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exclusion of other disorders or conditions as major reason for organ damage&#46; HES subtypes have been defined&#59; these include &#40;1&#41; idiopathic HES&#44; &#40;2&#41; primary &#40;neoplastic&#41; HES&#44; &#40;3&#41; secondary &#40;reactive&#41; HES&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We here report a case of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome successfully treated with imatinib&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A forty-six-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of itching&#44; cough&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and stomach pain&#46; The symptoms had increased over the last six months&#46; He had a history of chronic smoking &#40;30 pack-years&#41;&#46; There was no history of any drug use&#46; Admission blood pressure&#58; 110&#47;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; respiratory rate 20&#47;min&#59; pulse 95&#47;min&#59; saturation in room air was found to be 95&#37;&#46; Breath sounds were bilaterally decreased&#46; Widely excoriated itchy lesions were present&#46; There was tenderness in the epigastric region&#46; Blood eosinophil rate was 55&#46;4&#37; &#40;9880&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46; Parasite stool examination and serologic tests were negative&#46; A mild obstructive pattern was present in the pulmonary function test&#46; However&#44; the patient did not benefit from treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids&#47;&#946;2 agonists&#46; Laboratory tests showed no significant alterations except increased vitamin B12&#58; 1081<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml &#40;reference range&#58; 111&#8211;663<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; and total IgE&#58; 194<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;ml &#40;reference range&#58; &#60;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;ml&#41; autoimmunity work-up was negative&#46; Troponin T and echocardiography were normal&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Centrilobular ground-glass nodules were found to be more prominent in the upper lobes of the lungs in thorax computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1a</a>&#41;&#46; Abdominal CT and ultrasonography were found to be normal&#46; Endoscopic biopsy for stomach pain was reported as eosinophilic gastritis&#46; Eosinophilic infiltration was observed on transbronchial lung biopsy&#46; Numerous eosinophilic granulocytes &#40;40&#37;&#41; were observed in bone marrow biopsy without increased blast cells&#46; A prominent mast cell population was not observed&#46; There was no malignant infiltration&#46; FIPLI-PDGFR&#945; mutation&#44; JAK-2 mutation and Philadelphia chromosome were also found to be negative&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case&#44; differential diagnosis was performed for primary &#40;hematopoietic neoplasms with HE&#41; and secondary HES&#44; &#40;helminth infections&#44; allergic reactions&#44; atopic diseases&#44; drug reactions &#40;allergic or toxic&#41;&#44; Hodgkin disease&#44; B- or T-cell lymphoma&#47;leukemia&#44; Langerhans cell histiocytosis&#44; indolent systemic mastocytosis&#44; solid tumors&#47;malignancy&#44; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis&#44; chronic inflammatory disorders&#44; autoimmune diseases and lymphoid variant of HES&#41;&#44; organ-restricted conditions accompanied by HE &#40;eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders&#44; eosinophilic pneumonia&#44; dermatologic diseases&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and specific syndromes accompanied by HE &#40;Gleich syndrome&#44; Churg-Strauss syndrome&#44; eosinophilia myalgia syndrome&#44; Hyper-IgE syndrome&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> The patient was diagnosed with idiopatic HES after exclusion of all primary and secondary causes and exclusion of other conditions and syndromes&#46; The patient was started on imatinib mesylate therapy with 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day because he did not respond to corticosteroids &#40;CS&#41; and hydroxyurea therapy&#46; The treatment was reduced to a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg in the third month of treatment due to normalization of eosinophil levels and disappearance of all complaints&#46; The ground-glass nodules disappeared after 1 year of imatinib treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 1b</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CS have been used for decades in the treatment of HES&#44; with the exception of PDGFR-&#945; associated HES&#46; A number of cytotoxic therapies have been used for the management of corticosteroid-refractory HES&#46; Of these&#44; hydroxyurea has been the most extensively studied&#46; However&#44; the utility of hydroxyurea monotherapy is limited in the treatment of HES&#46; Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against several receptor tyrosine kinases&#44; including the fusion kinase FIP1L1&#47;PDGFR-&#945;&#44; which is responsible for PDGFR-&#945;-associated HES&#46; The utility of imatinib therapy in hypereosinophilic patients without a demonstrable FIP1L1&#47;PDGFR-&#945; mutation remains controversial&#44; although some patients have demonstrated a response&#46; In such cases&#44; imatinib could be prescribed as second-line treatment&#44; after demonstration of complete resistance to CS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; idiopatic HES is an exclusion diagnosis&#46; Therefore&#44; a wide differential diagnosis is required&#46; Imatinib should be reserved for corticosteroid nonresponders cases with idiopatic HES&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Response to imatinib in patient with corticosteroid-unresponsive idiopatic hypereosinophilic syndrome
I. Yilmaza,
Corresponding author
insu2004@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, L. Kaynarb, N. Tutard, C. Palab, O. Canozc, H. Buyukogland, I. Gulmezd
a Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Kayseri, Turkey
b Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Turkey
c Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Turkey
d Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Turkey
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypereosinophilia &#40;HE&#41; is defined as peripheral blood eosinophils &#62;1&#46;5 eosinophils<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L blood on 2 examinations and&#47;or tissue HE defined by the following&#58; &#40;1&#41; the percentage of eosinophils in the bone marrow section exceeds 20&#37; of all nucleated cells and&#47;or &#40;2&#41; the pathologist is of the opinion that tissue infiltration by eosinophils is extensive and&#47;or &#40;3&#41; marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins is found &#40;in the absence or presence of major tissue infiltration by eosinophils&#41;&#46; Hypereosinophilic syndrome &#40;HES&#41; is defined by the following&#58; &#40;1&#41; criteria for peripheral blood hypereosiniphilia &#40;HE&#41; fulfilled and &#40;2&#41; organ damage and&#47;or dysfunction attributable to tissue HE and &#40;3&#41; exclusion of other disorders or conditions as major reason for organ damage&#46; HES subtypes have been defined&#59; these include &#40;1&#41; idiopathic HES&#44; &#40;2&#41; primary &#40;neoplastic&#41; HES&#44; &#40;3&#41; secondary &#40;reactive&#41; HES&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We here report a case of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome successfully treated with imatinib&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A forty-six-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of itching&#44; cough&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and stomach pain&#46; The symptoms had increased over the last six months&#46; He had a history of chronic smoking &#40;30 pack-years&#41;&#46; There was no history of any drug use&#46; Admission blood pressure&#58; 110&#47;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; respiratory rate 20&#47;min&#59; pulse 95&#47;min&#59; saturation in room air was found to be 95&#37;&#46; Breath sounds were bilaterally decreased&#46; Widely excoriated itchy lesions were present&#46; There was tenderness in the epigastric region&#46; Blood eosinophil rate was 55&#46;4&#37; &#40;9880&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46; Parasite stool examination and serologic tests were negative&#46; A mild obstructive pattern was present in the pulmonary function test&#46; However&#44; the patient did not benefit from treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids&#47;&#946;2 agonists&#46; Laboratory tests showed no significant alterations except increased vitamin B12&#58; 1081<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml &#40;reference range&#58; 111&#8211;663<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; and total IgE&#58; 194<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;ml &#40;reference range&#58; &#60;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;ml&#41; autoimmunity work-up was negative&#46; Troponin T and echocardiography were normal&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Centrilobular ground-glass nodules were found to be more prominent in the upper lobes of the lungs in thorax computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1a</a>&#41;&#46; Abdominal CT and ultrasonography were found to be normal&#46; Endoscopic biopsy for stomach pain was reported as eosinophilic gastritis&#46; Eosinophilic infiltration was observed on transbronchial lung biopsy&#46; Numerous eosinophilic granulocytes &#40;40&#37;&#41; were observed in bone marrow biopsy without increased blast cells&#46; A prominent mast cell population was not observed&#46; There was no malignant infiltration&#46; FIPLI-PDGFR&#945; mutation&#44; JAK-2 mutation and Philadelphia chromosome were also found to be negative&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case&#44; differential diagnosis was performed for primary &#40;hematopoietic neoplasms with HE&#41; and secondary HES&#44; &#40;helminth infections&#44; allergic reactions&#44; atopic diseases&#44; drug reactions &#40;allergic or toxic&#41;&#44; Hodgkin disease&#44; B- or T-cell lymphoma&#47;leukemia&#44; Langerhans cell histiocytosis&#44; indolent systemic mastocytosis&#44; solid tumors&#47;malignancy&#44; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis&#44; chronic inflammatory disorders&#44; autoimmune diseases and lymphoid variant of HES&#41;&#44; organ-restricted conditions accompanied by HE &#40;eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders&#44; eosinophilic pneumonia&#44; dermatologic diseases&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and specific syndromes accompanied by HE &#40;Gleich syndrome&#44; Churg-Strauss syndrome&#44; eosinophilia myalgia syndrome&#44; Hyper-IgE syndrome&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> The patient was diagnosed with idiopatic HES after exclusion of all primary and secondary causes and exclusion of other conditions and syndromes&#46; The patient was started on imatinib mesylate therapy with 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day because he did not respond to corticosteroids &#40;CS&#41; and hydroxyurea therapy&#46; The treatment was reduced to a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg in the third month of treatment due to normalization of eosinophil levels and disappearance of all complaints&#46; The ground-glass nodules disappeared after 1 year of imatinib treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 1b</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CS have been used for decades in the treatment of HES&#44; with the exception of PDGFR-&#945; associated HES&#46; A number of cytotoxic therapies have been used for the management of corticosteroid-refractory HES&#46; Of these&#44; hydroxyurea has been the most extensively studied&#46; However&#44; the utility of hydroxyurea monotherapy is limited in the treatment of HES&#46; Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against several receptor tyrosine kinases&#44; including the fusion kinase FIP1L1&#47;PDGFR-&#945;&#44; which is responsible for PDGFR-&#945;-associated HES&#46; The utility of imatinib therapy in hypereosinophilic patients without a demonstrable FIP1L1&#47;PDGFR-&#945; mutation remains controversial&#44; although some patients have demonstrated a response&#46; In such cases&#44; imatinib could be prescribed as second-line treatment&#44; after demonstration of complete resistance to CS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; idiopatic HES is an exclusion diagnosis&#46; Therefore&#44; a wide differential diagnosis is required&#46; Imatinib should be reserved for corticosteroid nonresponders cases with idiopatic HES&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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