Letter to the Editor
COPD: From the stethoscope to the spirometer
A. Araújo
Respiratory Department, H. Sª Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
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array:23 [ "pii" => "S2173511516000476" "issn" => "21735115" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2016.02.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "1150" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "copyrightAnyo" => "2016" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2017;23:52-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1756 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 211 "HTML" => 963 "PDF" => 582 ] ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173511515001888" "issn" => "21735115" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2015.10.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "1108" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2017;23:51-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3863 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 219 "HTML" => 2847 "PDF" => 797 ] ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "High-flow nasal oxygen is not an oxygen therapy device" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "52" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "S. Díaz-Lobato, J.M. Alonso, J.M. Carratalá, S. Mayoralas" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Díaz-Lobato" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Alonso" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Carratalá" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Mayoralas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511515001888?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000002300000001/v1_201701210027/S2173511515001888/v1_201701210027/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "COPD: From the stethoscope to the spirometer" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Letter to the editor:" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "52" "paginaFinal" => "53" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Araújo" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Araújo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "duartearaujodr@sapo.pt" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Respiratory Department, H. Sª Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the world, about 3 billion of people, predominantly women, young girls and small children, are exposed to household air pollution, secondary to indoor cooking with biomass and coal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Because the combustion of solid fuels produces a mixture of air pollutants, from respirable particles to gases, this exposure is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and this association is well documented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> During their lifetime, some women can be exposed to biomass smoke for 30–40 years, or 60,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of exposure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This can be the biggest risk factor for COPD in the world, even predominates in developing countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In rural areas, 90% of households continue to use this highly polluting biomass fuel. In 2008, in the Portuguese region of Lisbon, the BOLD study showed a GOLD stage 1 or higher COPD prevalence of 9.2% in never-smokers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the fact that, within never-smokers, COPD has been neglected and excluded in the majority of large studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> the association observed between the exposure to biomass smoke and COPD is as great as the risk of active smoking. The prevalence of COPD among never-smokers varies widely across the countries, but at least one fourth of patients with COPD are never-smokers. Many are women, in whom this disease is understudied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> But cooking with biomass and coal, rather than a recent phenomenon, is an old problem, still persisting in rural areas of many developed countries, as in Portugal, Spain, Canada, Australia or US. Thereby, we wonder why COPD is a disease only recently concern, and usually associated with tobacco epidemic.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact, the recognition of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and the evolution of their knowledge, cover nearly four centuries, since the Bonets's description of “voluminous lungs”, in 1679.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In 1821, Laënnec, the inventor of the stethoscope, describes the emphysema as a disease that was “very little known” and “completely overlooked”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However, since the discovery and use of the stethoscope, he wrote, he believed to be a much more common problem. With Laënnec begins the modern era of COPD. In that time smoking was rare, but urban atmospheric pollution, in particular coal smoke, and domestic pollution from open fireplaces, in houses with poor ventilation, was a well-known phenomena, as was the conditions of work in cotton factories. In 1868, Manchester's first Medical Officer of Health said that the normal condition of the working man of middle age in Manchester was bronchitic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Occupation, domestic pollution and atmospheric pollution were, in the 19th century, well known risk factors for chronic bronchitis and emphysema.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until recently, the diagnosis of emphysema and chronic bronchitis was based on symptoms of dyspnea, cough and expectoration, and on physical examination of an enlarged chest. The diagnosis of emphysema, according to Ronald Christie, in 1944, should be considered certain in the presence of dyspnea on exertion and of insidious onset, not due to bronchospasm or left ventricular failure, in a patient with physical signs of emphysema. But by the time clinical signs are present, COPD is in a moderate or advanced stage,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and we miss not only the early diagnosis but most diagnosis. Furthermore, before the CIBA Guest Symposium, in 1959, and the American Thoracic Society Symposium, in 1962, there was much confusion regarding the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and the concept of airflow obstruction was only introduced at that time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Gradually, doctors and scientists concern with the pathology and the clinic moved toward the pathophysiology, giving rise to the actual concept of COPD.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cigarette mass production began circa 1880, and their consumption has increased until now, but the association with COPD was only established once the latent effects of cigarettes became apparent, in the second half of the 20th century. With the progressive increase of smoking, initially solely in the developed countries, an easier access to the quantification of exposure, and a well-documented association to COPD, tobacco smoking became the most important risk factor for COPD. But COPD, even under the old label of emphysema or chronic bronchitis, was probably very common before tobacco smoking was widespread, although little recognized.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1846 Hutchinson invented the spirometer, so important to the diagnosis of COPD, but only recently the industry and technology made possible the emergence of handheld spirometers, accurate and inexpensive, and their spread in the primary care medicine, although there is a lack of accessibility in our country, as suggested by the BOLD study in Lisbon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>/FVC, more than defining obstruction, is a sensitive test for early stages of airflow limitation, and, when <70%, heralds the onset of rapid decline in FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) program was initiated in 1998, and the first report issued in 2001.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Rather than a new disease, the generalization of these two tools, the spirometer and the GOLD consensus report, enabled showing COPD as a common disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, giving to COPD importance and visibility.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the term COPD is more than a new label for an old disease: is a new concept, as proposed by the GOLD working definition; is chronic and common; is preventable and treatable; is a complex disease based on inflammation, his pathological hallmark; is a heterogeneous disorder, and also heterogeneous in its presentation. And exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity. Any individual patient may have emphysema, or peripheral airways disease, or chronic bronchitis, or all of these conditions,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> but the dominant clinical feature is persistent and usually progressive airflow limitation, that is the hallmark of COPD.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease secondary to household air pollution" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. 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