Inspiratory fraction as a marker of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD

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Martinez, F. Pitta" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Martinez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Pitta" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511516301312?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000002300000001/v1_201701210027/S2173511516301312/v1_201701210027/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Inspiratory fraction as a marker of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "P. Cebollero, F. Zambom-Ferraresi, M. Hernández, J. Hueto, J. Cascante, M.M. Anton" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Cebollero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Zambom-Ferraresi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Hernández" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Hueto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Cascante" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.M." "apellidos" => "Anton" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "milagros.anton@unavarra.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pulmonary Medicine B, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1221 "Ancho" => 1610 "Tamanyo" => 80095 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship between IC/TLC ratio and total MMT in patients with IC/TLC≤25% (□) and IC/TLC>25% (■)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionSkeletal muscle dysfunction has been postulated as one of the extrapulmonary effects in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), resulting in reduced peripheral muscle strength and muscle mass.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">1,2</a> Reductions in muscle force production contribute to exercise intolerance and have been associated with an increased mortality risk and a decrease in quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">3,4</a> Lower extremity muscle power has been also recently posited as a more discriminating variable for understanding the relationship between impairments, functional limitations, and resultant disability with aging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">5,6</a> Physical inactivity and systemic inflammation have been cited as factors responsible for muscle dysfunction in COPD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">7,8</a> Considering that reductions in peripheral muscle strength have important clinical and functional implications for COPD patients, the search for effective pulmonary indices to predict peripheral muscle function is of paramount importance.Among the pulmonary parameters, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is the most important spirometric indicator of the severity of airflow obstruction. However, several studies have shown the weak relationship between FEV1 and mortality,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">9,10</a> indeed, it cannot be used to detect abnormal skeletal muscle function. Recently, the inspiratory capacity-to total lung capacity (IC/TLC) ratio has emerged as a better marker of mortality and functional reserve and is associated with altered exercise capacity in COPD patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">11,12</a> Recently, Ramon et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">13</a> observed that the patients with COPD with lower IC/TLC experience a higher longitudinal decline in exercise capacity.To date, only one study has investigated the role of IC/TLC ratio on the muscle function in the upper extremities in this population of patients. Its authors found that maximal hand grip strength was lower among IC/TLC≤25% than among patients with IC/TLC>25%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">14</a> However, no previous studies have established the correlation between the IC/TLC ratio and lower extremity muscle mass, maximal strength, and muscle peak power output in this patient population.Accordingly, the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether the inspiratory capacity-to-total lung capacity ratio or inspiratory fraction would be useful in predicting skeletal muscle dysfunction in the lower and upper extremities. We hypothesized that patients with IC/TLC≤25% would have less maximal muscle strength of the lower and upper extremities and peak power output of the lower limbs than IC/TLC>25% patients.Materials and methodsSubjectsThirty-five men with stable COPD were recruited via an outpatient clinic through the local pulmonologist office to participate in the study. All patients had received a clinical and functional diagnosis of COPD according to the GOLD criteria (stages II and III). Patients presented with moderate-to-severe airways obstruction (FEV1/FVC<0.7 and FEV1<80% but FEV1>30% predicted). Inclusion criteria include: (1) dyspnea (mMMRC grades II and III); (2) ex-smokers status; and (3) aged 60–80 yrs. Exclusion criteria include: (1) having never smoked; (2) exacerbation of symptoms in the preceding three months; and (3) cardiovascular, neuromuscular, musculoskeletal or arthritic problems that might limit exercise tolerance. The patients were informed carefully about the procedures and possible risks of the experiments, as well as the benefits of the project, and written consent was obtained. The Research Ethics Committees of the Public University of Navarre and Virgen del Camino Hospital approved the study.Pulmonary functional and clinical assessmentsBaseline assessment included: (1) spirometry, lung volumes by body plethysmography, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure according with recommended methods; (2) anthropometric variables; (3) 6-min, walk test (6MWT)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">15</a>; and (4) BODE index.Thigh muscle massMuscle mass (MM) of the thigh (T) were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 1.5T; Siemens Magnetom, Germany). The length of the femur (Lf), taken as the distance from the intercondylar notch of the femur to the superior boundary of the femoral head was measured on a coronal plane. Subsequently, 15 axial scans of the thigh interspaced by a distance of 1/15Lf were obtained from 1/15Lf to 15/15Lf. MR imaging of both thighs was obtained. Cross-sectional volumes (cm3) of the thigh at 30% proximal, 50%, and 70% distal of the Lf were used for further analysis. The total volume (cm3) of the MMT was calculated as the combination of the 30, 50, and 70% of the Lf.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">16</a>Physical activityHabitual physical activity was evaluated using accelerometry (TriTrac-R3D system; WI, USA). The TriTrac was worn around the waist. TriTrac monitoring was recorded on a minute-by-minute basis during two weekdays and two weekend days.Lower extremity maximal strength and muscle peak power outputOne repetition maximum (the heaviest load that could be lifted only once using the correct technique) was determined for the leg press exercise (1RMLP) (Technogym, Gambettola, Italy). Three-to-four subsequent attempts were made to determine 1RM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">16</a>The subjects were instructed to exert their maximal force as fast as possible.Muscle peak power output of the leg extensor muscles was measured during the concentric phase of leg press using the load equal to 50 and 70% of 1RM. An optical encoder (Computer Optical Products Inc., CA, USA) was attached to weight plates to record the position and direction of the displacement to an accuracy of 0.2mm at 1000Hz. Subjects were instructed to displace the weights as fast as possible. Two testing trials were recorded and the best trial was taken for further analysis.Upper extremity maximal strengthOne repetition maximum (1RM) was determined for seated chest press (1RMCP), shoulder press, and seated row (Technogym, Gambettola, Italy).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">16</a>Systemic inflammationAfter 10h of fasting and 1 day of minimal physical activity, venous blood samples were obtained at rest between 8 and 10a.m. from the antecubital vein for the determination of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) concentrations. Circulating concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, and VEGF-A were assessed in duplicate using commercially available enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay and radioimmunoassay kits.Statistical analysisStandard statistical methods were used to calculate mean and standard deviations (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Statistical treatment was performed using SPSS program version 23.0. The assumption of a normal distribution of the data was evaluated with a Shapiro–Wilk test. Cross-sectional comparisons between groups were performed by either a parametric (unpaired t-test) or a non-parametric test (Mann–Whitney U test). Pearson product-moment or Rho Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between variables of interests. Due to the small size of the sample, the p-value was simulated using bootstrap method with replacement procedure as part of the analysis. A random sample was designed with replacement from the original sample to produce a new sample of the same size as the original. This procedure was repeated for each sample separately, and the difference in mean calculated. This procedure was repeated 1000 times. The p<0.05 criterion was used to establish statistical significance. Values are reported as mean values±standard deviations (SD).ResultsClinical characteristics and physical activityClinical characteristics according to the IC/TLC ratio are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The 6MWT distance was lower (p=0.001; bootstrap p<0.001) and the BODE index was higher (p=0.001; bootstrap p<0.001) in the IC/TLC≤25% group. IL-6 and CRP concentrations were higher (p<0.05; bootstrap p<0.01) in the IC/TLC≤25% group. Habitual physical activity during the four days was 23% lower (7228±1459kcal vs. 9250±1952kcal, p<0.01; bootstrap p<0.001) in the IC/TLC≤25% group than in the IC/TLC>25% group.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Thigh muscle massMMT volume at 30%, 50%, and 70% Lf were lower (p≤0.001; bootstrap p<0.001) in the IC/TLC≤25% group than in the IC/TLC>25% group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Total MMT volume was lower (p<0.001; bootstrap p<0.001) in the IC/TLC≤25% group (413.91±89.42cm3) than in the IC/TLC>25% group (575.20±115.25cm3).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Lower extremity maximal dynamic strength and muscle peak power outputThe 1RMLP exercise was 36% lower (p<0.00; bootstrap p<0.001) in the IC/TLC≤25% group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Interestingly, when maximal bilateral concentric strength were expressed relative to total MMT volume, the differences between the groups disappeared (0.36±0.06 vs. 0.35±0.08kgcm−3, p=0.70; bootstrap p=0.73) in the IC/TLC≤25% and IC/TLC>25%, respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Lower extremities muscle peak power output at 50 and 70% of 1 RM was 43% (495±192 vs. 711±216W, p<0.0; bootstrap p<0.001) and 56% (390±168 vs. 612±211W; p<0.01; bootstrap p<0.001) lower in the IC/TLC≤25% group, respectively. When muscle peak power output was expressed relative to kilogram of body mass, the difference was reduced to 26% at the load of 50% (6.89±1.95 vs. 8.74±2.77Wkg−1, p=0.032; bootstrap p=0.014) and 36% at the load of 70% (5.48±1.86 vs. 7.48±2.39Wkg−1, p=0.01; bootstrap p=0.002) in the IC/TLC≤25% than in the IC/TLC>25% group, respectively. When muscle peak power output was expressed relative to total MMT volume, the differences between the groups were abolished at the load of 50% of 1RM (1.2±0.3 vs. 1.3±0.3Wcm−3, p=0.35; bootstrap p=0.70) in the IC/TLC≤25% compared with the IC/TLC>25%, respectively.Upper extremity maximal dynamic strengthThe 1RMCP was 42% lower (p<0.001; bootstrap p<0.001) in the IC/TLC≤25% group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Maximal dynamic strength 1RM in the seated row and shoulder press was 25% lower (42.03±7.5 vs. 52.63±8.2kg; p<0.001; bootstrap p<0.001) and 29% lower (47.86±9.9 vs. 62.10±15.6kg, p=0.003; bootstrap p=0.002) in the IC/TLC≤25% group than in the IC/TLC>25% group, respectively.AssociationsThe IC/TLC ratio was positively associated with total MMT volume (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), 1RMLP (r=0.57; p=0.001), 1RMCP (r=0.60; p<0.001) and physical activity (r=0.55; p=0.001) for the entire group. The FEV1 (% predicted) was positively associated with total MMT volume (r=0.46; p<0.01), 1RMLP (r=0.43; p=0.01), and physical activity (r=0.54; p=0.001) for the entire group. Moreover, physical activity was positively associated with total MMT volume (r=0.81; p<0.001), 1RMLP (r=0.62; p<0.001), and muscle power at 50% 1RM (r=0.78; p<0.001). In addition, a negative linear relationship was found between IL-6 and MMT volume (r=−0.40; p=0.02), 1RMLP (r=−0.50; p<0.01) and muscle power at 50% of 1RM (r=−0.46; p<0.01) for the entire group.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe salient findings of this study were that thigh muscle mass, lower and upper maximal strength, and leg muscle peak power output was reduced significantly in COPD patients with IC/TLC≤25%. In addition, the IC/TLC a predictor of mortality, was related to thigh muscle mass and the maximal strength of lower and upper extremities. The present findings suggest that IC/TLC≤25% may be valued as an applicable index of skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.An inspiratory-to total lung capacity ratio of ≤25% is an important independent predictor of increased mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">11</a> Recently, Ramon et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">13</a> observed that the patients with COPD with lower IC/TLC experience a higher longitudinal decline in exercise capacity and IC/TLC and dyspnea in clinically stable patients with COPD predict their exercise capacity.On the basis of previous studies suggesting that lower fat-free mass and reduced grip strength is related to an IC/TLC of ≤25%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">14</a> we sought to determine whether an IC/TLC of ≤25% would translate to unfavorable changes in muscle mass and muscle function (maximal strength and power output normalized to muscle cross-sectional area) in the lower extremities. Skeletal muscle weakness in the lower extremities has previously been shown to be more established with the increase of the dyspnea, BODE index score, and disease severity in COPD patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">17</a> Previous studies have observed that reduced thigh muscle cross-sectional area<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">3</a> and reduced maximal quadriceps strength,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">1</a> which result in an impaired functional capacity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">18</a> is related to increased mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">19</a> and health care utilization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">4</a> Recently, it has been also reported that lower extremity muscle power remains as a more discriminating variable for understanding the relationships between impairments, functional limitations, and resultant disability with aging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">5,6</a> However, no previous study has determined that the IC/TLC ratio is a marker of muscle atrophy and reduced maximal strength and muscle power output in the lower limbs in COPD patients.A unique findings in this present study was that thigh muscle mass and maximal dynamic strength in the lower limbs were lower in the IC/TLC≤25% group. This hypothesis was strengthened by the relationship observed between the IC/TLC and muscle mass (r=0.67; p<0.001) and lower maximal strength (r=0.57; p<0.01). In this study, we extended our investigation by determining the relationship between the IC/TLC>25% group and the maximal strength of the upper limbs. Indeed, reduced maximal strength in the upper extremities was found in the IC/TLC≤25% group. This suggests that the inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio of ≤25% is a surrogate marker of thigh muscle atrophy and peripheral skeletal muscle weakness.Recently, impairments in muscle peak power output in the lower extremity have emerged as a more important predictor of limitations in mobility in tasks such as rising from a chair, climbing stairs, habitual walking speed, and even the prevention of falls, than maximal muscle strength in older adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">20–24</a> To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the association between the IC/TLC ratio and lower extremity muscle peak power in patients with COPD. Our results indicate that muscle peak power output at 50 and 70% of 1RM is reduced in COPD patients with an IC/TLC of ≤25%. Furthermore, a slowed-down capacity for muscle power output and delayed responsiveness to accidental falls in the lower and upper limbs is associated with disability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">5,6</a> It has been documented that in older adults<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">25</a> with lower extremity power at high velocities (40% 1RM) contractions were a better predictor of habitual gait velocity than power at low velocities (70% 1RM). One of the major findings in this study was that when maximal bilateral dynamic strength and muscle power output were expressed relative to total MMT, the differences between the groups disappeared. This suggests that the impairment in peripheral muscle function of the lower limbs in patients with IC/TLC≤25% is mainly due to loss of muscle mass and that neural activation patterns and/or twitch tension per muscle mass volume under maximal concentric actions (typical leg extension actions also in normal daily activities) could be rather similar between groups.It is no clear which physiological mechanisms explained the reductions in muscle mass in COPD patients with an IC/TLC of ≤25%. In healthy older adults, reduced maximal strength has been attributed to a great extent to the reduction in muscle mass, which is perhaps related to alterations in hormone balance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">26</a> and the decline in the quantity and intensity of physical activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">27</a> In this context, we postulated that lower limb muscle mass and reductions in maximal strength and peak power output might be due to elevated inflammation and the physical inactivity associated with the systemic inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300">28,29</a> Consistent with the first part of the hypothesis, we found that patients with an IC/TLC of ≤25% have elevated CRP and IL-6 levels and also, we observed a negative relationship between IL-6 and muscle mass, lower extremity maximal dynamic strength and leg muscle peak power output. Therefore, the present results might indicate that the effects of circulating IL-6 may be associated with reduced muscle mass and skeletal muscle weakness. The results contradict the findings of Pleguezuelos et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">30</a> who did not observe any significant relationship between quadriceps strength and IL-6. These differences might occur because of the maximum strength measurement (i.e., dynamic maximum test vs. isokinetic test). Previous studies have shown that higher levels of systemic inflammation are associated with reduced physical activity in patients with COPD,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">7</a> and the older adults who are physically inactive have higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers than those who are physically active.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">31</a> In support of the second part, the IC/TLC≤25% group demonstrated a 23% lower habitual physical activity. Moreover, physical activity was positively associated with lower extremity maximal strength, muscle power output, and thigh muscle mass in the pooled group. In the present study, IC/TLC ratio was positively associated with physical activity (r=0.55; p=0.001) for the entire group, suggesting that those patients with higher static hyperinflation (low IC/TLC) are less physically active. A limitation of our study is that there was no direct dynamic hyperinflation during the 6MWT measurements. Garcia-Rio et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">32</a> have reported that the reduced daily physical activity of patients with moderate-severe COPD might be partially explained by the development of dynamic hyperinflation, regardless of the severity of the disease. Garcia-Rio et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">32</a> have showed that the increase in EELV during exercise was associated with dyspnea as evaluated by the MRC scale. This breathlessness could promote the limitation when the patients performed their daily physical activity, increasing the physical inactivity. At the same time, this physical inactivity could contribute to the weakness and atrophy of the muscles, leading to a vicious circle that causes more physical inactivity, atrophy and skeletal muscle dysfunction.There are several methodological limitations in our experimental approach. First, as the size of the sample in the study was small, we used the bootstrapping procedure as part of the statistical analysis, strengthening our results. Second, we did not take into account patients who received corticosteroids. Previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">1</a> have shown that quadriceps strengthened but thigh muscle mass was lower in those patients who received systemic corticosteroids. However, the patients in our study received the same medical treatment and exacerbation was an exclusion criteria.In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the inspiratory-to total lung capacity ratio may be an effective pulmonary measurement to determine muscle atrophy in the lower extremities and skeletal muscle dysfunction. The relationship observed is clinically important because an IC/TLC of ≤25% can be used as an index to detect skeletal muscle weakness.Ethical responsibilitiesProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres792797" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec791286" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Pulmonary functional and clinical assessments" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Thigh muscle mass" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Physical activity" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Lower extremity maximal strength and muscle peak power output" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Upper extremity maximal strength" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Systemic inflammation" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics and physical activity" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Thigh muscle mass" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Lower extremity maximal dynamic strength and muscle peak power output" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Upper extremity maximal dynamic strength" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Associations" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Ethical responsibilities" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack265527" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-04-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-07-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec791286" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" 1 => "Inspiratory fraction" 2 => "Muscle mass" 3 => "Muscle strength" 4 => "Limb muscle dysfunction" 5 => "Muscle power" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundAn inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity (IC/TLC) ratio of ≤25% has emerged as a better marker of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The relationship among the IC/TLC ratio to lower extremity skeletal muscle function remains unknown. MethodsThirty-five men with moderate to severe COPD were divided into those with IC/TLC≤25% (n=16) and >25% (n=19). The subjects were tested for thigh muscle mass volume (MMT), maximal strength, power output of the lower extremities, and physical activity. ResultsTotal MMT in the IC/TLC<25% group was significantly lower (413.91±89.42cm3) (p<0.001) than in the IC/TLC>25% group (575.20±11.76cm3). In the IC/TLC≤25% group, maximal strength of the lower extremities and muscle peak power output of the lower extremities were 36–56% lower (p<0.01) than among the patients in the IC/TLC>25% group. ConclusionIC/TLC≤25% is associated with reduced maximal strength and peak power output of the lower extremities. IC/TLC≤25% may have an important clinical relevance as an index to determine peripheral muscle dysfunction." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1179 "Ancho" => 1613 "Tamanyo" => 77011 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Thigh muscle mass (MMT) at 30%, 50%, and 70% Lf according to IC/TLC ratio. Data are presented as means±SD. *p≤0.001 IC/TLC≤25% vs. IC/TLC>25%." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1200 "Ancho" => 1623 "Tamanyo" => 68341 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Lower and upper body muscle maximal dynamic strength. Maximal bilateral concentric 1RM in leg press and seated chest press in IC/TLC≤25% and IC/TLC>25% group. Data are presented as means±SD. *p<0.001 IC/TLC≤25% vs. IC/TLC>25%." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1221 "Ancho" => 1610 "Tamanyo" => 80095 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship between IC/TLC ratio and total MMT in patients with IC/TLC≤25% (□) and IC/TLC>25% (■)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Values expressed in mean±SD. BMI=body mass index; FEV1=forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC=forced vital capacity; TLC=total lung capacity; RV=residual volume; IC=inspiratory capacity; PI,max=maximal inspiratory pressure; PE,max=maximal expiratory pressure; SpO2=arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry; Change SpO2=SpO2 before minus SpO2 at the end of 6MWT." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC/TLC≤25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC/TLC>25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bootstrap p-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Subjects, n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age, y \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71±5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68±5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body mass, kg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.4±12.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.4±18.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height, cm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">166±6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167±6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI, kgm−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.3±3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.6±5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.67±7.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.9±11.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.02±14.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.69±13.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41±8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TLC, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">120.09±21.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115.53±18.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RV, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">177.69±41.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">153.24±8.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RV/TLC, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.95±7.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.21±7.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IC, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.54±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.52±1.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IC/TLC, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20±3.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.47±11.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PI,max, cmH20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.38±21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.16±25.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PE,max, cmH20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.81±37.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.11±28.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6MWT, m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">409±108 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">528±74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Final Borg dyspnea in the 6MWT, score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.34±2.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.11±1.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Final SpO2 in the 6MWT (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82±7.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83±8.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Change SpO2 in 6MWT, points \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.87±6.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.88±8.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BODE index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.4±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IL-6, ρgmL−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.42±17.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.86±3.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VEGF-A, ρgmL−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">168.21±295.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.36±70.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TNF-α, ρgmL−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.38±6.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.98±8.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP, mgdL−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.33±3.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.59±0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1325778.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical, anthropometric characteristics and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity ratio." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peripheral muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. 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Inspiratory fraction as a marker of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD

P. Cebolleroa, F. Zambom-Ferraresib, M. Hernándeza, J. Huetoa, J. Cascantea, M.M. Antonb,

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milagros.anton@unavarra.es

Corresponding author.

a Department of Pulmonary Medicine B, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Spain

b Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Spain

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between IC&#47;TLC ratio and total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> in patients with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; &#40;&#9633;&#41; and IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; &#40;&#9632;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skeletal muscle dysfunction has been postulated as one of the extrapulmonary effects in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; resulting in reduced peripheral muscle strength and muscle mass&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Reductions in muscle force production contribute to exercise intolerance and have been associated with an increased mortality risk and a decrease in quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Lower extremity muscle power has been also recently posited as a more discriminating variable for understanding the relationship between impairments&#44; functional limitations&#44; and resultant disability with aging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Physical inactivity and systemic inflammation have been cited as factors responsible for muscle dysfunction in COPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Considering that reductions in peripheral muscle strength have important clinical and functional implications for COPD patients&#44; the search for effective pulmonary indices to predict peripheral muscle function is of paramount importance&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the pulmonary parameters&#44; forced expiratory volume in 1 second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; is the most important spirometric indicator of the severity of airflow obstruction&#46; However&#44; several studies have shown the weak relationship between FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and mortality&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> indeed&#44; it cannot be used to detect abnormal skeletal muscle function&#46; Recently&#44; the inspiratory capacity-to total lung capacity &#40;IC&#47;TLC&#41; ratio has emerged as a better marker of mortality and functional reserve and is associated with altered exercise capacity in COPD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Recently&#44; Ramon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> observed that the patients with COPD with lower IC&#47;TLC experience a higher longitudinal decline in exercise capacity&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; only one study has investigated the role of IC&#47;TLC ratio on the muscle function in the upper extremities in this population of patients&#46; Its authors found that maximal hand grip strength was lower among IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; than among patients with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; no previous studies have established the correlation between the IC&#47;TLC ratio and lower extremity muscle mass&#44; maximal strength&#44; and muscle peak power output in this patient population&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Accordingly&#44; the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether the inspiratory capacity-to-total lung capacity ratio or inspiratory fraction would be useful in predicting skeletal muscle dysfunction in the lower and upper extremities&#46; We hypothesized that patients with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; would have less maximal muscle strength of the lower and upper extremities and peak power output of the lower limbs than IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Subjects</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-five men with stable COPD were recruited <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> an outpatient clinic through the local pulmonologist office to participate in the study&#46; All patients had received a clinical and functional diagnosis of COPD according to the GOLD criteria &#40;stages II and III&#41;&#46; Patients presented with moderate-to-severe airways obstruction &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 and FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#37; but FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37; predicted&#41;&#46; Inclusion criteria include&#58; &#40;1&#41; dyspnea &#40;mMMRC grades II and III&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; ex-smokers status&#59; and &#40;3&#41; aged 60&#8211;80 yrs&#46; Exclusion criteria include&#58; &#40;1&#41; having never smoked&#59; &#40;2&#41; exacerbation of symptoms in the preceding three months&#59; and &#40;3&#41; cardiovascular&#44; neuromuscular&#44; musculoskeletal or arthritic problems that might limit exercise tolerance&#46; The patients were informed carefully about the procedures and possible risks of the experiments&#44; as well as the benefits of the project&#44; and written consent was obtained&#46; The Research Ethics Committees of the Public University of Navarre and Virgen del Camino Hospital approved the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Pulmonary functional and clinical assessments</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline assessment included&#58; &#40;1&#41; spirometry&#44; lung volumes by body plethysmography&#44; maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure according with recommended methods&#59; &#40;2&#41; anthropometric variables&#59; &#40;3&#41; 6-min&#44; walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#59; and &#40;4&#41; BODE index&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Thigh muscle mass</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muscle mass &#40;MM&#41; of the thigh &#40;T&#41; were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#59; 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T&#59; Siemens Magnetom&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; The length of the femur &#40;Lf&#41;&#44; taken as the distance from the intercondylar notch of the femur to the superior boundary of the femoral head was measured on a coronal plane&#46; Subsequently&#44; 15 axial scans of the thigh interspaced by a distance of 1&#47;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lf were obtained from 1&#47;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lf to 15&#47;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lf&#46; MR imaging of both thighs was obtained&#46; Cross-sectional volumes &#40;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; of the thigh at 30&#37; proximal&#44; 50&#37;&#44; and 70&#37; distal of the Lf were used for further analysis&#46; The total volume &#40;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; of the MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> was calculated as the combination of the 30&#44; 50&#44; and 70&#37; of the Lf&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Physical activity</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Habitual physical activity was evaluated using accelerometry &#40;TriTrac-R3D system&#59; WI&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The TriTrac was worn around the waist&#46; TriTrac monitoring was recorded on a minute-by-minute basis during two weekdays and two weekend days&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Lower extremity maximal strength and muscle peak power output</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One repetition maximum &#40;the heaviest load that could be lifted only once using the correct technique&#41; was determined for the leg press exercise &#40;1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">LP</span>&#41; &#40;Technogym&#44; Gambettola&#44; Italy&#41;&#46; Three-to-four subsequent attempts were made to determine 1RM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subjects were instructed to exert their maximal force as fast as possible&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muscle peak power output of the leg extensor muscles was measured during the concentric phase of leg press using the load equal to 50 and 70&#37; of 1RM&#46; An optical encoder &#40;Computer Optical Products Inc&#46;&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; was attached to weight plates to record the position and direction of the displacement to an accuracy of 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm at 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#46; Subjects were instructed to displace the weights as fast as possible&#46; Two testing trials were recorded and the best trial was taken for further analysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Upper extremity maximal strength</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One repetition maximum &#40;1RM&#41; was determined for seated chest press &#40;1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CP</span>&#41;&#44; shoulder press&#44; and seated row &#40;Technogym&#44; Gambettola&#44; Italy&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Systemic inflammation</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of fasting and 1 day of minimal physical activity&#44; venous blood samples were obtained at rest between 8 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#46;m&#46; from the antecubital vein for the determination of interleukin-6 &#40;IL-6&#41;&#44; tumor necrosis factor &#945; &#40;TNF-&#945;&#41;&#44; C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41;&#44; and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A &#40;VEGF-A&#41; concentrations&#46; Circulating concentrations of IL-6&#44; TNF-&#945;&#44; CRP&#44; and VEGF-A were assessed in duplicate using commercially available enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay and radioimmunoassay kits&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Standard statistical methods were used to calculate mean and standard deviations &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; Illinois&#41;&#46; Statistical treatment was performed using SPSS program version 23&#46;0&#46; The assumption of a normal distribution of the data was evaluated with a Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test&#46; Cross-sectional comparisons between groups were performed by either a parametric &#40;unpaired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#41; or a non-parametric test &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#41;&#46; Pearson product-moment or Rho Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between variables of interests&#46; Due to the small size of the sample&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value was simulated using bootstrap method with replacement procedure as part of the analysis&#46; A random sample was designed with replacement from the original sample to produce a new sample of the same size as the original&#46; This procedure was repeated for each sample separately&#44; and the difference in mean calculated&#46; This procedure was repeated 1000 times&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 criterion was used to establish statistical significance&#46; Values are reported as mean values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviations &#40;SD&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Clinical characteristics and physical activity</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics according to the IC&#47;TLC ratio are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The 6MWT distance was lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and the BODE index was higher &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46; IL-6 and CRP concentrations were higher &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46; Habitual physical activity during the four days was 23&#37; lower &#40;7228<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1459<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 9250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1952<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group than in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Thigh muscle mass</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume at 30&#37;&#44; 50&#37;&#44; and 70&#37; Lf were lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group than in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume was lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group &#40;413&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; than in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group &#40;575&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>115&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Lower extremity maximal dynamic strength and muscle peak power output</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">LP</span> exercise was 36&#37; lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Interestingly&#44; when maximal bilateral concentric strength were expressed relative to total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume&#44; the differences between the groups disappeared &#40;0&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 0&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;3</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;70&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;73&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; and IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lower extremities muscle peak power output at 50 and 70&#37; of 1 RM was 43&#37; &#40;495<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>192 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 711<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>216<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 56&#37; &#40;390<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>168 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 612<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>211<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; lower in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#44; respectively&#46; When muscle peak power output was expressed relative to kilogram of body mass&#44; the difference was reduced to 26&#37; at the load of 50&#37; &#40;6&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;95 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 8&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;032&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41; and 36&#37; at the load of 70&#37; &#40;5&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;86 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 7&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; than in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#44; respectively&#46; When muscle peak power output was expressed relative to total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume&#44; the differences between the groups were abolished at the load of 50&#37; of 1RM &#40;1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;3</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;35&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;70&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; compared with the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Upper extremity maximal dynamic strength</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CP</span> was 42&#37; lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Maximal dynamic strength 1RM in the seated row and shoulder press was 25&#37; lower &#40;42&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 52&#46;63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 29&#37; lower &#40;47&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;9 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 62&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#59; bootstrap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41; in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group than in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Associations</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The IC&#47;TLC ratio was positively associated with total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">LP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;60&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and physical activity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; for the entire group&#46; The FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37; predicted&#41; was positively associated with total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">LP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;43&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; and physical activity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;54&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; for the entire group&#46; Moreover&#44; physical activity was positively associated with total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> volume &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;81&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">LP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;62&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and muscle power at 50&#37; 1RM &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;78&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; a negative linear relationship was found between IL-6 and MMT volume &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;40&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#44; 1RM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">LP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;50&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and muscle power at 50&#37; of 1RM &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;46&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; for the entire group&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The salient findings of this study were that thigh muscle mass&#44; lower and upper maximal strength&#44; and leg muscle peak power output was reduced significantly in COPD patients with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#46; In addition&#44; the IC&#47;TLC a predictor of mortality&#44; was related to thigh muscle mass and the maximal strength of lower and upper extremities&#46; The present findings suggest that IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; may be valued as an applicable index of skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An inspiratory-to total lung capacity ratio of &#8804;25&#37; is an important independent predictor of increased mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Recently&#44; Ramon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> observed that the patients with COPD with lower IC&#47;TLC experience a higher longitudinal decline in exercise capacity and IC&#47;TLC and dyspnea in clinically stable patients with COPD predict their exercise capacity&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of previous studies suggesting that lower fat-free mass and reduced grip strength is related to an IC&#47;TLC of &#8804;25&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> we sought to determine whether an IC&#47;TLC of &#8804;25&#37; would translate to unfavorable changes in muscle mass and muscle function &#40;maximal strength and power output normalized to muscle cross-sectional area&#41; in the lower extremities&#46; Skeletal muscle weakness in the lower extremities has previously been shown to be more established with the increase of the dyspnea&#44; BODE index score&#44; and disease severity in COPD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Previous studies have observed that reduced thigh muscle cross-sectional area<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and reduced maximal quadriceps strength&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> which result in an impaired functional capacity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> is related to increased mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and health care utilization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Recently&#44; it has been also reported that lower extremity muscle power remains as a more discriminating variable for understanding the relationships between impairments&#44; functional limitations&#44; and resultant disability with aging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> However&#44; no previous study has determined that the IC&#47;TLC ratio is a marker of muscle atrophy and reduced maximal strength and muscle power output in the lower limbs in COPD patients&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A unique findings in this present study was that thigh muscle mass and maximal dynamic strength in the lower limbs were lower in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46; This hypothesis was strengthened by the relationship observed between the IC&#47;TLC and muscle mass &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and lower maximal strength &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; we extended our investigation by determining the relationship between the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group and the maximal strength of the upper limbs&#46; Indeed&#44; reduced maximal strength in the upper extremities was found in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46; This suggests that the inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio of &#8804;25&#37; is a surrogate marker of thigh muscle atrophy and peripheral skeletal muscle weakness&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; impairments in muscle peak power output in the lower extremity have emerged as a more important predictor of limitations in mobility in tasks such as rising from a chair&#44; climbing stairs&#44; habitual walking speed&#44; and even the prevention of falls&#44; than maximal muscle strength in older adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;24</span></a> To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first study to report the association between the IC&#47;TLC ratio and lower extremity muscle peak power in patients with COPD&#46; Our results indicate that muscle peak power output at 50 and 70&#37; of 1RM is reduced in COPD patients with an IC&#47;TLC of &#8804;25&#37;&#46; Furthermore&#44; a slowed-down capacity for muscle power output and delayed responsiveness to accidental falls in the lower and upper limbs is associated with disability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> It has been documented that in older adults<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> with lower extremity power at high velocities &#40;40&#37; 1RM&#41; contractions were a better predictor of habitual gait velocity than power at low velocities &#40;70&#37; 1RM&#41;&#46; One of the major findings in this study was that when maximal bilateral dynamic strength and muscle power output were expressed relative to total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>&#44; the differences between the groups disappeared&#46; This suggests that the impairment in peripheral muscle function of the lower limbs in patients with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; is mainly due to loss of muscle mass and that neural activation patterns and&#47;or twitch tension per muscle mass volume under maximal concentric actions &#40;typical leg extension actions also in normal daily activities&#41; could be rather similar between groups&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is no clear which physiological mechanisms explained the reductions in muscle mass in COPD patients with an IC&#47;TLC of &#8804;25&#37;&#46; In healthy older adults&#44; reduced maximal strength has been attributed to a great extent to the reduction in muscle mass&#44; which is perhaps related to alterations in hormone balance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> and the decline in the quantity and intensity of physical activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In this context&#44; we postulated that lower limb muscle mass and reductions in maximal strength and peak power output might be due to elevated inflammation and the physical inactivity associated with the systemic inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a> Consistent with the first part of the hypothesis&#44; we found that patients with an IC&#47;TLC of &#8804;25&#37; have elevated CRP and IL-6 levels and also&#44; we observed a negative relationship between IL-6 and muscle mass&#44; lower extremity maximal dynamic strength and leg muscle peak power output&#46; Therefore&#44; the present results might indicate that the effects of circulating IL-6 may be associated with reduced muscle mass and skeletal muscle weakness&#46; The results contradict the findings of Pleguezuelos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> who did not observe any significant relationship between quadriceps strength and IL-6&#46; These differences might occur because of the maximum strength measurement &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; dynamic maximum test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> isokinetic test&#41;&#46; Previous studies have shown that higher levels of systemic inflammation are associated with reduced physical activity in patients with COPD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and the older adults who are physically inactive have higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers than those who are physically active&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> In support of the second part&#44; the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group demonstrated a 23&#37; lower habitual physical activity&#46; Moreover&#44; physical activity was positively associated with lower extremity maximal strength&#44; muscle power output&#44; and thigh muscle mass in the pooled group&#46; In the present study&#44; IC&#47;TLC ratio was positively associated with physical activity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; for the entire group&#44; suggesting that those patients with higher static hyperinflation &#40;low IC&#47;TLC&#41; are less physically active&#46; A limitation of our study is that there was no direct dynamic hyperinflation during the 6MWT measurements&#46; Garcia-Rio et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> have reported that the reduced daily physical activity of patients with moderate-severe COPD might be partially explained by the development of dynamic hyperinflation&#44; regardless of the severity of the disease&#46; Garcia-Rio et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> have showed that the increase in EELV during exercise was associated with dyspnea as evaluated by the MRC scale&#46; This breathlessness could promote the limitation when the patients performed their daily physical activity&#44; increasing the physical inactivity&#46; At the same time&#44; this physical inactivity could contribute to the weakness and atrophy of the muscles&#44; leading to a vicious circle that causes more physical inactivity&#44; atrophy and skeletal muscle dysfunction&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several methodological limitations in our experimental approach&#46; First&#44; as the size of the sample in the study was small&#44; we used the bootstrapping procedure as part of the statistical analysis&#44; strengthening our results&#46; Second&#44; we did not take into account patients who received corticosteroids&#46; Previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> have shown that quadriceps strengthened but thigh muscle mass was lower in those patients who received systemic corticosteroids&#46; However&#44; the patients in our study received the same medical treatment and exacerbation was an exclusion criteria&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the results of this study indicate that the inspiratory-to total lung capacity ratio may be an effective pulmonary measurement to determine muscle atrophy in the lower extremities and skeletal muscle dysfunction&#46; The relationship observed is clinically important because an IC&#47;TLC of &#8804;25&#37; can be used as an index to detect skeletal muscle weakness&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Ethical responsibilities</span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Pulmonary functional and clinical assessments"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Thigh muscle mass"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Physical activity"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Lower extremity maximal strength and muscle peak power output"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Upper extremity maximal strength"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Systemic inflammation"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics and physical activity"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Thigh muscle mass"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Lower extremity maximal dynamic strength and muscle peak power output"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Upper extremity maximal dynamic strength"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Associations"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0090"
          "titulo" => "Ethical responsibilities"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0105"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0110"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack265527"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-04-18"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-07-21"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec791286"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
            1 => "Inspiratory fraction"
            2 => "Muscle mass"
            3 => "Muscle strength"
            4 => "Limb muscle dysfunction"
            5 => "Muscle power"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity &#40;IC&#47;TLC&#41; ratio of &#8804;25&#37; has emerged as a better marker of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; patients&#46; The relationship among the IC&#47;TLC ratio to lower extremity skeletal muscle function remains unknown&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-five men with moderate to severe COPD were divided into those with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41; and &#62;25&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#46; The subjects were tested for thigh muscle mass volume &#40;MMT&#41;&#44; maximal strength&#44; power output of the lower extremities&#44; and physical activity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total MMT in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group was significantly lower &#40;413&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; than in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group &#40;575&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46; In the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#44; maximal strength of the lower extremities and muscle peak power output of the lower extremities were 36&#8211;56&#37; lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; than among the patients in the IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; is associated with reduced maximal strength and peak power output of the lower extremities&#46; IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; may have an important clinical relevance as an index to determine peripheral muscle dysfunction&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
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      0 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thigh muscle mass &#40;MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>&#41; at 30&#37;&#44; 50&#37;&#44; and 70&#37; Lf according to IC&#47;TLC ratio&#46; Data are presented as means<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lower and upper body muscle maximal dynamic strength&#46; Maximal bilateral concentric 1RM in leg press and seated chest press in IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; and IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; group&#46; Data are presented as means<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between IC&#47;TLC ratio and total MM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> in patients with IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; &#40;&#9633;&#41; and IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; &#40;&#9632;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values expressed in mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#46; BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>body mass index&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>forced expiratory volume in one second&#59; FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>forced vital capacity&#59; TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>total lung capacity&#59; RV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>residual volume&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>inspiratory capacity&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>I&#44;max<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>maximal inspiratory pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>E&#44;max<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>maximal expiratory pressure&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry&#59; Change SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> before minus SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the end of 6MWT&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC&#47;TLC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Subjects&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TLC&#44; &#37; predicted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">120&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RV&#44; &#37; predicted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">177&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RV&#47;TLC&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IC&#44; L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IC&#47;TLC&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>I&#44;max&#44; cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>E&#44;max&#44; cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">101&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6MWT&#44; m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">409<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">528<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Final Borg dyspnea in the 6MWT&#44; score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Final SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in the 6MWT &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Change SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in 6MWT&#44; points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BODE index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IL-6&#44; &#961;g<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VEGF-A&#44; &#961;g<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">168&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>295&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TNF-&#945;&#44; &#961;g<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP&#44; mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical&#44; anthropometric characteristics and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity ratio&#46;</p>"
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              "identificador" => "bib0165"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "H&#46;R&#46; Gosker"
                            1 => "B&#46; Kubat"
                            2 => "G&#46; Schaart"
                            3 => "G&#46;J&#46; Van der Vusse"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Marquis"
                            1 => "R&#46; Debigar&#233;"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Lacasse"
                            3 => "P&#46; LeBlanc"
                            4 => "J&#46; Jobin"
                            5 => "G&#46; Carrier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.2107031"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "809"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12231489"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Muscle weakness is related to utilization of health care resources in COPD patients"
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                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Decramer"
                            1 => "R&#46; Gosselink"
                            2 => "T&#46; Troosters"
                            3 => "M&#46; Verschueren"
                            4 => "G&#46; Evers"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "10"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted with the support of the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Spanish Ministry of Education and Science</span> &#40;Plan Nacional I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>i 2004-2007 y 2008-20011 Strategic action&#58; &#8220;Sport and physical education&#8221; Ref&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">DEP2007-73220</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">DEP2011-30042</span>&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Health Sciences Department of Government of Navarre</span>&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735115
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rppnen.2016.07.003

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