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France&#46; Inclusion criteria were adults with CRD &#40;any type&#41; and referral to PR&#46; Ethical approval was granted &#40;E2020-71&#41; and informed consent was not required&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">US were assessed during the first PR session using the Urinary Symptom Profile &#40;USP&#41; questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> which evaluates stress US&#44; urge US and dysuria&#46; No thresholds have been established to define the presence of symptoms&#44; therefore we considered a score above the upper bound of the 95&#37; CI of the mean score for asymptomatic people<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> to indicate US&#46; Thus&#58; stress incontinence&#8239;&#61;&#8239;score above 1&#47;9&#44; urge incontinence&#8239;&#61;&#8239;score above 4&#47;9 and dysuria&#8239;&#61;&#8239;score above 1&#47;9&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous data were expressed as means &#40;standard deviation&#41; or medians &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>&#8211;75th percentile&#41; and qualitative data as counts and percentages&#44; and their corresponding 95&#37; CI were calculated&#46; The overall rate of US was calculated as the occurrence of at least one type of US&#46; US were also compared between obstructive and non-obstructive CRD using a Fisher test&#46; The relationship between US and demographic or cardiorespiratory characteristics was analysed using a binomial logistic relationship&#46; A p-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered significant&#46; GraphPad Prism 5&#46;03 and R 3&#46;6&#46;1&#46; software were used&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty people with CRD &#40;43&#37; female&#44; median age 61 years &#40;range 53&#8211;67&#41;&#44; mean body mass index 26&#46;2&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;SD 4&#46;9&#41;&#41; were included&#46; Eighteen &#40;60&#37;&#41; had obstructive CRD&#44; 5 &#40;17&#37;&#41; had lung cancer&#44; 5 &#40;17&#37;&#41; had interstitial lung disease and 2 &#40;7&#37;&#41; had other restrictive CRD&#46; Five &#40;17&#37;&#41; were long term oxygen therapy users&#46; Twelve participants &#40;40&#37;&#44; 95&#37; CI 25&#8211;58&#41; experienced at least one type of US&#59; urge US was the most frequent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; There was no difference in the proportion of participants who experienced at least one type of US between obstructive and non-obstructive CRD &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;26&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B and C&#41;&#46; US was not significantly related to demographic or cardiorespiratory characteristics&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study revealed that US are very frequent in people attending PR&#46; Furthermore&#44; the true rate may be higher since US were assessed on the first day of PR and previous physical inactivity may have masked some symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Indeed&#44; PR involves regular and sustained physical exercise&#44; therefore it may both reveal and worsen US&#44; leading participants to reduce their participation or even drop out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Since the physiological effects of PR depend on training intensity&#44; lack of adherence considerably reduces the benefits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a> In addition&#44; US can worsen the quality of life of people with CRD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> These results therefore highlight a concerning issue that must be considered in both research and clinical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Importantly&#44; the occurrence of US was similar between participants with obstructive and non-obstructive CRD&#46; It was beyond the scope of this study to evaluate the causes of US&#44; but several risk factors may be common between obstructive and non-obstructive CRD &#40;particularly for tobacco-induced lung cancer&#41;&#46; Impaired diaphragm and expiratory muscle biomechanics alter both the stability of the lumbopelvic muscle system and intra-abdominal pressure regulation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and thus may be a cause of US in people with restrictive CRD or interstitial lung disease&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has several limitations&#46; Firstly&#44; the sample size was small and the design was retrospective&#46; The lack of a relationship between US and demographic and cardiorespiratory characteristics may therefore be due to a lack of power&#46; The presence of US was based on threshold scores for the USP that have not been specifically determined<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and may therefore be somewhat inaccurate&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite these limitations&#44; the high frequency of US in people with all types of CRD attending PR is concerning&#46; Large&#44; prospective studies are now warranted to evaluate the impact of US on PR adherence and outcomes&#46; Clinicians should screen PR participants for US and provide appropriate treatment to facilitate adherence&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Ethical approval and consent to participate</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comit&#233; d&#39;Ethique pour la Recherche sur Donn&#233;es Existantes et&#47;ou hors loi Jard&#233; CHU de Rouen &#40;E2020-71&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Urinary symptoms are very frequent in people with chronic respiratory disease attending pulmonary rehabilitation
L. Bocqueta, F.-E. Gravierb,c, P. Smondackb, G. Prieurc,d,e, Y. Combrete,f, J.-F. Muirb,c,g, A. Cuvelierc,g, F. Boujibarh,i, C. Médrinald,j,k, T. Bonnevieb,c,
Corresponding author
bonnevie.tristan@hotmail.fr

Corresponding author at: Pulmonary Rehabilitation, ADIR Association, France.
a Rouen University Hospital, School of Physiotherapy, Rouen, France
b ADIR Association, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
c Normandy University UNIROUEN, UPRES EA 3830, Haute Normandie Research and Biomedical Innovation, Rouen, France
d Intensive Care Unit Department, Le Havre Hospital, Le Havre, France
e Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pulmonology, ORL and Dermatology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
f Physiotherapy Department, Le Havre Hospital, Le Havre, France
g Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Intensive Care Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
h Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
i Inserm U1096, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
j Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Erphan, Versailles, France
k Saint Michel School of Physiotherapy, Paris, France
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic respiratory diseases &#40;CRD&#41; progressively lead to physical inactivity and worsening dyspnoea&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and cause disability and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Strong evidence shows that pulmonary rehabilitation &#40;PR&#41; improves dyspnoea&#44; fatigue&#44; emotional status&#44; exercise capacity and reduces exacerbations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> However&#44; one in two people with CRD referred for PR never attend&#44; and up to one third do not complete the program&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Others who complete the program have few clinical benefits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> We recently discussed how urinary symptoms &#40;US&#41;&#44; which are frequent in CRD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> might be a major barrier to participation&#44; completion and response to PR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; our discourse was speculative because no data are available about the relationship between US and PR&#46; A first step to address this question would be to determine its frequency and to characterize the type of symptoms in people with CRD attending PR&#46; Hence&#44; we report the results of a study aimed to assess the frequency and types of US&#44; and their relationship with baseline demographic and cardiorespiratory characteristics&#44; in people with CRD attending PR&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective chart review of people attending PR between December 2019 and March 2020 was conducted in ADIR Association&#44; Rouen University Hospital&#44; France&#46; Inclusion criteria were adults with CRD &#40;any type&#41; and referral to PR&#46; Ethical approval was granted &#40;E2020-71&#41; and informed consent was not required&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">US were assessed during the first PR session using the Urinary Symptom Profile &#40;USP&#41; questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> which evaluates stress US&#44; urge US and dysuria&#46; No thresholds have been established to define the presence of symptoms&#44; therefore we considered a score above the upper bound of the 95&#37; CI of the mean score for asymptomatic people<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> to indicate US&#46; Thus&#58; stress incontinence&#8239;&#61;&#8239;score above 1&#47;9&#44; urge incontinence&#8239;&#61;&#8239;score above 4&#47;9 and dysuria&#8239;&#61;&#8239;score above 1&#47;9&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous data were expressed as means &#40;standard deviation&#41; or medians &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>&#8211;75th percentile&#41; and qualitative data as counts and percentages&#44; and their corresponding 95&#37; CI were calculated&#46; The overall rate of US was calculated as the occurrence of at least one type of US&#46; US were also compared between obstructive and non-obstructive CRD using a Fisher test&#46; The relationship between US and demographic or cardiorespiratory characteristics was analysed using a binomial logistic relationship&#46; A p-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered significant&#46; GraphPad Prism 5&#46;03 and R 3&#46;6&#46;1&#46; software were used&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty people with CRD &#40;43&#37; female&#44; median age 61 years &#40;range 53&#8211;67&#41;&#44; mean body mass index 26&#46;2&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;SD 4&#46;9&#41;&#41; were included&#46; Eighteen &#40;60&#37;&#41; had obstructive CRD&#44; 5 &#40;17&#37;&#41; had lung cancer&#44; 5 &#40;17&#37;&#41; had interstitial lung disease and 2 &#40;7&#37;&#41; had other restrictive CRD&#46; Five &#40;17&#37;&#41; were long term oxygen therapy users&#46; Twelve participants &#40;40&#37;&#44; 95&#37; CI 25&#8211;58&#41; experienced at least one type of US&#59; urge US was the most frequent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; There was no difference in the proportion of participants who experienced at least one type of US between obstructive and non-obstructive CRD &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;26&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B and C&#41;&#46; US was not significantly related to demographic or cardiorespiratory characteristics&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study revealed that US are very frequent in people attending PR&#46; Furthermore&#44; the true rate may be higher since US were assessed on the first day of PR and previous physical inactivity may have masked some symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Indeed&#44; PR involves regular and sustained physical exercise&#44; therefore it may both reveal and worsen US&#44; leading participants to reduce their participation or even drop out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Since the physiological effects of PR depend on training intensity&#44; lack of adherence considerably reduces the benefits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a> In addition&#44; US can worsen the quality of life of people with CRD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> These results therefore highlight a concerning issue that must be considered in both research and clinical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Importantly&#44; the occurrence of US was similar between participants with obstructive and non-obstructive CRD&#46; It was beyond the scope of this study to evaluate the causes of US&#44; but several risk factors may be common between obstructive and non-obstructive CRD &#40;particularly for tobacco-induced lung cancer&#41;&#46; Impaired diaphragm and expiratory muscle biomechanics alter both the stability of the lumbopelvic muscle system and intra-abdominal pressure regulation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and thus may be a cause of US in people with restrictive CRD or interstitial lung disease&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has several limitations&#46; Firstly&#44; the sample size was small and the design was retrospective&#46; The lack of a relationship between US and demographic and cardiorespiratory characteristics may therefore be due to a lack of power&#46; The presence of US was based on threshold scores for the USP that have not been specifically determined<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and may therefore be somewhat inaccurate&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite these limitations&#44; the high frequency of US in people with all types of CRD attending PR is concerning&#46; Large&#44; prospective studies are now warranted to evaluate the impact of US on PR adherence and outcomes&#46; Clinicians should screen PR participants for US and provide appropriate treatment to facilitate adherence&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Ethical approval and consent to participate</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comit&#233; d&#39;Ethique pour la Recherche sur Donn&#233;es Existantes et&#47;ou hors loi Jard&#233; CHU de Rouen &#40;E2020-71&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall and specific rates of urinary symptoms in &#40;A&#41; the whole cohort&#44; &#40;B&#41; participants with obstructive chronic respiratory diseases and &#40;C&#41; participants with non-obstructive chronic respiratory diseases&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are shown as proportions with 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 25310437
Original language: English
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