Does alcohol consumption really affect the outcome of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections?

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(E) Section of pleurae biopsy (H&E stain ×100) shows the thickened pleura; (F) Masson’s trichrome stain (×100) demonstrates dense fibrosis in subpleural lung parenchyma; (G) Elastic Van Gieson (EVG) stain (×100) highlights excessive elastin fibers deposition in pleura; (H) EVG stain (×100) reveals subpleural lung parenchyma. (I) Chest radiograph shows peumothorax on the left side; (J) HRCT coronal plane shows progressive bilateral pleurae thickening; (K) HRCT axial plane exhibits increasing linear and patchy opacities in the lower lobe; (L) HRCT exhibits bilateral pleural effusion (red arrow)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Y. Zhang, L. Yang, Y. Li, H. Ma" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Zhang" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Yang" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Li" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Ma" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Zhang" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S253104372030221X?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/25310437/0000002700000002/v2_202105110755/S253104372030221X/v2_202105110755/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2531043720301847" "issn" => "25310437" "doi" => "10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.08.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-03-01" "aid" => "1534" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Pulmonol. 2021;27:182-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Letter to the Editor" "titulo" => "Daytime non-invasive ventilatory support via intermittent abdominal pressure for a patient with Pompe disease" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "182" "paginaFinal" => "184" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "P. Pierucci, J.R. Bach, V. Di Lecce Valentina, P. Banfi, G.E. Carpagnano, O. Resta" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "MD MSc" "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Pierucci" ] 1 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "MD PHD" "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Bach" ] 2 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "MD" "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Di Lecce Valentina" ] 3 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "MD" "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Banfi" ] 4 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "MD PhD" "nombre" => "G.E." "apellidos" => "Carpagnano" ] 5 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "MD" "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Resta" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2531043720301847?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/25310437/0000002700000002/v2_202105110755/S2531043720301847/v2_202105110755/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Correspondence" "titulo" => "Does alcohol consumption really affect the outcome of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "paginaInicial" => "185" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "H. Ito" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Ito" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "itohirokan@yahoo.co.jp" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "I read with great interest the article by Jacob et al., entitled “The effect of alcohol consumption in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteria.”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> Little is known about the relationship between alcohol consumption and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections, and the result of this article will add insights into the exacerbating factors for this disease. However, it seems early to decide that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for worsening NTM infections.This study did not refer to some important risk factors for developing NTM infections: the use of immunosuppressants, and the history of solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,3</a> Besides, it seems crucial to refer to the history of liver diseases. Although cirrhosis is not an established risk factor for developing NTM infections, the liver function is important in selecting the treatment regimen because of the hepatic toxicity of rifampicin and isoniazid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The factors I mentioned above were not included in the analysis in the article by Jacob et al. So, it seems premature to think that alcohol consumption is the risk factor for worsening NTM infections.Authors contributionConceptualization, manuscript writing: Hiroshi Ito.Final approval of manuscript: all authors.FundingNone declared.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Authors contribution" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack529738" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-23" "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">The risk factors for NTM infections \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cancer chemotherapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Carcinoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chronic azithromycin use \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Immunosuppressants such as TNF-α inhibitors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">INF-γ receptor deficiencies, and auto-antibodies to INF-γ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inhaled antibiotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral and inhaled steroid therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peritoneal dialysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Proton pump inhibitors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 deficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transplant recipients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Underlying lung diseases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2592395.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The classic factors for developing and worsening NTM infections; NTM: nontuberculous mycobacterial; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; INF-γ: interferon gamma." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of alcohol consumption in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Jacob" 1 => "R. Silva" 2 => "R. Gaio" 3 => "R. Duarte" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pulmoe.2019.08.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pulmonology" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "249" "paginaFinal" => "252" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31672591" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.E. Griffith" 1 => "T. Aksamit" 2 => "B.A. Brown-Elliott" 3 => "A. Catanzaro" 4 => "C. Daley" 5 => "F. 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Laurenson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210927" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "72" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack529738" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "The author is grateful to the members of the Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital for the support of daily clinical practices." 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