglected by physicians was spiritual&#47;religious beliefs&#44; although there is evidence that the majority of patients want to discuss these issues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although advance care planning seems to increase patient satisfaction and reduce emotional distress&#44; our results show that physicians have used little initiative in introducing it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The lack of certainty on prognosis strengthens the need for advance directives in COPD&#44; but the evidence is they are rarely used&#46; A Survey carried out in the European Respiratory Intermediate care units showed that only 30&#37; of patients admitted to having had a formal discussion about EoL decisions and&#47;or signed a living will&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> As a result&#44; COPD patients are more likely to die with aggressive&#44; technological care directed at preservation of life and less likely to receive palliative care&#44; despite having preferences favouring palliation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In fact&#44; the majority of COPD patients die in the hospital&#44; mostly in intensive care units&#44; although at least half of clinically stable advanced COPD patients would prefer to die in their home environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;20</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospice care in end-stage COPD is another emerging issue&#46; The recent revised version of GOLD recommends that clinicians should identify COPD patients who could benefit from palliative care services and help find available resources within their community&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In our study&#44; about half the respondents indicated they occasionally&#47;frequently refer patients to hospice care&#46; Nonetheless&#44; patients dying of end-stage COPD are in general less likely to be offered hospice services compared to patients with lung cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Uncertainty about prognosis as well as doubts as to whether a traditional hospice model is suitable for patients with COPD&#44; may explain this difference&#44; although it should not impede access to hospice care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Timing and interveners in end-of-life communication</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent consensus recommends that EoL care should be available early during the course of the disease&#44; from when the patient becomes symptomatic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; contrary to this&#44; we found that most physicians discuss it during&#47;after a major exacerbation&#46; Another study also reported that discussions occur mainly in advanced stages of COPD&#44; that is when dyspnoea became severe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are more growing recommendations on the use of interdisciplinary health-care teams to ensure quality EoL care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; we found poor interdisciplinary work in our study&#46; Results were similar in the previously mentioned European survey&#44; which found that nurses were involved in 55&#46;9&#37;&#44; but only in a small minority of cases were opinions sought from other professionals&#46; In the same study&#44; patient&#39;s relatives were involved in discussion in only about half the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> We in turn&#44; found a better performance in terms of engaging the family&#44; although often without patient participation&#46; Interestingly&#44; our participants rarely reported modifying the information provided in order to influence decisions&#44; a phenomenon that was reported to commonly occur in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Obstacles in end-of-life communication</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most participants described the discussion of EoL issues as being difficult or very difficult&#44; which makes it essential to understand what the barriers are that physicians face&#44; especially the ones that can be modified&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in a previous study&#44; the feeling that patients may be unprepared to discuss these matters and the fear of taking away their hope&#44; were pointed out as major obstacles to communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Patient failure to understand COPD as a life-threatening disease and their will to concentrate on staying alive play an important role in this process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Cultural differences possibly have an influence as well&#46; In a European survey evaluating public preferences for self-involvement in EoL decision-making&#44; about 60&#37; of the Portuguese participants wanted to be involved&#44; which was less than the European mean &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> These barriers may be overcome with education about illness progression and encouragement to communicate&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other obstacles mentioned by our respondents have to do with organizational aspects&#44; namely lack of time&#44; lack of training and absence of protocols&#46; The lack of formal protocols to initiate EoL was also pointed out by Partridge et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Additionally&#44; educational practices are inadequate&#44; as revealed in a survey performed in the United States&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> These aspects represent important targets for intervention&#46; Each institution should develop policies to guide health staff in initiating the kind of EoL care that is feasible in their context&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Scientific societies&#44; in their turn&#44; are responsible for ensuring that there is appropriate education on EoL care in medical schools and for promoting continuous education among attendant health-care givers&#46; There is evidence that educational programmes and even smaller interventions result in measurable improvements in communication skills&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;28</span></a> Moreover&#44; our study demonstrates that Pulmonologists are interested in further education on this subject&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limited resources are a significant impediment to effective EoL care&#46; In Portugal&#44; the need for fiscal consolidation has led to major cuts in the financing of the health sector in recent years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Despite the National Program for Palliative Care which was created in 2010&#44; numbers show that resources &#40;regarding number of hospice care beds and the availability of domiciliary services&#41; are still far behind recommendations by the European Association for Palliative care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> These restrictions are recognized by Portuguese citizens&#44; who call for more hospital palliative care units and more palliative care access&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Evidence-based service development using existing resources may be part of the solution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to our results&#44; the particular characteristics of a physician do not seem to influence their ability to communicate on EoL issues&#44; which suggests that the barriers identified are transversal to different practice settings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Limitations and conclusions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has a number of potential limitations&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Curtis criterion to identify candidates for EoL discussion may be subject to criticism&#46; It is a presumptive criterion&#44; since it has not been proven that patients who are included die sooner or have more symptoms&#46; Other proposed criteria&#44; namely the CART and BODE scores&#44; both able to predict mortality in patients with COPD&#44; would be equally valid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#8211;33</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; we believe the former is more suitable for the purposes of this type of questionnaire&#44; since it includes a list of clinical characteristics&#44; which are easier to answer with a yes&#47;no response&#44; when mentally profiling the type of patients&#46; Whereas CART is a tree-algorithm and BODE requires a numeric grading of each variable&#44; both of which cases would make this process more difficult&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning the use of opioids in the treatment of dyspnoea&#44; we retrospectively realized that the question should have been put in a more objective way&#46; Since current recommendations to treat dyspnoea include a multimodal approach&#44; we recognize that the way the question was phrased may not reveal the true scale of opioids use for this purpose&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recognize that our participation rate was low&#46; However&#44; our universe included an unknown number of retired physicians&#44; who were asked not to answer the questionnaire&#44; and thus underestimated the overall response rate&#46; Also&#44; the choosing to use a web platform to perform the survey&#44; may have influenced the response rate and the profile of the respondents&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another obvious limitation is that the self-reported information may not reflect what Pulmonologists actually do in practice&#46; Future studies should find ways of quantifying EoL communication more objectively&#44; while recognizing that research in this area is hampered by important ethical and methodological challenges&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our study demonstrated that our palliative care and EoL communication are a long way from being from what they should be&#46; Awareness&#44; training in this field and the creation of formal protocols have been identified as major areas for improvement&#44; and should be encouraged&#46; Future studies should focus on developing and testing the effectiveness of practical strategies to improve EoL communication and palliative care in COPD&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study received sufficient information and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Obstacles in end-of-life communication"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-01-11"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "COPD"
            1 => "Palliative care"
            2 => "End-of-life"
            3 => "Communication"
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        0 => array:4 [
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
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            1 => "Cuidados paliativos"
            2 => "Fim de vida"
            3 => "Comunica&#231;&#227;o"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">End-of-life &#40;EoL&#41; care is a major component in the management of patients with advanced COPD&#46; Patient-physician communication is essential in this process&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aim</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the practice of Portuguese Pulmonologists in EoL communication and palliative care in COPD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An on-line survey was sent to physicians affiliated to the Portuguese Pneumology Society&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We obtained 136 answers from 464 eligible participants &#40;29&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; About half of the physicians reported that they have rarely introduced EoL discussions with their COPD patients &#40;48&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Most had never&#47;rarely suggested decision-making on the use of invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Discussions were described as occurring mostly during&#47;after a major exacerbation &#40;53&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 37&#46;5&#37; of participants reported treating dyspnoea with opioids frequently&#47;always&#46; Only 9&#46;6&#37; stated that they never&#47;rarely treated anxiety&#47;depression&#46; Most participants perceive the discussion of EoL issues as being difficult&#47;very difficult &#40;89&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; The reasons most frequently given were feeling that patients were not prepared for this discussion &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; fear of taking away a patient&#39;s hope &#40;58&#46;0&#37;&#41; and lack of training &#40;51&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient and medical staff EoL communication in COPD is still not good enough&#46; Training in this area and the creation of formal protocols to initiate EoL have been identified as major factors for improvement&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os cuidados terminais &#40;EoL&#41; s&#227;o um componente importante do tratamento de doentes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#243;nica &#40;DPOC&#41; avan&#231;ada&#46; A comunica&#231;&#227;o entre o doente e o m&#233;dico &#233; fundamental neste processo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a pr&#225;tica dos pneumologistas portugueses na comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre o fim de vida e os cuidados paliativos na DPOC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi enviado um inqu&#233;rito online para os m&#233;dicos s&#243;cios da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recebemos 136 respostas dos 464 participantes eleg&#237;veis &#40;29&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Cerca de metade dos m&#233;dicos indicaram que raramente iniciaram conversas sobre o fim de vida com os seus doentes com DPOC &#40;48&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; A maioria nunca&#47;raramente sugeriram a toma de decis&#227;o sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva &#40;68&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; As conversas foram descritas como ocorrendo&#44; na sua maioria&#44; durante&#47;ap&#243;s uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o grave &#40;53&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Apenas 37&#44;5&#37; dos participantes indicaram tratar a dispneia frequentemente&#47;sempre com opi&#225;ceos&#46; Apenas 9&#44;6&#37; indicaram que nunca&#47;raramente trataram a ansiedade&#47;depress&#227;o&#46; A maioria dos participantes considerou a conversa sobre quest&#245;es de fim de vida como sendo dif&#237;cil&#47;muito dif&#237;cil &#40;89&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46; Os motivos mais frequentemente indicados foram a sensa&#231;&#227;o de que os doentes n&#227;o estavam preparados para essa conversa &#40;70&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; medo de tirar a esperan&#231;a aos doentes &#40;58&#44;0&#37;&#41; e falta de forma&#231;&#227;o &#40;51&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre o fim de vida entre o doente e os m&#233;dicos na DPOC ainda n&#227;o &#233; suficientemente boa&#46; A forma&#231;&#227;o nesta &#225;rea e a cria&#231;&#227;o de protocolos formais para iniciar os cuidados em fim de vida foram identificados como fatores importantes a melhorar&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">This study was performed at&#58; Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte&#44; EPE - Hospital Pulido Valente&#44; Lisbon&#44; Portugal&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41; or mean &#40;&#177;standard deviation&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#59; COPD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;0 &#40;&#177;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender&#58; female</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83 &#40;61&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Religious beliefs</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Believers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83 &#40;61&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-believers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8220;I prefer not to answer&#8221;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;14&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Years of practice</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;19&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;19&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#8211;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of institution</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;39&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;52&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primary health-care unit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private medical clinic&#47;office&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;6&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Region of the country</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>North&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;28&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Centre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lisboa and Vale do Tejo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67 &#40;49&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alentejo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Algarve&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Madeira and A&#231;ores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of COPD patients treated in the last year</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#8211;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;52&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of COPD patients treated in the last year with 2 or more of the Curtis¿ criteria</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74 &#40;54&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#8211;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47 &#40;36&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of EoL articles read in the last 6 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;41&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#8211;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;6&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of post-graduate courses on EoL attended</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;50&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49 &#40;36&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#8211;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participant characteristics&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Never&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rarely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Always&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often treated</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyspnoea &#40;namely using opioids&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41 &#40;30&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pain &#40;namely using opioids&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;8&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anxiety&#47;depression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64 &#40;47&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50 &#40;36&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;6&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Palliation of symptoms&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Never&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rarely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Always&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often started by own initiative a EoL discussion</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66 &#40;48&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often discussed</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>The evolution of the disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;40&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Life expectancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>How death can be&#47;related suffering&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;27&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;39&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patient&#39;s spiritual or religious beliefs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;39&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often suggested patients to make decisions about</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Invasive mechanical ventilation&#47;intubation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;39&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;19&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;38&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Place of death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;17&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often suggested the elaboration of a written in advance directive &#40;living will&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">109 &#40;80&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often referred to hospice care</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41 &#40;30&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Never&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rarely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Always&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often included other interveners in EoL discussion</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other physicians&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nurses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physiotherapists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;41&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psychologists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Social workers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Religious advisor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83 &#40;61&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patient&#39;s caregiver&#47;family&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;33&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often discussed EoL issues only with caregivers&#47;family&#44; and excluded the patient</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often changed the information given to patients or their caregivers&#47;family in order to influence decision</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87 &#40;64&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;27&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How often decided on EoL only with health professionals&#44; without including patients or their caregivers&#47;family</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;39&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&#59; EoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>end-of-life&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Feel that patients are not prepared to discuss these issues&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95 &#40;69&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fear of taking away patients&#8217; hope&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78 &#40;57&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lack of training in this area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70 &#40;51&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lack of support&#47;organization in the work institution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;38&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lack of time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;38&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Difficulty in predicting progression of patient&#39;s disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48 &#40;35&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fear of legal repercussions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obstacles to EoL communication&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
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Article information
ISSN: 21735115
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.01.005
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