Original article
Superior lung capacity in swimmers: Some questions, more answers!
B. Lazovic-Popovica,g,
, M. Zlatkovic-Svendab, T. Durmicc,g, M. Djelicd,g, S. Djordjevic Saranovice, V. Zugicf,g
Corresponding author
a University Clinical Hospital Center “Zemun”, Belgrade, Serbia
b Institute of Rheumatology, University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
c Institute of Forensic Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
d Institute of Medical Physiology, Belgrade, Serbia
e Serbian Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
f Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
g School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "151" "paginaFinal" => "156" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "B. Lazovic-Popovic, M. Zlatkovic-Svenda, T. Durmic, M. Djelic, S. Djordjevic Saranovic, V. Zugic" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Lazovic-Popovic" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lazovic.biljana@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Zlatkovic-Svenda" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "T." 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"apellidos" => "Zugic" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University Clinical Hospital Center “Zemun”, Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institute of Rheumatology, University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institute of Forensic Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institute of Medical Physiology, Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serbian Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at:" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Better function of every system in the human body is achieved by regular exercise. Muscular strength in general (including respiratory muscles) is developed by systematic training, so it is assumed that it has a positive effect on the lung function. Recent studies have shown that athletes have larger capacity of the respiratory system when compared to their age-matched sedentary controls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It was also observed that some particular sport disciplines improve the lung function better than others, these include swimming, and, as recently reported, basketball, water polo and rowing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> Swimmers also achieve larger lung volumes and higher functional cardiorespiratory system capacity compared to other athletes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> However, the impact of swimming (as a specific type of sport) on the development of the lung function has not yet been clearly established.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aerobic exercise enables efficientt lung oxygen uptake, making the lungs work effectively by activating large muscle groups and raising the heart rate. In addition, swimmers perform strenuous underwater exercise holding their breath for prolonged periods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Respiratory muscles, including swimmer's diaphragm, are required to develop higher pressure, resulting from water immersion during the respiratory cycle, leading to functional strengthening of the muscles, as well as improvement in the chest wall elasticity, resulting in higher level of the lung function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6</span></a> However, the possibility that hereditary factors may have an influence on the larger lung volumes in swimmers cannot be ruled out. Recent studies have shown that swimmers present larger lungs, which could not be attributed to changes in height, fat free mass, maximal respiratory mouth pressures, alveolar distensibility, age at start of training, years of training, training time per week, distance per session, sternal length, or chest depth at total lung capacity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the land-based sport activities, respiratory system is not usually considered to be a limitation factor for physical activity, but no extensive studies have been conducted to approve or rebut this statement in general.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spirometry is the crucial respiratory function assessment test, as a standardized and reproducible method for estimating the respiratory mechanism and pulmonary ventilation. Spirometric values determined in athletes usually refer to standards (i.e. standardized predicted values) for the average population of healthy subjects, as recommended by international organizations, such as the European Respiration Society (ERS), European Commonwealth of Coal and Steel (ECCS) or the American Thoracic Society (ATS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first aim of this study was to compare lung volumes in elite athletes, e.g. swimmers (representing water-based sport activity) and football players (representing land-based sport activity) and their age- and sex-matched sedentary controls; the second aim was to examine whether the training factors have an influence on the pulmonary function in swimmers in controlling anthropometric features.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Participants</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three hundred and nine elite athletes (thirty eight swimmers) and one hundred age- and sex- matched sedentary controls were included in the study. An elite athlete was defined as a male athlete participating in international competitive tournaments, with at least a five year history of active playing and with at least 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of training per week. Sedentary controls were medical students, conditioned to not being connected with any particular sport activity and with no regular exercise program.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data concerning age at the beginning of training, training period (years) and weekly amount of personal training (hours) were recorded. Each athlete's personal training was assessed as the number of training sessions per week and hours per session, as obtained by questionnaire and interview and presented as total hours of weekly personal training.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criterion was any kind of pulmonary disease. All tests were performed in laboratory settings with the same instruments and techniques.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Measurement</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spirometry was performed using the (Turninac, Pneumotah) Pony FX (Cosmed Pulmonary Function Equipment, Italy). Subjects underwent the test in a sitting position, wearing a nose clip. After a maximal inhalation, they sealed their lips around the mouthpiece and exhaled as hard and as fast as possible. They were encouraged to continue exhaling for at least six seconds so that forced expiratory volume for one second (FEV1) and FVC could be measured. Tests were repeated three to five times until the two highest recorded values-forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1-varied by less than 3%. Direct measurements included FVC (liters), FEV1 (liters), and peak expiratory flow-PEF (liters/second). The forced expiratory ratio (FEV1/FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100) was also calculated (%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> All of the above measurements were carried out under standard environmental conditions, by continuously measuring the temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure which enabled comfort temperature (between 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C), the atmospheric pressure of 760<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg, and a relative atmospheric humidity of 30 to 60%.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body mass (kg; Seca 761 scales, ±0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg; Seca Co., Germany) and body height (m; Cranlea JP60 portable stadiometer, +0.001<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m; Cranlea & Co) were measured using standardized anthropometric techniques. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all participants as the ratio of body mass (kilograms) divided by the body height (meters) squared. The body fat percentage (BF %) was measured using the bioimpedance segmental body composition analyzer (BC-418 Segmental Body Composition Analyzer, Tanita, IL, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board for medical ethics and complied with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary test results were presented by descriptive methods of statistics, as measured values (liters) and as values calculated in relation to the predicted values (percentages). Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to pre-test data distribution. Kruskal–Wallis one way ANOVA test was used to evaluate differences among groups; Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used for the inter-group differences. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine correlation between anthropometric features and the measured pulmonary function indices. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to determine the effects of training (evaluated separately according to age at the beginning of training, training period and weekly amount of personal training) on the respiratory function indices in swimmers, when controlled for anthropometric features (height and weight). The level of significance was set at 95% (one star) and 99% (two stars) for all statistical analyses, using SPSS 20.0.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age at the beginning of training was 9.4 (2.6) for swimmers and 8.4 (2.1) for football players, which significantly differed (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.035). Training period was 12.8 (3.0) years for swimmers and 11.9 (3.9) years for football players with no statistical difference. The amount of personal training was 22.0 (7.9) and 21.1 (5.2)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h per week for swimmers and football players, respectively (with no significant difference).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient characteristics are given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Groups did not differ in relation to age and body fat. Both groups of athletes were significantly taller and weighed more than the control group. Among athletes, swimmers were taller and heavier than the football players. Athletes did not differ in BMI, but controls had higher BMI than the football players.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean values of the measured spirometric indices are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. Both groups of athletes had significantly higher values of the VC, FVC and FEV1 (measured in liters) than the control group. Swimmers had higher values for all of the mentioned indices in comparison to football players. The FEV1/FVC ratio was statistically higher in swimmers compared to both the football players and the control group. There was no difference in measured values of PEF and MVV in the examined groups.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measuring the percentage of the predicted spirometric values, swimmers had statistically higher values of VC, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, compared to both the football players and the controls, as the latter two showed no in-between differences in the above mentioned parameters.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was significant positive correlation for each of the following anthropometric features: age, body weight and body height and each of the following pulmonary parameters: VC, FVC, FEV1 and PEF when evaluated separately for swimmers, football players and the control group. Age, body weight and body height also positively correlated with MVV in footballers and controls, but not in the group of swimmers. On the other hand, negative correlation was found between FEV1/FVC and age, body weight and body height for each of the three investigated groups.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of training factors on the pulmonary function indices in swimmers, when controlled for the anthropometric features, is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. Levene's test was used to pretest homogeneity of the variance and showed that the error variance of the dependent variable was equal across groups. The ANCOVA interaction test was run afterwards, showing that there was no training effect by anthropometric features on pulmonar capacity. Finally, the ANCOVA main test was used to evaluate the influence of training on the pulmonary function indices when controlled for the anthropometric features and showed that there was no influence of any of the following training factors: period of time, age at the beginning of training and weekly amount of personal training on the percentage of the predicted spirometric values: VC, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in swimmers.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Higher volumes of VC, FVC and FEV1 were found in swimmers compared to both the football players and the control group (measured in liters and in percentages). The results of the present study support the previously published work which showed increased lung volumes in swimmers compared to land based sport disciplines and sedentary controls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,12,13</span></a> In our study, higher lung volumes were found in football players compared to their sedentary counterparts when measured in liters, but no difference was observed in percentages. The present study supports the idea that physical training has a positive impact on the lung ventilatory function, as reported by other studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,14,15</span></a> The next question is whether larger lung volumes and capacities in athletes are due to their previously determined anthropometric features (height and weight), or due to training.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was previously reported that swimmers tend to be taller and to have higher bi-acromial breadths than their peers with the same body weight.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Indeed, the swimmers in our study were taller and heavier than both football players and controls, and had greater lung volumes, accordingly. Anthropometric features could have provided advantages in numerous training techniques, leading to strengthening of the respiratory muscles and improving the lung function in swimmers, in addition to swimming itself.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> So, the question arises as to whether larger lung volumes in swimmers are due to their genetics or are developed by training.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a> Prior studies reported that swimmer's anthropometric characteristics are mostly influenced by their genetic inheritance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This is likely to be true, bearing in mind the possibility that swimmers perform better and succeed in this specific type of sport simply because they are positively selected, because they were born with appropriate characteristics.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study adds to positive correlation between anthropometric features and respiratory function parameters, as was shown in each of our three investigated groups. Excluding the influence of anthropometric indices, we have found that training factors (training period, age at the beginning of training and weekly amount of personal training) did not influence the lung volumes in swimmers. Furthermore, despite the fact that football players started with intensive training earlier than swimmers (at age of 8.4 vs 9.4), percentages of their lung volumes were lower than that of swimmers and did not differ from the control group.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides age, sex, race, height and weight, pulmonary function depends on numerous factors in physically normal individuals: the balance between lung recoil and chest elasticity, (determining the mid-position at the end of spontaneous expiration and the coordinated neuro-muscular function to maintenance the effort); strength of the thoracic and abdominal muscles, individual posture and lung elasticity. Unlike other sports, swimming activates the whole body system muscles, with excessive usage of the chest wall and abdominal muscles, characterized by periods of prolonged holding the breath causing intermittent hypoxia, as a result of the specific way of training. Swimming also differs from other sport disciplines in numerous ways; it is performed in the horizontal position compared to the other sports’ vertical posture, external pressure is higher because the density of the surrounding medium is higher than that of air; and also the water heat conduction is higher than that of air.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20–23</span></a></p><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elite swimmers had larger lung volumes and were taller and heavier when compared to football players and the control group. Lung volumes in land-based activities (football players) and sedentary controls did not differ. Influence of age, height and weight on the lung function was positive for both groups of athletes and the control, sedentary group. According to the present study, when controlled for the anthropometric features, lung volumes in swimmers cannot be explained by training period, age at the beginning of training or weekly amount of personal training. Therefore, larger lung volumes in swimmers could be attributed to their genetic predisposition, or to a special way of training, which is a specific way of breathing, specific training position or the specific surrounding medium.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study limitations</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study involved only males subjects. In Serbia, there are only 38 elite swimmers who compete at an international level.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres669193" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aim" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results and conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec675625" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Measurement" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical approval" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Study limitations" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-07-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-11-09" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec675625" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Elite athletes" 1 => "Intensive training" 2 => "Football" 3 => "Spirometry" 4 => "Swimming" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physical activity has a positive effect on the function of the whole human body system. The influence of physical activity on the development of the respiratory system is still a matter for debate. Swimming is considered the sport with the most profound effect on the lungs.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aim</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The first aim was to determine pulmonary function and to correlate it with anthropometric features of sportsmen, represented by land- and the water-based elite athletes comparing with their sedentary counterparts; the second aim was to examine whether the training factors (frequency and amount) influence pulmonary function in swimmers, when controlled for anthropometric features.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-eight elite male swimmers were matched for age and sex with two hundred and seventy-one elite football players and one hundred controls who were not involved in any routine exercise. Lung volumes were recorded by Pulmonary Function test and analyzed statistically.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results and conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Swimmers had statistically higher values of VC, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC when compared to both the football players and the controls, as the latter two showed no in-between differences. There was significant positive correlation between age, body weight and body height and each of the above named pulmonary parameters, when presented separately for swimmers, football players and the control group. When controlled for the anthropometric features, larger lung volumes in swimmers were not influenced by training period, age at the beginning of training and weekly extent of personal training. Further comprehensive longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these observations.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aim" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results and conclusion" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values are expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified S, swimmers; F, football players; C, controls; ns, non-significant; BMI, body mass index; BF, body fat.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Swimmers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Footballers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>271) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S/F/C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S/F<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S/C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F/C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (yrs) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.9 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.2 (3.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.2 (3.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.071 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">183.1 (9.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">181.5 (6.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">178 (8.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.037<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.4 (11.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.1 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73.3 (11.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.047<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.016<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.9 (1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.7 (1.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.6 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.204 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.224 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BF (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6 (3.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.9 (3.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.5 (3.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1095476.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Kruskal–Wallis one way ANOVA test for independent samples.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "††" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Level of significance: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Level of significance: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of both groups of athletes and the control group.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values are expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified; S, swimmers; F, football players; C, controls; ns, non-significant; VC, vital capacity; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV1/FVC-Tiffeneau-Pinelli index; PEF, peak expiratoy flow; MVV, maximum voluntary ventilation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Swimmers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Football players \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S/F/C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S/F<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S/C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F/C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Measured spirometric values (L)</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.2 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.4 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.1 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.9 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.2 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.9 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.9 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.6 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.4 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1/FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.6 (7.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.9 (8.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.5 (6.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.026<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PEF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.5 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.2 (2.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.2 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MVV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169.3 (45.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">160.9 (35.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">161.2 (35.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Percentage of the predicted spirometric values (%)</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">116.2 (14.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.8 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.1 (10.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115.1 (12.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.1 (12.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.9 (9.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">112.1 (10.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.9 (12.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102.5 (9.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1/FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.3 (9.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102.0 (9.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100.7 (8.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.047<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PEF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">103.9 (13.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102.8 (20.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">103.3 (16.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MVV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">114.9 (18.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">106.4 (22.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">113.3 (19.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1095474.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Kruskal–Wallis one way ANOVA test for independent samples.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "††" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Level of significance: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Level of significance: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary function values for both groups of athletes and the control group.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All values are expressed as p values.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Dependent variable (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Investigated factors (training)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Training period (years)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age at the beginning of training (years)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weekly amount of training (hours)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANCOVA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANCOVA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANCOVA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANCOVA <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANCOVA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANCOVA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">††</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.092 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.317 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.379 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.148 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.259 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.397 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.561 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.700 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.090 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.966 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.824 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.186 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.111 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.225 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.386 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.089 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.529 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.401 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.814 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.732 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1095475.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0045" "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">ANCOVA interaction test, evaluating relationship between the investigated factors of training and the covariates (anthropometric features);</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0050" "etiqueta" => "††" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0050">ANCOVA main test, testing the effects of training on dependent variables, controlled for the effect of anthropometric features.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test, evaluating the influence of training on the pulmonary function indices in swimmers, when controlled for the anthropometric features.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Respiratory parameters in elite athletes – does sport have an influence?" 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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