Letter to the Editor
Will smoking on beaches become a thing of the past? Bibione: The first smoke-free beach in Italy
C. De Marcoa, A.A. Ruprechtb, A. Borginib,c,
, P. Contieroc, A. Di Pacod, C. Veronesee, P. Paredif, A. Tittarellig, R. Boffie
Corresponding author
alessandro.borgini@istitutotumori.mi.it
Corresponding author at: Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
Corresponding author at: Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
a Diagnostics and Molecular Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
b International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy
c Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
d Respiratory Pathophysiology, Casa di Cura San Rossore, 56122 Pisa, Italy
e Respiratory Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
f Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
g Cancer Registry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Bibione: The first smoke-free beach in Italy" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "540" "paginaFinal" => "542" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "C. De Marco, A.A. Ruprecht, A. Borgini, P. Contiero, A. Di Paco, C. Veronese, P. Paredi, A. Tittarelli, R. Boffi" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "De Marco" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A.A." "apellidos" => "Ruprecht" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." 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"apellidos" => "Boffi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Diagnostics and Molecular Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Respiratory Pathophysiology, Casa di Cura San Rossore, 56122 Pisa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Respiratory Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0006" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cancer Registry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0007" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:9 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Despite the limited number of BCUV measurements, the results of our study demonstrate that, a significant improvement in the air quality was achieved on the beach after the introduction of the smoking ban." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2325 "Ancho" => 3167 "Tamanyo" => 603525 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Examples of one cigarette at ten meters downwind to smoker. (b) Examples of olfactory-guided BCUV measurements.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tobacco consumption has been consistently declared as the main preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Numerous scientific studies have documented the adverse health effects of second-hand smoke (SHS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The dangers of SHS, even for those exposed to it outdoors, are well known,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but outdoor smoking bans are rare.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to protect people and the environment, the Municipality of Bibione, a popular seaside tourist destination near Venice (Italy), introduced a smoking ban for the whole beach, except for specially designated smoking areas. This pioneering initiative in Italy, and one of the few in Europe to ban tobacco on beaches, was acknowledged by the WHO.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demonstrating a significant improvement in air quality following the introduction of the Bibione beach smoking ban presented significant challenges: to accurately evaluate the air quality before and after the ban, it would have been necessary to install several fixed pollution monitoring stations along kilometers of beach with hundreds of parasols and this was not technically possible. Each monitoring station would have needed an electrical power supply with electrical cables laid all along the beach where people normally walk barefoot presenting an unacceptable safety risk.</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, we engineered an alternative solution: “hunting” for cigarette smoke pollution on beaches using personal portable analyzers. Fixed instruments were deployed on a terrace and on a roundabout for comparison.</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The measurement of Black Carbon (BC) was used to detect the level of outdoor SHS pollution because previous studies had demonstrated a very high sensitivity to biomass combustion when measurements are performed at 370 nm, whereas fossil combustion is measured at 950 nm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instruments we used were:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">portable aethalometer model AE51</span> (Aethlab), factory calibrated to measure BC at 370 nm, programmed with 1 s sampling time carried by the researcher at nose level;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">fixed aethalometer model AE31</span> (Magee Scientific), factory calibrated to measure BC on seven channels from 370 to 950 nm programmed with 2 min sampling time, installed at 10 m height on a terrace at about 50 m from a roundabout at the entrance of the Bibione town, which represents a sort of background.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">fixed sensor for wind direction and velocity</span> model Kestrel 4500 programmed, with 2 min sampling time, battery supplied, installed at the seashore.</p></li></ul></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The BC measurements on the beach and on the roundabout were performed before and after the ban. After the installation of the fixed instruments (on a terrace and at a roundabout)<span class="elsevierStyleBold">,</span> the researchers equipped with the portable BC analyzer started wandering among the beach parasols, stopping only when they perceived the smell of cigarette smoke, trying to locate the source, and identify the distance and number of smokers. Considering that the cigarettes diffusion plume, with the measured wind speed of 2.7 ± 1.0 m/s is almost horizontal, and that one average cigarette emission rate is about 1.43 mg/min,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> we estimated that the Black Carbon Ultra Violet (BCUV) measurements would detect SHS even at several meters downwind from smokers.</p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Averages of BCUV were calculated for the different sites and periods of measurements, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was applied to evaluate the differences.</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Before the ban</span> SHS concentrations generated by smokers under parasols were detected at variable distances between 3 and up to 4–15 m downwind and were characterized by short, frequent, and also some extremely high BCUV peaks, detected simultaneously with the SHS odour . <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a>a shows an example of the BCUV measurement where it is possible to count the smoker puffs (each peak corresponds to one puff).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the distance between umbrellas is four meters, all those under three to four umbrellas located downwind are exposed to SHS. As can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a>b, in all tests the mean BCUV concentration levels measured downwind of the smokers is higher than those measured at the traffic crossing site within the same time window (8.1 ± 5.4 vs 2.0 ± 2.0 μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value = 0.02).</p><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">After the ban</span> no SHS was detected by the BCUV and by olfactory sensation during the wandering of the researchers on the beach, with the exception of downwind to the four special smoking sites located far away from the umbrellas zone, and therefore there are no data to report.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-02-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-06-09" "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:9 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Despite the limited number of BCUV measurements, the results of our study demonstrate that, a significant improvement in the air quality was achieved on the beach after the introduction of the smoking ban." 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The story of a smoke-free beach in Italy ISBN 978 92 890 5052 4." ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0007" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Source apportionment of black carbon (BC) from fossil fuel and biomass burning in metropolitan Milan, Italy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Mousavi" 1 => "MH Sowlat" 2 => "C Lovett" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.009" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Atmos Environ" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "203" "paginaInicial" => "252" "paginaFinal" => "261" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0008" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Real-time measurement of outdoor tobacco smoke particles" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Neil E. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2024 October | 73 | 56 | 129 |
| 2024 September | 94 | 61 | 155 |
| 2024 August | 87 | 39 | 126 |
| 2024 July | 123 | 37 | 160 |
| 2024 June | 49 | 43 | 92 |
| 2024 May | 81 | 46 | 127 |
| 2024 April | 56 | 25 | 81 |
| 2024 March | 64 | 21 | 85 |
| 2024 February | 64 | 39 | 103 |
| 2024 January | 75 | 32 | 107 |
| 2023 December | 72 | 37 | 109 |
| 2023 November | 144 | 120 | 264 |
| 2023 October | 27 | 29 | 56 |
| 2023 September | 35 | 30 | 65 |
| 2023 August | 41 | 25 | 66 |
| 2023 July | 38 | 35 | 73 |
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