Letter to the Editor
Coinfection of pulmonary nocardiosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in patients without known immunodeficiency
X. Suna,1, W. Liub,1, L. Liub, H. Sunb,
Corresponding author
sunhl2010@sina.com
Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
a Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
b Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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The figure shows a pulmonary nodule (a - H&E staining) and immunohistochemical staining. The nodule is positive for SMA (Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody – b). The cells show positive immunoreactivity toward desmin (figure e) and estrogen receptors (figure d) and have a negative imuunireactivity toward TTF1 (figure c) and CD34 (figure f).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Conde, A.S. Costa, T. Gomes" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Conde" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.S." "apellidos" => "Costa" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Gomes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2531043722002537?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/25310437/0000002900000002/v1_202303021319/S2531043722002537/v1_202303021319/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Coinfection of pulmonary nocardiosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in patients without known immunodeficiency" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "163" "paginaFinal" => "164" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "X. Sun, W. Liu, L. Liu, H. Sun" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Sun" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "W." "apellidos" => "Liu" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Liu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Sun" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "sunhl2010@sina.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both pulmonary nocardiosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) have been reported in immunocompromised or immunocompetent patients; however, few articles have reported their coinfection,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> and most of them are in patients with immunodeficiency. Here, we present a case series of coinfection with pulmonary nocardiosis and NTM-PD in patients without known immunodeficiency, and describe the characteristics of this population.</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From January 2017 to July 2021, NTM and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span> isolates were collected from respiratory tract samples, including the sputum, bronchial wash, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung biopsy specimens at our hospital. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span> was identified based on colony morphology and positive modified acid-fast staining. The species were further identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium</span> was also identified by colony morphology and acid-fast staining. When the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. tuberculosis</span> antigen test was negative, the species were further identified by universal 16s rRNA gene sequences to confirm the diagnosis of NTM. NTM-PD was diagnosed based on a combination of clinical, radiological, and microbiological features, as described by the American Thoracic Society Mycobacterial Disease Subcommittee.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Pulmonary nocardiosis was diagnosed when the patient had pulmonary symptoms, radiological abnormalities, and at least one positive culture from sputum, bronchial wash, BALF, or lung biopsy.</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From 448 patients with NTM infection, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span> was isolated from 14. All 14 patients had pulmonary symptoms and radiographic opacities. According to the diagnosis definition, four patients were excluded because NTM was isolated from the sputum only once. Therefore, coinfection of pulmonary nocardiosis and NTM-PD were identified in 10 patients. All these patients were absent from active malignancy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, corticosteroid or immunosuppressive drug use, solid organ transplantation, or stem cell transplantation. The clinical data of these patients are summarised in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean patient age was 59.2 ± 11.7 (range 45-84) years, with an apparent female predominance (female:male ratio 4:1). Bronchiectasis was noted in all patients, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) observed in 5/10 patients. Two patients had a history of smoking and one, alcohol abuse. No patient had diabetes mellitus or pulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients had NTM-PD first, with pulmonary nocardiosis diagnosed simultaneously or 2–20 months after NTM-PD. At the time of diagnosis of pulmonary nocardiosis, all patients exhibited cough and sputum production, followed by dyspnoea in 7/10 patients, haemoptysis in 6/10 patients, and fever in 3/10 patients. Both NTM and nocardiosis in all patients were confined to the lungs, without dissemination. The leading species were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium intracellular</span> in NTM-PD and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia otitidiscaviarum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia cyriacigeorgica</span> in pulmonary nocardiosis.</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed diffuse bronchiectasis and opacities in all patients, along with nodules, masses, infiltrates, and consolidations. The nodules were centrilobular, and all patients showed a diffuse tree-in-bud appearance. Cavities were noted in the upper lobes or superior segment of the lower lobes of three patients. One patient showed atelectasis. No patient had pleural effusion.</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients were treated medically for at least one year, followed-up for 1–3 years, and were all alive in March 2022. Patients with NTM-PD were mainly treated with rifampicin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin/azithromycin. Patients with pulmonary nocardiosis were mainly treated with levofloxacin/moxifloxacin ± minocycline. Only one patient was treated with sulfamethoxazole (TMPCO). Post-treatment, seven patients improved clinically and radiologically, two maintained stable symptoms and chest CT findings, and one progressed slowly, with new lesions on chest CT. Sputum cultures during follow-up were negative in 4/4 patients with NTM-PD and 6/7 patients with pulmonary nocardiosis.</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NTM-PD is strongly associated with bronchiectasis. Previous studies showed that the rate of NTM-PD in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis was 5%-30%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>; however, the causal relationship between the two diseases has not been fully established. The risk of pulmonary nocardiosis is increased in immunocompromised patients, particularly in those with defects in cell-mediated immunity. However, patients with chronic lung diseases, such as COPD and bronchiectasis, also have an increased risk of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span> infection. Lower airway bacterial colonisation in chronic lung diseases has been suggested to alter ciliary motility and cause epithelial damage, thereby facilitating the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Therefore, bronchiectasis may be a connecting link between pulmonary nocardiosis and NTM-PD in immunocompetent patients. Interestingly, no patient in our series had extrapulmonary nocardiosis or NTM infection, which may be associated with underlying immunocompetence, to restrict infections within the epithelial-damaged lungs.</p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TMPCO has been the traditional antimicrobial of choice for pulmonary nocardiosis but was administered to only one patient in this study owing to a confirmed or suspected drug allergy in other patients. Quinolone ± minocycline was the treatment of choice for most patients in this study, with most patients showing favourable outcomes, compared with the high mortality rate of approximately 40% reported in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The favourable outcomes may be due to the immunocompetent nature of the patients and the confined infection within the lungs. Sulfamethoxazole-free regimens with other sensitive medicines for pulmonary nocardiosis appeared to be effective in this population.</p><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Authors' contributions</span><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SXF and SHL contributed to the conception of the study. SXF, LWJ and LLL contributed to data collection, data analysis and interpretation. SXF, LWJ and SHL drafted the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript for intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0001" "titulo" => "Authors' contributions" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-06-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-09-15" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0001">These authors contributed to the work equally</p>" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0001" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NTM: nontuberculous mycobacterium; RFP: rifampin; EMB: ethambutol; CLA: clarithromycin; LEVO: levofloxacin; AZI: azithromycin; MOXI: moxifloxacin; MINO: minocycline; TMPCO: compound sulfamethoxazole tablet; NA: not available.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. (Sex) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species of NTM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time interval from NTM to nocardiosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0005"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0006"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outcome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0007"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sputum cultures during follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 (M) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. otitidiscaviarum</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Simultaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+CLA+LEVO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 years, progress slowly \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">NTM, NA; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span>, positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. cyriacigeorgica</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Simultaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+AZI+MOXI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.5 years, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. otitidiscaviarum</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Simultaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">MOXI+MINO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 year, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4 (M) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. otitidiscaviarum</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Simultaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+CLA+MOXI+MINO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.5 years, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. otitidiscaviarum</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Simultaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+CLA+MOXI+MINO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 years, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">6 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. cyriacigeorgica</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Simultaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+CLA+TMPCO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 year, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">7 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. abscessus</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. farcinica</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">CLA+LEVO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 year, stable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">NTM, NA; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nocardia</span>, Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. farcinica</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+AZI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 years, stable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. cyriacigeorgica</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+CLA+LEVO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 years, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">10 (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. intracellulare</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. beijingensis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">20 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">RFP+EMB+CLA+LEVO+MINO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 years, improved \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data of 10 patients with coinfection of pulmonary nocardiosis and nontuberculous mycobacterium pulmonary disease.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec1" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0001" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: two case reports" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K Yagi" 1 => "M Ishii" 2 => "H Namkoong" 3 => "T Asami" 4 => "H Fujiwara" 5 => "T Nishimura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s12879-014-0684-z" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "684" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491030" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0002" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "[Coinfection by Nocardia asteroides and Mycobacterium avium- intracellulare in a patient with AIDS]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "JM Trinidad" 1 => "R Teira" 2 => "S Zubero" 3 => "JM Santamaria" ] ] ] ] ] "host" 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=> array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biomed Res Int" "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0006" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pulmonary nocardiosis: risk factors and outcomes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R Martinez Tomas" 1 => "R Menendez Villanueva" 2 => "S Reyes Calzada" 3 => "M Santos Durantez" 4 => "JM Valles Tarazona" 5 => "M Modesto Alapont" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01078.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respirology" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "12" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "394" "paginaFinal" => "400" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539844" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack654426" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2024 October | 80 | 36 | 116 |
| 2024 September | 90 | 37 | 127 |
| 2024 August | 90 | 57 | 147 |
| 2024 July | 86 | 51 | 137 |
| 2024 June | 91 | 29 | 120 |
| 2024 May | 79 | 39 | 118 |
| 2024 April | 71 | 35 | 106 |
| 2024 March | 57 | 31 | 88 |
| 2024 February | 52 | 26 | 78 |
| 2024 January | 72 | 22 | 94 |
| 2023 December | 67 | 30 | 97 |
| 2023 November | 79 | 53 | 132 |
| 2023 October | 55 | 42 | 97 |
| 2023 September | 56 | 31 | 87 |
| 2023 August | 43 | 30 | 73 |
| 2023 July | 63 | 28 | 91 |
| 2023 June | 82 | 38 | 120 |
| 2023 May | 73 | 56 | 129 |
| 2023 April | 75 | 31 | 106 |
| 2023 March | 130 | 73 | 203 |
| 2023 February | 26 | 23 | 49 |
| 2023 January | 42 | 20 | 62 |
| 2022 December | 64 | 40 | 104 |
| 2022 November | 167 | 48 | 215 |
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