Letter to the editor
Non-invasive method for airway clearance in a patient with excessive dynamic airway collapse: A case study
E. Bertella
, C. Simonelli, L. Bianchi
Corresponding author
Respiratory Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS – Institute of Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy
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Alfaro" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joana Clemente" "apellidos" => "Duarte" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rita" "apellidos" => "Leal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luís" "apellidos" => "Escada" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tiago M." "apellidos" => "Alfaro" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511516301166?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000002300000001/v1_201701210027/S2173511516301166/v1_201701210027/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173511516300926" "issn" => "21735115" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2016.08.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "1192" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2017;23:43-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1629 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 208 "HTML" => 803 "PDF" => 618 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "How to treat a glomus tumor of the airways?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "43" "paginaFinal" => "45" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2079 "Ancho" => 2666 "Tamanyo" => 436921 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A and B) Chest tomography in the patient no. 1. (A) Image at diagnosis revealed left lower lobe atelectasis (blue arrow). (B) Image after treatment with laser photocoagulation revealing no abnormalities. (C and D) Chest tomography in the patient no. 2 (C) Image at diagnosis showed a lesion in the posterior-lateral wall of the trachea (blue arrow). (D) Image after endoscopic treatment with no abnormalities.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M.T. Redondo, E. Padrão, S. Guimarães, G. Fernandes, A. Magalhães" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.T." "apellidos" => "Redondo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Padrão" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Guimarães" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Fernandes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Magalhães" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511516300926?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000002300000001/v1_201701210027/S2173511516300926/v1_201701210027/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the editor</span>" "titulo" => "Non-invasive method for airway clearance in a patient with excessive dynamic airway collapse: A case study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "45" "paginaFinal" => "47" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "E. Bertella, C. Simonelli, L. Bianchi" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Bertella" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "enrica.bertella@fsm.it" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Simonelli" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Bianchi" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Respiratory Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS – Institute of Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1024 "Ancho" => 1546 "Tamanyo" => 268391 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest CT scans of the studied patient show invagination of the posterior wall membrane of trachea (T) (Panels A, B) and of the main bronchi (Panels C, D) with narrowing of airways lumen. RB is for right main bronchus, LB for left main bronchus.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I am writing you this letter to present the case of a lady affected by Excessive Dynamic Airway Collapse (EDAC) who subsequently felt better when treated with the simple tool which is explained as follows.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EDAC is defined as the pathological collapse and narrowing of the airway lumen by 50% or more in the sagittal diameter; which is entirely due to the laxity of the posterior wall membrane with structurally intact airway cartilage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EDAC is usually asymptomatic; when severe, it can cause refractory cough, dyspnea, inability to clear secretions, pneumonia, respiratory failure, and wheezing resistant to drugs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A variety of treatment options has been suggested for EDAC, but large controlled studies are needed to confirm their efficacy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the case of a non-smoker 86-year-old woman (JAT) who signed an informed consent form. JAT is a housewife, has no risk factors for respiratory diseases but several comorbidities including anxiety and depression in treatment.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2004 she started having dyspnea at rest and orthopnoea, which were attributed to anxiety. At the beginning of 2007 severe EDAC was diagnosed by bronchoscopy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1A and 2A–D</a>). The spirometry showed reduction of forced expiratory flow at low lung volumes: Forced Expiratory flow at 25–75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) was 40% of predicted and complete intrathoracic expiratory flow-limitation during tidal breathing. After Albuterole 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg forced expiratory flow at low lung volume improved (FEF 25–75 was 49% of predicted value). She started therapy with Formoterol/Fluticasone 6/100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As it was suggested that nocturnal and intermittent daytime use of CPAP kept the airway opened and improved sputum production in EDAC patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> nocturnal CPAP (11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O) with facial mask (she could not tolerate nasal mask) was used: sleep quality and orthopnoea improved.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In December 2007 JAT underwent endoscopic laser treatment with poor results and in September 2008 an endoluminal silicone y-stent (Dumon type) was inserted (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B), but it was not successful probably because of the migration of the obstruction point toward the periphery of the airways tree.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following December it was replaced by a fully covered metal stent (Leufen) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C and D), which was removed in February 2009 because of granulation tissue growth and viscous secretion.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The severity of EDAC accordingly to Murgu classification system<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> was: F3, E3, S3, M: crescent type, O: idiopathic.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From 2007 to 2009 JAT underwent several bronchoscopies to clear secretions (at least 15); her quality of life (mean EQ-5D score 50) was very poor.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In March 2010 she was admitted to the pulmonary rehabilitation department for respiratory care with:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">one daily gym group-session</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joint mobilization/limb training with “unloaded” arm/leg exercise</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Airways clearance with threshold-Positive Expiratory Pressure (tPEP), set at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CPAP improved sleep quality, but during bike training it was not helpful and severe dyspnea occurred. We then tried to training the arm bike with the application of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) using BPAP Synchrony S/T with inspiratory positive airway pressure 16 and expiratory positive airway pressure 8, with humidification included and facial mask (F&P HC 431). Although there is no evidence that NIV can improve exercise training in EDAC patients, we tried this tool which is commonly used with COPD patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> to unload respiratory muscles and increase exercise tolerance.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JAT also continued airways clearance exercises (t-PEP) with modest results and in June, she was readmitted to the Pulmonary Rehabilitation department.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We were aware that airway clearance was the major goal to achieve. To the best of our knowledge there are no data on the use of clearing secretions techniques in EDAC. Only positive expiratory pressure is accepted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As EDAC is a condition in which airways collapse during forced expiration and cough, treatment modalities for airway clearance that increase inspiratory volume or expiratory flow rate should not be considered.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We tried High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillator (HFCWO – Vest<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> System, Model 105 – Home Care, HillRom), an inflatable jacket (Vest) worn over the chest connected to an air pulse generator which rapidly inflates and deflates the vest producing oscillations to the chest wall.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The air pulse generator was set at pressure level 2 and frequency 14.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HCFWO alone caused worsening of dyspnea probably because it decreases End Expiratory Lung Volume below the Residual Functional Capacity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> increasing airway resistance. Thus, as suggested by Perry et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>, we added a positive expiratory pressure using tPEP set at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O to maintain airway opened during the oscillations.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While Perry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> used a pressure-cycled ventilator to add a PEEP, we used a tPEP with a mouthpiece to make the treatment easier and more feasible at home for the patient and to facilitate secretions expulsion (which can be difficult when wearing a facial mask). This made the HFCWO very effective and JAT continued the treatment 3 times per day 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min/sessions, achieving stable airway cleaning and improvement of dyspnea.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the airway clearance program SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was monitored: it did not change from the basal values (i.e. 96–98%).</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At discharge The Borg scale of dyspnea improved from 8 to 4 and she declared: “I feel my lungs free of secretion, during the treatment I feel secretions moving upward” The Quality of Life score (EQ-5D) improved from 50 to 85.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No modifications were observed in lung function. HFCWO and tPEP were prescribed at home 3 times per day every day. She kept to the treatment and after 48-month follow-up was still improved. JAT had no side effect from treatment, no more admissions for respiratory symptoms and no need for bronchoscopy.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even if this tool is not a treatment for the disease, it ensured the patient kept her lungs clear from secretions and improved her dyspnea and quality of life.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not study the effects of HFCWO on respiratory system mechanics of this patient and, as EDAC is a rare disease, we could not conduct a randomized trial. Other studies and more patients are needed to verify the effectiveness of this intervention in EDAC.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, we think that the association of HFCWO and tPEP should be taken into consideration when any other treatment fails with an EDAC patient. This is, in fact, a non-invasive and safe intervention that can be used at home in a self-care regime.</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack265531" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1146 "Ancho" => 1542 "Tamanyo" => 210409 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bronchoscopic images. Panel A: Invagination of tracheal posterior wall membrane during spontaneous breathing in the studied patient with narrowing of tracheal lumen. Panel B: Positioning of endoluminal y silicon stent (Dumon type) in trachea of the studied patient. Panels C and D: Fully covered metal stent (Leufen) placed in trachea of the studied patient.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1024 "Ancho" => 1546 "Tamanyo" => 268391 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest CT scans of the studied patient show invagination of the posterior wall membrane of trachea (T) (Panels A, B) and of the main bronchi (Panels C, D) with narrowing of airways lumen. RB is for right main bronchus, LB for left main bronchus.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Excessive dynamic airway collapse for the internist: new nomenclature or different entity?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Kalra" 1 => "W. Abouzgheib" 2 => "M. Gajera" 3 => "C. Palaniswamy" 4 => "N. Puri" 5 => "R.P. 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Ambrosino" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00134007" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "218" "paginaFinal" => "228" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591339" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack265531" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Authors acknowledged Michela Bezzi and Flavio Milesi for their clinical contribution and Maria Elena Mino Zabala and Severiana Noguera Borja for their help in the Portuguese translation.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735115/0000002300000001/v1_201701210027/S2173511516301117/v1_201701210027/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "58383" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735115/0000002300000001/v1_201701210027/S2173511516301117/v1_201701210027/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://journalpulmonology.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511516301117?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| 2024 October | 102 | 60 | 162 |
| 2024 September | 113 | 57 | 170 |
| 2024 August | 137 | 61 | 198 |
| 2024 July | 88 | 36 | 124 |
| 2024 June | 99 | 41 | 140 |
| 2024 May | 91 | 48 | 139 |
| 2024 April | 84 | 29 | 113 |
| 2024 March | 87 | 21 | 108 |
| 2024 February | 98 | 27 | 125 |
| 2024 January | 88 | 31 | 119 |
| 2023 December | 96 | 27 | 123 |
| 2023 November | 105 | 48 | 153 |
| 2023 October | 71 | 47 | 118 |
| 2023 September | 84 | 37 | 121 |
| 2023 August | 74 | 28 | 102 |
| 2023 July | 116 | 26 | 142 |
| 2023 June | 99 | 21 | 120 |
| 2023 May | 98 | 32 | 130 |
| 2023 April | 76 | 13 | 89 |
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