Research Letter
Reference values for maximum respiratory pressures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
a Postgraduate Program Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Department of Ciências da Vida, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – UNIJUÍ, Ijuí, RS, Brazil
c Master's Degree Program Atenção Integral à Saúde, Department of Ciências da Vida, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – UNIJUÍ, Ijuí, RS, Brazil
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CS, citrate synthase; HADH, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase. Reprinted with permission of the American Thoracic Society. Copyright © 2016 American Thoracic Society.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "André Nyberg, João Carvalho, Kim-Ly Bui, Didier Saey, François Maltais" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "André" "apellidos" => "Nyberg" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João" "apellidos" => "Carvalho" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kim-Ly" "apellidos" => "Bui" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Didier" "apellidos" => "Saey" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "François" "apellidos" => "Maltais" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217351151630080X?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000002200000006/v1_201612110145/S217351151630080X/v1_201612110145/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Research Letter</span>" "titulo" => "Reference values for maximum respiratory pressures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "351" "paginaFinal" => "353" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "P. Caitano Fontela, L.A. Kuhn, E.R. Winkelmann" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Caitano Fontela" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L.A." "apellidos" => "Kuhn" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "E.R." "apellidos" => "Winkelmann" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "elianew@unijui.edu.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Postgraduate Program Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Ciências da Vida, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – UNIJUÍ, Ijuí, RS, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Master's Degree Program Atenção Integral à Saúde, Department of Ciências da Vida, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – UNIJUÍ, Ijuí, RS, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Brazil there are few published studies on the reference values of maximal respiratory pressures. The first publication was written by Camelo Jr et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> who, in 1985, was a pioneer in the field by suggesting maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressure values for the Brazilian adult population. A few years later, Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> proposed predicted values of MIP and MEP, which were later questioned by Parreira et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> These authors reported different results in subsequent studies, suggesting that the use of the predictive values published by Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> were not applicable to the target population. More recently, Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> recommended new equations for the determination of MIP and MEP, and proposed that their findings could contribute to the study by Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> by predicting, in particular, inspiratory muscle strength.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> that formulated the predicted values for the Brazilian population used an aneroid manometer to measure respiratory muscle strength. Only one single Brazilian study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> recently reported the reference values using a digital manometer. It is worth mentioning that currently the digital manometer is widely used in the clinical practice of respiratory therapy, and most importantly, the predicted values formulated with the equations developed with the aneroid manometer do not always match the results obtained with a digital manometer. In addition, the interpretation of the pulmonary function of a given individual is based on data comparisons obtained with healthy subjects, and do not take into account the effects of specific disfunctions the patients may have. As there are no specific equations for people with certain diseases, the results may not always correspond to those observed in clinical practice.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the lack of reference equations for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), in addition to the fact that there has only been one single publication conducted with a digital manometer, the objective of this study was to compare, in a population of patients with DM2, the MIP and MEP values obtained with a digital manometer against the values predicted by the equations proposed for the healthy Brazilian population, which were based on evaluations conducted with an aneroid manometer. Additionally, this study proposes new equations to determine the predicted values of MIP and MEP for patients with DM2 based on evaluations of the respiratory muscle strength conducted with a digital manometer. The hypothesis of this study was that the values obtained in patients with DM2 with a digital manometer differ from the values provided for the healthy population which were based on evaluations conduced with an aneroid manometer, and that new equations should therefore be formulated.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The values of MIP and MEP were measured in 219 patients with DM2, aged under 75, living in the urban area of Ijuí/Brazil, with calibrated digital manometer MVD-300 (Microhard System, Globalmed, Porto Alegre, Brazil). All participants underwent at least six, technically acceptable, efforts of maximum inspiration and expiration. For data analysis, the highest value was recorded, as long as there is not more than 10 percent of difference compared to the second highest value.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the patients studied, 64.8 percent were female, average age of 61.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.5 years old and body mass index of 30.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. The average time of DM2 diagnosis was 7.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.7 years, ranging from 0.5 to 40 years and the average fasting blood glucose was 126.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, with minimum value of 55.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL and maximum of 219.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL. The average of maximal respiratory pressures achieved and predicted in male and female are recorded in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When comparing the difference between the predicted and achieved values of MIP and MEP, there was a statistically significant difference between them, in both sexes. In post hoc Bonferroni analysis, in men, the value predicted by Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> is higher than PImax achieved by patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001) and it is higher than equation values predicted by Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001). The Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> values were similar to those achieved by the patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). In women it was found that the value predicted by Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> equation was statistically lower than that achieved by patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001). The values predicted by Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> equation are closer to the value found in the test, but they are significantly different when compared to the scores obtained by the patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.021) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the MEP, the values proposed by Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> equation showed equivalent numbers to those achieved by patients, with no significant difference between the sexes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). On the other hand, the Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> equation shows a considerably higher predicted value than the value achieved by patients, for both sexes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001). There was a significant difference between the values predicted by both Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> equations (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine which variables best explained the maximal respiratory pressures values. For men, negative correlations were observed between MIP and age (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.374; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and between MEP and age (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.379; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and positive correlations between MEP and body mass (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.340; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.003). For women, there was a negative correlation between MIP and age (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.216; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.021) and MEP and age (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.192; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.027).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the linear regression model, gender, age and body mass were considered predictor variables to determine the MEP for men. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> describes the equations for MIP and MEP which have been proposed for patients with DM2 from the digital manometer. The equations obtained the following coefficients of determination (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) and standard error of the estimate (SEE) for men: MIP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14.0, SEE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39.1); MEP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21.9, SEE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27.7) and for women: MIP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.7; EPE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27.1) MEP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7; EPE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27.5). There is no collinearity between predictor variables MEP in men (tolerance:0.966; inflation factor of variance:1.035).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study to propose equations to obtain reference values for patients with DM2 of the population, and the second one to establish reference values for the maximal respiratory pressures from digital manometer measuring. Thus, the results of this study may contribute to the prediction of maximal respiratory pressures in patients with DM2, in particular, measurements by digital manometer. It is important to point out that further studies with patients from different regions of Brazil and with different characteristics are still needed, so that they can formulate new tables or equations for determining the maximal respiratory pressures in patients with DM2.</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Authorship</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fontela PC participated in the conception, design, analysis and interpretation of data and article.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kuhn LA participated in the analysis and interpretation of data and article.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Winkelmann ER participated in all stages of the study.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We declare no conflicts of scientific interest in this study.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack257983" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O: centimeters of water; %: percentage reached.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Respiratory pressure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pressure predicted by Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pressure predicted by Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum pressure achieved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Inspiratory</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Male (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>77)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−107.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−153.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">−93.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41.8</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top"><0.0001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Female (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>142)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−79.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−46.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">−72.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27.7</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top"><0.0001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">155.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Expiratory</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Male (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>77)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">173.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">103.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">101.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30.9</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top"><0.0001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">97.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Female (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>142)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">116.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">76.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27.9</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top"><0.0001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1276959.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">ANOVA repeated measures with post-hoc Bonferroni.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Absolute value and percentage reached the inspiratory and the expiratory maximal pressures achieved and predicted according to the equations of Neder et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and Costa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Regression analyzes were made for men and women.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Equations formulated for \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maximal inspiratory pressures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">204.959<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.772 (age) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">110.660<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.633 (age) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maximal expiratory pressures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">118.972<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.148 (age)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.657 (body mass) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">111.236<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.570 (age) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1276960.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Description of predictive equations for the maximum respiratory pressure for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 from digital manovacuometry.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pressões respiratórias máximas em adultos normais" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.S. Camelo Júnior" 1 => "J. Terra Filho" 2 => "J.C. Manço" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Bras Pneumol" "fecha" => "1985" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "181" "paginaFinal" => "184" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reference values for lung function tests. II. Maximal respiratory pressures and voluntary ventilation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J.A. Neder" 1 => "S. Andreoni" 2 => "M.C. Lerario" 3 => "L.E. Nery" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Med Biol Res" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "719" "paginaFinal" => "727" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412550" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pressões respiratórias máximas: valores encontrados e preditos em indivíduos saudáveis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "V.F. Parreira" 1 => "D.C. França" 2 => "C.C. Zampa" 3 => "M.M. Fonseca" 4 => "G.M. Tomich" 5 => "R.R. Britto" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Bras Fisioter" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "361" "paginaFinal" => "368" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Novos valores de referência para pressões respiratórias máximas na população brasileira" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Costa" 1 => "H.A. Gonçalves" 2 => "L.P. De Lima" 3 => "D. Ike" 4 => "K.M. Cancelliero" 5 => "M.I.L. Montebelo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Bras Pneumol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "306" "paginaFinal" => "312" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625667" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Equações de predição para a força muscular respiratória segundo diretrizes internacionais e brasileiras" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I.M.B.S. Pessoa" 1 => "M.H. Neto" 2 => "D. Montemezzo" 3 => "L.A.M. Silva" 4 => "A.D. Andrade" 5 => "V.F. Parreira" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Phys Ther" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "410" "paginaFinal" => "418" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372003" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack257983" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">CNPq</span>, Brazil) and the Research Support Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">FAPERGS</span>, Brazil) by granting Scientific Initiation scholarships.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735115/0000002200000006/v1_201612110145/S2173511516300471/v1_201612110145/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "47902" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Research Letters" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735115/0000002200000006/v1_201612110145/S2173511516300471/v1_201612110145/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://journalpulmonology.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511516300471?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
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