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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD is the most common chronic respiratory disease&#46; Today it is the 4th highest cause of death worldwide and therefore it should always be considered when a patient has chronic dyspnea&#44; cough with or without sputum production&#44; and a history of exposure to risk factors&#46; The diagnosis always requires a spirometry and the ratio FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;or FEV1&#47;VC&#41; is what is normally accepted as the index that defines airway obstruction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible is defined by the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;GOLD&#41; as a post-bronchodilator FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#44; and by the ATS&#47;ERS Task Force position paper<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> as a ratio &#8804;0&#46;7&#46; However&#44; this diagnostic criterion has been increasingly questioned&#46; Although simpler and easier to use in primary care settings worldwide&#44; some authors have claimed that it can miss the diagnosis in younger&#44; predominantly female individuals where an early diagnosis brings the greatest benefit&#44; and can lead to over-diagnosis of COPD in older men&#44; missing a heart disease diagnosis&#44; or even an asthma diagnosis&#44; which require a different approach&#46; So&#44; they argue that the lower limit of normal &#40;LLN&#41; criterion &#40;FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LLN&#41; should be used instead&#46; Some authors also propose a low FEV1&#47;FVC ratio in any criteria&#44; coupled with a FEV1 &#60;0&#46;8 of the predicted value&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In fact&#44; there is currently no consensus about the best criteria to be used in COPD&#46; In 2010&#44; 150 international experts and 12 international organizations asked GOLD to change its definition of airflow obstruction to LLN criterion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and&#44; in relation to the use of LLN&#44; a recent editorial in the ERJ stresses the need to improve the diagnosis of early COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The goals of the treatment are symptomatic improvement and prevention of disease progression and exacerbations&#46; The high mortality of COPD is mainly due to exacerbations requiring hospitalization&#46; Exacerbations are in COPD what myocardial infarctions are in coronary artery disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#58; acute&#44; disease modifying&#44; causing high mortality during hospitalization and in the first year after discharge&#44; and decreased quality of life&#46; At present there is neither a good definition nor an agreed classification of exacerbation&#46; Some authors propose 3 levels of exacerbation&#59; home treated&#44; requiring hospitalization and leading to respiratory failure&#46; Others suggest a mild level&#44; requiring no change in treatment or only short-acting bronchodilators&#44; a moderate level&#44; requiring systemic corticosteroids&#47;antibiotics and a severe level&#44; requiring hospitalization&#46; In addition&#44; the usual definition of exacerbation as an event characterized by a change in the patient&#39;s baseline dyspnea&#44; cough or sputum beyond day-to-day variability&#44; that needs a change in medication&#44; is difficult to use in clinical practice and other definitions are needed&#44; for operational reasons&#44; such as clinical trials&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For therapeutic success in COPD an appropriate therapy is essential&#44; combined with a good level of adherence and correct inhalation technique&#46; Although the clinical and scientific bases of some guidelines are now increasingly debatable&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> they represent a standard of care&#44; allowing us to find answers in Evidence Based Medicine and therefore cannot be ignored&#46; However there are numerous other factors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> relating to the patients themselves or to the doctor&#8211;patient relationship&#44; which determine the therapeutic efficacy&#58; the patient is unaware of the nature of COPD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> plays down symptoms and the severity of the disease&#44; and a set of socio-cultural beliefs or concepts seem to persist in relation to inhaled medication&#44; which can constitute poor adherence factors&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rand CS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> did an exhaustive review of the literature with regard to adherence to therapy in patients with COPD&#44; and concluded that the clinical evidence on this topic is not very robust&#44; in fact it seems very poor&#44; and more influenced by the beliefs of patients about the medicines&#44; than by disease severity or demographic factors&#46; Bryant and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> consider that knowledge about adherence to treatment&#44; and its improvement is critical in the treatment of patients with COPD&#46; But if adherence is a difficult concept to define&#44; it is even more difficult to measure&#44; because there is no &#8220;best way&#8221;&#46; As well as inadequate knowledge about adherence&#44; little is known regarding the patient&#39;s beliefs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> about medicines&#44; in COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic success is also dependent on a good inhaler technique&#44; but we do not know how the patient uses the delivery devices&#44; nor is there a &#8220;best method&#8221; for assessing the inhalation technique&#44; and there is little evidence about the choice of the optimal delivery method or device for each patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; in clinical practice&#44; knowing the best medical evidence&#44; although mandatory&#44; is currently not enough&#44; and we have to focus heavily on patient education&#44; with respect to illness and treatment&#44; and participation in clinical decisions&#44; allowing for patients&#8217; perspectives&#44; their medicine and inhalation device preferences&#44; and also their disease and therapeutic related beliefs&#46; We also need to know the physical and emotional needs of the patients&#44; and to treat the comorbid conditions&#44; in order to achieve a better control of COPD&#46; For this purpose&#44; we emphasize the key role of the patient&#39;s family or caregivers&#44; and the importance of a multidisciplinary team in patient-centered medicine&#46; More than the diagnosis and treatment&#44; patient centered COPD care involves working with the patient to provide the best care possible and improvement in their quality of life&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
COPD: Evidence-based medicine or the patient-centered medicine?
A. Araújo
Respiratory Department, CHAA, Guimarães, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD is the most common chronic respiratory disease&#46; Today it is the 4th highest cause of death worldwide and therefore it should always be considered when a patient has chronic dyspnea&#44; cough with or without sputum production&#44; and a history of exposure to risk factors&#46; The diagnosis always requires a spirometry and the ratio FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;or FEV1&#47;VC&#41; is what is normally accepted as the index that defines airway obstruction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible is defined by the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;GOLD&#41; as a post-bronchodilator FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#44; and by the ATS&#47;ERS Task Force position paper<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> as a ratio &#8804;0&#46;7&#46; However&#44; this diagnostic criterion has been increasingly questioned&#46; Although simpler and easier to use in primary care settings worldwide&#44; some authors have claimed that it can miss the diagnosis in younger&#44; predominantly female individuals where an early diagnosis brings the greatest benefit&#44; and can lead to over-diagnosis of COPD in older men&#44; missing a heart disease diagnosis&#44; or even an asthma diagnosis&#44; which require a different approach&#46; So&#44; they argue that the lower limit of normal &#40;LLN&#41; criterion &#40;FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LLN&#41; should be used instead&#46; Some authors also propose a low FEV1&#47;FVC ratio in any criteria&#44; coupled with a FEV1 &#60;0&#46;8 of the predicted value&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In fact&#44; there is currently no consensus about the best criteria to be used in COPD&#46; In 2010&#44; 150 international experts and 12 international organizations asked GOLD to change its definition of airflow obstruction to LLN criterion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and&#44; in relation to the use of LLN&#44; a recent editorial in the ERJ stresses the need to improve the diagnosis of early COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The goals of the treatment are symptomatic improvement and prevention of disease progression and exacerbations&#46; The high mortality of COPD is mainly due to exacerbations requiring hospitalization&#46; Exacerbations are in COPD what myocardial infarctions are in coronary artery disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#58; acute&#44; disease modifying&#44; causing high mortality during hospitalization and in the first year after discharge&#44; and decreased quality of life&#46; At present there is neither a good definition nor an agreed classification of exacerbation&#46; Some authors propose 3 levels of exacerbation&#59; home treated&#44; requiring hospitalization and leading to respiratory failure&#46; Others suggest a mild level&#44; requiring no change in treatment or only short-acting bronchodilators&#44; a moderate level&#44; requiring systemic corticosteroids&#47;antibiotics and a severe level&#44; requiring hospitalization&#46; In addition&#44; the usual definition of exacerbation as an event characterized by a change in the patient&#39;s baseline dyspnea&#44; cough or sputum beyond day-to-day variability&#44; that needs a change in medication&#44; is difficult to use in clinical practice and other definitions are needed&#44; for operational reasons&#44; such as clinical trials&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For therapeutic success in COPD an appropriate therapy is essential&#44; combined with a good level of adherence and correct inhalation technique&#46; Although the clinical and scientific bases of some guidelines are now increasingly debatable&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> they represent a standard of care&#44; allowing us to find answers in Evidence Based Medicine and therefore cannot be ignored&#46; However there are numerous other factors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> relating to the patients themselves or to the doctor&#8211;patient relationship&#44; which determine the therapeutic efficacy&#58; the patient is unaware of the nature of COPD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> plays down symptoms and the severity of the disease&#44; and a set of socio-cultural beliefs or concepts seem to persist in relation to inhaled medication&#44; which can constitute poor adherence factors&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rand CS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> did an exhaustive review of the literature with regard to adherence to therapy in patients with COPD&#44; and concluded that the clinical evidence on this topic is not very robust&#44; in fact it seems very poor&#44; and more influenced by the beliefs of patients about the medicines&#44; than by disease severity or demographic factors&#46; Bryant and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> consider that knowledge about adherence to treatment&#44; and its improvement is critical in the treatment of patients with COPD&#46; But if adherence is a difficult concept to define&#44; it is even more difficult to measure&#44; because there is no &#8220;best way&#8221;&#46; As well as inadequate knowledge about adherence&#44; little is known regarding the patient&#39;s beliefs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> about medicines&#44; in COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic success is also dependent on a good inhaler technique&#44; but we do not know how the patient uses the delivery devices&#44; nor is there a &#8220;best method&#8221; for assessing the inhalation technique&#44; and there is little evidence about the choice of the optimal delivery method or device for each patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; in clinical practice&#44; knowing the best medical evidence&#44; although mandatory&#44; is currently not enough&#44; and we have to focus heavily on patient education&#44; with respect to illness and treatment&#44; and participation in clinical decisions&#44; allowing for patients&#8217; perspectives&#44; their medicine and inhalation device preferences&#44; and also their disease and therapeutic related beliefs&#46; We also need to know the physical and emotional needs of the patients&#44; and to treat the comorbid conditions&#44; in order to achieve a better control of COPD&#46; For this purpose&#44; we emphasize the key role of the patient&#39;s family or caregivers&#44; and the importance of a multidisciplinary team in patient-centered medicine&#46; More than the diagnosis and treatment&#44; patient centered COPD care involves working with the patient to provide the best care possible and improvement in their quality of life&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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