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    "textoCompleto" => "<a name="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the most important and challenging problems for most intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; patients&#46; Prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated with higher mortality and varied morbidity&#46;<a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is well known that weaning failure is associated with longer use of mechanical ventilation&#44; higher infection rate&#44; longer ICU stay&#44; longer hospital stay&#44; and higher mortality rate&#46;<a href="&#35;bib23" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Up to the present time&#44; spontaneous breathing trial &#40;SBT&#41; is the most common method used to evaluate patients&#8217; ability to breathe by themselves and plays an important role in decision making for weaning&#46;<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> When patients are ready to wean&#44; the weaning process should be initiated with the first SBT as soon as possible&#46; Nevertheless&#44; about 15&#8211;30&#37; of the patients will be re-intubated even if they are able to tolerate &#40;or pass&#41; the SBT&#46;<a href="&#35;bib25" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib26" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The most commonly performed SBT uses either T-piece or pressure support ventilation &#40;PSV&#41;&#46; Since weaning failure is very complex and may involve cardiac&#44; pulmonary&#44; musculoskeletal&#44; and even autonomic problems&#44; different SBT may play different role in the weaning process&#46; The studies of different SBT on different patients are relatively uncommon&#46; However&#44; according to the statement of the sixth international consensus conference on intensive care medicine&#44; performing SBT with either PSV or T-piece is recommended when the patients are ready to wean because the rates of passing the SBT and successful extubation are comparable between PSV and T-piece trial&#46; However&#44; there is no further subgroup analysis for patients with various causes of cardiac dysfunctions&#46;<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Bel&#233;n Cabello et al&#46; monitored cardiovascular and respiratory responses in difficult-to-wean patients&#46; They used Swan-Ganz and tried three different methods of SBT&#44; including PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;PEEP &#40;post-end-expiratory pressure&#41;&#44; PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;ZEEP &#40;zero post-end-expiratory pressure&#41;&#44; and T-piece&#46; PAOP &#40;pulmonary artery occlusion pressure&#41; and respiratory rate measured when patients used T-piece were significant higher as compared with those used PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;PEEP or PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;ZEEP&#46; They concluded that compared with T-piece&#44; PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;PEEP and PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;ZEEP might improve more in breathing pattern&#44; inspiratory muscle effort&#44; and cardiovascular response&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; is the most common arrhythmia&#46; There is a higher rate of AF in ICU patients than in the general population&#46; AF can be considered to be either a cardiac or a non-cardiac disease&#46; AF associated with heart failure&#44; ischemic heart disease&#44; and significant valvular heart disease is usually considered to have a cardiac component&#46; On the other hand&#44; age and inflammation related with AF is usually considered to be of non-cardiac origin&#46;<a href="&#35;bib27" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> AF is known to result in a prolonged ICU stay&#44; prolonged hospital stay&#44; and prolonged use of mechanical ventilation&#46; AF is common in ICU patients and may impair cardiac function&#46; In this context&#44; it is clinically relevant to investigate the effect of AF on the weaning from mechanical ventilation among ICU patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To the best of our knowledge&#44; the effect of AF on SBT and successful weaning has not yet been well investigated&#46; In this study we would like to research the effect of AF on the rates of passing SBT and of successful weaning among ICU patients&#46;</p><a name="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><a name="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Study population</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">This retrospective observational study was conducted in the respiratory care unit &#40;RCU&#41; at Taipei Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan&#46; From January 2011 to January 2012&#44; all patients admitted to RCU were reviewed&#46; Patients were excluded in cases where one of the following conditions applied&#58; &#40;1&#41; invasive mechanical ventilation was not used &#40;2&#41; did not undergo SBT&#44; e&#46;g&#46; self-extubated&#44; they had died&#44; or refused extubation&#44; &#40;3&#41; did not undergo transthoracic echocardiography&#44; &#40;4&#41; patients with new onset AF or paroxysmal AF &#40;<a href="&#35;f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Taipei Veterans General Hospital &#40;VGHTPE-IRB No&#46; 2013-05-16BC&#41;&#44; and informed consent was waived&#46;</p><a name="f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n05-90436493fig1.jpg" alt="CONSORT diagram&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; CONSORT diagram&#46;</p><a name="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Weaning protocol</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our RCU&#44; physicians screened patients twice daily&#46; When patients were considered to be ready for weaning&#44; the rapid shallow breathing index &#40;RSBI&#41; would be checked first&#46; The patients usually received SBT when there was &#40;1&#41; significant improvement or resolution of the underlying causes of respiratory failure&#44; &#40;2&#41; the fraction of inspired oxygen &#40;F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">I</span>O2&#41;&#160;&#8804;&#160;40&#37;&#44; &#40;3&#41; PEEP&#160;&#8804;&#160;8&#160;cmH2O&#44; &#40;4&#41; PaO2&#47;FIO2&#160;&#8805;&#160;200&#160;mmHg&#44; &#40;5&#41; stable hemodynamic without the use of inotropic agents&#44; and &#40;6&#41; RSBI&#160;&#8804;&#160;105&#47;min&#47;L&#46; We started SBT with either T-piece or PSV for 30&#160;min&#46; The decisions for SBT method were based on a lottery draw&#46; Once SBT failed&#44; the patient would receive mechanical ventilation as soon as possible&#46; SBT was considered to have failed when &#40;1&#41; respiratory rate&#160;&#8805;&#160;30 per minute&#44; &#40;2&#41; blood pressure increased by 10&#37;&#44; &#40;3&#41; presence of diaphoresis&#44; &#40;4&#41; marked use of accessory respiratory muscles&#44; &#40;5&#41; respiratory rate divided by tidal volume&#160;&#8805;&#160;105 breaths per liter per minute&#44; and &#40;6&#41; persistent arterial oxygen saturation&#160;&#8804;&#160;88&#37; measured by pulse oximeter&#46;</p><a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Definitions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study&#44; the AF group was defined by electrocardiographical changes for more than 7 days&#44; which was persistent AF&#44; of each patient&#46;<a href="&#35;bib28" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Patients with paroxysmal AF and new onset AF were excluded&#46; Heart failure was defined according to the echocardiogram of each patient&#46; Our patients had echocardiography during admission at RCU before weaning&#46; The definition of impaired cardiac function was LVEF&#160;&#60;&#160;50&#37; or significant valvular heart disease&#46; We consulted the cardiologist for echocardiography and evaluation of cardiac dysfunction&#46; The measurement of E&#47;Ea ratio&#44; clinical symptoms&#47;signs&#44; and LVEF were used for the diagnosis for diastolic dysfunction according to the guidelines&#46;<a href="&#35;bib29" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> When the patient passed SBT&#44; weaning would be performed immediately&#46; Weaning failure was defined as re-intubation within 48&#160;h after coming off mechanical ventilation&#46;<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The criteria for re-intubation included &#40;1&#41; respiratory rate&#160;&#8805;&#160;35 breaths per minute&#44; &#40;2&#41; labored breathing as evidenced by overuse of accessory muscles or paradoxical movement&#44; &#40;3&#41; persistent arterial oxygen saturation&#160;&#8804;&#160;88&#37; measured by pulse oximeter&#44; &#40;4&#41; blood pressure increased by 10&#37;&#44; and &#40;5&#41; heart rate&#160;&#8805;&#160;120 beats per minute</p><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Data collection</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The demographic characteristics and clinical data including age&#44; sex&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; preexisting diseases&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II &#40;APACHE II&#41; score on ICU admission&#44; the reasons for mechanical ventilation&#44; which were also the reasons for RCU admission&#44; and SBT before weaning from mechanical ventilation were collected from the medical records&#46; The duration of the use of mechanical ventilation&#44; days before first readiness for weaning&#44; RSBI&#44; peak heart rate 2&#160;h before and after SBT&#44; the length of ICU stay&#44; the length of hospital stay&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality were also collected&#46;</p><a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The data were expressed as mean&#160;&#177;&#160;standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; case number &#40;&#37;&#41; and median and median and interquartile range&#46; We used Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test to compare the differences of continuous variables which were not normally distributed and used unpaired student t test to compare continue variables which were normally distributed between the two groups&#46; We used the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or Fisher exact test to compare categorical data&#46; Multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise logistic regression analysis&#46; All analyses of the differences were 2-tailed&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05 was considered to be statistically significant&#46;</p><a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients with and without AF</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients with AF and without AF are shown in <a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#46; There were no significant differences in BMI&#44; disease severity&#44; RSBI&#44; successful weaning rate&#44; ventilator days&#44; ICU days&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality between the two groups&#46; However&#44; AF patients were significantly older&#44; had higher rates of diastolic dysfunction and stroke&#44; and more days of readiness for weaning and more ventilator days &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; After logistic regression analysis&#44; age&#44; diastolic dysfunction and the days before readiness for weaning appeared to be the independent variables&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Characteristics and weaning outcome of study subjects&#46;</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>&#160;</td><td>AF&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;66&#41;</td><td>Non-AF&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;82&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender&#40;M&#47;F&#41;</td><td>45&#40;68&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>53&#40;64&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;650</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age</td><td>83&#46;0&#40;79&#46;4&#8211;84&#46;4&#41;</td><td>80&#46;0&#40;71&#46;2&#8211;78&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0&#46;000</td><td>0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI</td><td>22&#46;3&#40;21&#46;7&#8211;25&#46;2&#41;</td><td>21&#46;3&#40;21&#46;4&#8211;24&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;222</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>APACHE II</td><td>17&#46;0&#40;16&#46;6&#8211;19&#46;2&#41;</td><td>17&#46;0&#40;16&#46;2&#8211;19&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;339</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preexisting disease</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Impaired cardiac function</td><td>19&#40;29&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>27&#40;32&#46;9&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;631</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diastolic dysfunction</td><td>12&#40;18&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>32&#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;007</td><td>0&#46;005</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension</td><td>48&#40;72&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>53&#40;64&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;293</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>DM</td><td>29&#40;39&#46;4&#37;&#41;</td><td>32&#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;963</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>30&#40;45&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>24&#40;29&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;042</td><td>0&#46;069</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coronary artery disease</td><td>22&#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>31&#40;37&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;573</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic kidney disease</td><td>9&#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41;</td><td>10&#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;817</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reasons for intubation</span></td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>0&#46;127</td><td>0&#46;843</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pleural effusion</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</td><td>2&#40;3&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pneumonia</td><td>15&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>20&#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Asthma</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>AE COPD</td><td>13&#40;20&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>14&#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Cardiac arrest</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sepsis</td><td>8&#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>7&#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Drug related conscious change</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Post-operative</td><td>3&#40;4&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary edema</td><td>18&#40;27&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>15&#40;18&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Foreign body chocking</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary hemorrhage</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>9&#40;11&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diffuse pan-bronchiolitis</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericardial effusion</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericarditis</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypovolemic shock</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Vocal cord palsy</td><td>2&#40;3&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>2&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weaning</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Days before readiness for wean</td><td>19&#46;0&#40;14&#46;9&#8211;22&#46;4&#41;</td><td>10&#46;0&#40;9&#46;7&#8211;13&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0&#46;002</td><td>0&#46;010</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>RSBI</td><td>86&#46;0&#40;78&#46;3&#8211;97&#46;1&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;74&#46;3&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0&#46;340</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>SBT success</td><td>56&#40;84&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>72&#40;87&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;601</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h before SBT</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;77&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;1&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;81&#46;7&#8211;90&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0&#46;081</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h after SBT</td><td>93&#46;0&#40;85&#46;2&#8211;96&#46;0&#41;</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;84&#46;8&#8211;92&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0&#46;802</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weaning success</td><td>57&#40;86&#46;4&#37;&#41;</td><td>77&#40;92&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;197</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Outcomes</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ventilator days</td><td>36&#46;0&#40;32&#46;5&#8211;70&#46;4&#41;</td><td>30&#46;0&#40;28&#46;5&#8211;56&#46;4&#41;</td><td>0&#46;012</td><td>0&#46;171</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU days</td><td>25&#46;0&#40;22&#46;9&#8211;31&#46;0&#41;</td><td>22&#46;0&#40;22&#46;0&#8211;32&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0&#46;405</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital stay</td><td>45&#46;0&#40;42&#46;7&#8211;81&#46;9&#41;</td><td>42&#46;0&#40;43&#46;0&#8211;71&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;036</td><td>0&#46;353</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU mortality</td><td>9&#40;14&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;14&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;977</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital mortality</td><td>14&#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>18&#40;21&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;938</td><td>&#160;</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#160;&#61;&#160;body mass index&#59; APACHE&#160;&#61;&#160;Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; DM&#160;&#61;&#160;diabetes mellitus&#59; AE COPD&#160;&#61;&#160;chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exacerbation&#59; RSBI&#160;&#61;&#160;rapid-shallow breathing index&#59; SBT&#160;&#61;&#160;spontaneous breathing trial&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#42; Univariate analysis&#46;<br></br>&#42;&#42; Multivariate analysis&#46;<br></br></p><a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Different SBT in AF patients and non-AF patients</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 66 patients with AF&#44; 26 patients used T-piece and 40 patients used PSV as SBT after they were ready for weaning&#46; These two groups had comparable data for gender&#44; age&#44; BMI&#44; and disease severity&#46; The proportion of patients with impaired cardiac function&#44; diastolic dysfunction&#44; coronary artery disease&#44; hypertension&#44; DM&#44; stroke&#44; and chronic kidney disease showed no significant difference between the two groups&#46; The outcomes of these two groups including ventilator days&#44; ICU days&#44; hospital days&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality did not have significant differences &#40;<a href="&#35;t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the T-piece group&#44; the ratio of passing SBT was significantly lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;042&#41; than that of PSV group&#46; However&#44; there was no significant difference in the weaning rate between the PSV and the T-piece groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#46;000&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Patients with AF receiving different types of SBT&#46;</p><a name="t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Patients with AF</td><td>T-piece&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;26&#41;</td><td>PSV&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;40&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender&#40;M&#47;F&#41;</td><td>15&#40;57&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>30&#40;75&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;140</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age</td><td>83&#46;0&#40;80&#46;0&#8211;84&#46;9&#41;</td><td>83&#46;5&#40;77&#46;8&#8211;85&#46;4&#41;</td><td>0&#46;261</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI</td><td>22&#46;0&#40;20&#46;4&#8211;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>22&#46;6&#40;21&#46;0&#8211;24&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0&#46;960</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>APACHE II</td><td>18&#46;0&#40;16&#46;4&#8211;19&#46;5&#41;</td><td>16&#46;5&#40;16&#46;0&#8211;19&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0&#46;659</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preexisting disease</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Impaired cardiac function</td><td>5&#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>14&#40;35&#46;9&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;148</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diastolic dysfunction</td><td>8&#40;30&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>4&#40;10&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;052</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension</td><td>19&#40;73&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>29&#40;72&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;959</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>DM</td><td>13&#40;50&#37;&#41;</td><td>13&#40;32&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;155</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>12&#40;46&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>18&#40;45&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;927</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coronary artery disease</td><td>10&#40;38&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;30&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;476</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic kidney disease</td><td>3&#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;15&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#46;000</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reasons for intubation</span></td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>0&#46;033</td><td>0&#46;679</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</td><td>2&#40;7&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pneumonia</td><td>6&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>9&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Asthma</td><td>1&#40;3&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>AE COPD</td><td>1&#40;3&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;30&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sepsis</td><td>3&#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>5&#40;12&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Post-operative</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary edema</td><td>12&#40;46&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary hemorrhage</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericardial effusion</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Vocal cord palsy</td><td>1&#40;3&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weaning</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Days before readiness for wean</td><td>19&#46;0&#40;11&#46;9&#8211;23&#46;6&#41;</td><td>19&#46;5&#40;14&#46;0&#8211;24&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0&#46;937</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>RSBI</td><td>84&#46;0&#40;67&#46;9&#8211;95&#46;6&#41;</td><td>87&#46;5&#40;77&#46;9&#8211;104&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;965</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>SBT success</td><td>19&#40;73&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>37&#40;92&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;041</td><td>0&#46;042</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h before SBT</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;76&#46;1&#8211;94&#46;3&#41;</td><td>84&#46;0&#40;74&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0&#46;906</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h after SBT</td><td>96&#46;0&#40;87&#46;3&#8211;100&#46;1&#41;</td><td>91&#46;5&#40;81&#46;0&#8211;96&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0&#46;980</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weaning success</td><td>24&#40;92&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>33&#40;82&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;465</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Outcomes</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ventilator days</td><td>40&#46;0&#40;18&#46;2&#8211;125&#46;1&#41;</td><td>33&#46;0&#40;29&#46;6&#8211;51&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;580</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU days</td><td>25&#46;0&#40;18&#46;7&#8211;34&#46;6&#41;</td><td>26&#46;5&#40;22&#46;1&#8211;32&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;708</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital stay</td><td>45&#46;0&#40;29&#46;9&#8211;69&#46;2&#41;</td><td>47&#46;0&#40;39&#46;9&#8211;98&#46;4&#41;</td><td>0&#46;941</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU mortality</td><td>5&#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>4&#40;10&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;469</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital mortality</td><td>6&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>8&#40;21&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;891</td><td>&#160;</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#160;&#61;&#160;body mass index&#59; APACHE&#160;&#61;&#160;Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; DM&#160;&#61;&#160;diabetes mellitus&#59; AE COPD&#160;&#61;&#160;chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exacerbation&#59; RSBI&#160;&#61;&#160;rapid-shallow breathing index&#59; SBT&#160;&#61;&#160;spontaneous breathing trial&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#42; Univariate analysis&#46;<br></br>&#42;&#42; Multivariate analysis&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 82 patients in the non-AF group&#44; 41 patients received T-piece and the other 41 patients received PSV as SBT when they were ready for weaning&#46; Both groups had comparable data in age&#44; BMI&#44; and APACHE II score&#46; The rate of comorbidity&#44; including impaired cardiac function&#44; diastolic dysfunction&#44; coronary artery disease&#44; hypertension&#44; DM&#44; stroke&#44; and chronic kidney disease were also comparable&#46; The ventilator days&#44; ICU days&#44; hospital days&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality were not significantly different&#46; The rates of passing SBT and weaning successfully were not different between the T-piece group and the PSV group &#40;<a href="&#35;t0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3&#46; Patients without AF receiving different types of SBT&#46;</p><a name="t0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Patients without AF</td><td>T-piece&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;41&#41;</td><td>PSV&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;41&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender&#40;M&#47;F&#41;</td><td>24&#40;60&#37;&#41;</td><td>29&#40;69&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;392</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age</td><td>80&#46;0&#40;70&#46;0&#8211;82&#46;0&#41;</td><td>77&#46;0&#40;69&#46;0&#8211;79&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;454</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI</td><td>21&#46;2&#40;20&#46;1&#8211;22&#46;9&#41;</td><td>23&#46;4&#40;21&#46;6&#8211;25&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0&#46;273</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>APACHE II</td><td>17&#46;5&#40;16&#46;1&#8211;20&#46;4&#41;</td><td>16&#46;0&#40;15&#46;0&#8211;18&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0&#46;421</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preexisting disease</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Impaired cardiac function</td><td>12&#40;30&#37;&#41;</td><td>15&#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;643</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diastolic dysfunction</td><td>17&#40;42&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>15&#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;529</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension</td><td>22&#40;55&#37;&#41;</td><td>31&#40;73&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;075</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>DM</td><td>15&#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>17&#40;40&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;782</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>10&#40;25&#37;&#41;</td><td>14&#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;407</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coronary artery disease</td><td>12&#40;30&#37;&#41;</td><td>19&#40;45&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;155</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic kidney disease</td><td>7&#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;194</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reasons for intubation</span></td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>0&#46;057</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pleural effusion</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pneumonia</td><td>13&#40;32&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>7&#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>AE COPD</td><td>2&#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;30&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Cardiac arrest</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sepsis</td><td>5&#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>2&#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Drug related conscious change</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary edema</td><td>5&#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>10&#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary hemorrhage</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>6&#40;15&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diffuse pan-bronchiolitis</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericarditis</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypovolemic shock</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Vocal cord palsy</td><td>2&#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weaning</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Days before readiness for wean</td><td>12&#46;0&#40;10&#46;1&#8211;15&#46;7&#41;</td><td>9&#46;0&#40;7&#46;7&#8211;12&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0&#46;138</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>RSBI</td><td>86&#46;5&#40;75&#46;6&#8211;91&#46;1&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;66&#46;3&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>SBT success</td><td>36&#40;87&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>36&#40;87&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#46;000</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h before SBT</td><td>82&#46;5&#40;78&#46;0&#8211;84&#46;9&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;81&#46;4&#8211;92&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;633</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h after SBT</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;80&#46;9&#8211;94&#46;2&#41;</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;85&#46;0&#8211;94&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0&#46;462</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weaning success</td><td>37&#40;90&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>40&#40;95&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;433</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Outcomes</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ventilator days</td><td>28&#46;0&#40;17&#46;3&#8211;70&#46;4&#41;</td><td>30&#46;0&#40;27&#46;8&#8211;54&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0&#46;977</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU days</td><td>21&#46;5&#40;17&#46;9&#8211;28&#46;8&#41;</td><td>22&#46;0&#40;21&#46;9&#8211;39&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0&#46;480</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital stay</td><td>44&#46;5&#40;39&#46;1&#8211;77&#46;7&#41;</td><td>42&#46;0&#40;34&#46;4&#8211;77&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;864</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU mortality</td><td>6&#40;14&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;14&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;964</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital mortality</td><td>8&#40;19&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>10&#40;23&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;635</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#160;&#61;&#160;body mass index&#59; APACHE&#160;&#61;&#160;Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; DM&#160;&#61;&#160;diabetes mellitus&#59; AE COPD&#160;&#61;&#160;chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exacerbation&#59; RSBI&#160;&#61;&#160;rapid-shallow breathing index&#59; SBT&#160;&#61;&#160;spontaneous breathing trial&#46;<br></br></p><a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The most important finding in this study was that different methods of SBT had different success rates among AF patients&#46; The success rate of passing SBT was significantly higher in the PSV group than in the T-piece group &#40;73&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 92&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;041&#41; in patients with AF&#46; However&#44; the weaning rate of mechanical ventilation among AF patients did not differ significantly between the PSV group and the T-piece preferred SBT approach for AF patients when the patients are ready to wean &#40;<a href="&#35;f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><a name="f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n05-90436493fig2.jpg" alt="Different methods of SBT show different SBT passing rates in AF patients&#44; but fail to show different rates of successful weaning&#46; The findings are not found in patients without AF&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Different methods of SBT show different SBT passing rates in AF patients&#44; but fail to show different rates of successful weaning&#46; The findings are not found in patients without AF&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Previous studies suggested that prolonged weaning could be associated with higher mortality&#46;<a href="&#35;bib30" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Christian et al&#46; found that AF was associated with longer ICU stay&#44; hospital stay&#44; and duration of the use of mechanical ventilation in septic ICU patients&#46;<a href="&#35;bib31" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The findings could be explained by cardiac and extra-cardiac conditions induced by AF&#46;<a href="&#35;bib32" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In a study involving patients undergoing surgery&#44; AF patients were also found to have a longer ICU and hospital stay&#46;<a href="&#35;bib33" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> At variance with aforementioned studies&#44; the present study indicates that ventilator days&#44; hospital stay&#44; ICU mortality and hospital mortality were not significantly different between AF and non-AF patients&#44; and the findings were consistent with some other reports&#46;<a href="&#35;bib34" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib35" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Unlike previous study&#44; our results indicated that AF patients need a longer duration before they were ready to wean&#44; which has not been reported&#46; However&#44; the reasons why AF patients need longer ventilator days remain unclear&#46; Further studies with larger populations are needed to verify the issue&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study&#44; all AF patients received heart rate control instead of rhythm control&#46; The heart rates&#44; which were measured 2&#160;h before and after SBT and during weaning from mechanical ventilation were not significantly different in patients with AF who were divided into subgroups by the use of SBT either T-piece or PSV&#46; However&#44; a higher failure rate was found among AF patients using the T-piece trial than among those using the PSV trial despite similar heart rate&#46; The reasons remain unclear because this was not found in patients without AF&#46; Heart rate control and rhythm control are the mainstay treatments for AF&#46;<a href="&#35;bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The effect of medications for rate control or rhythm control in AF patients on ventilator days needs further studies to verify&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Previous studies indicated that chronic heart failure was one of the risk factors for weaning failure&#46;<a href="&#35;bib37" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib38" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Recently&#44; diastolic dysfunction was found to be strongly associated with weaning failure compared to systolic heart failure&#46; Moschietto et al&#46; suggested that transthoracic echocardiography should be used to predict weaning failure&#46;<a href="&#35;bib39" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In this study&#44; transthoracic echocardiography was performed on every patient&#46; The T-piece group and the PSV group had similar rates of impaired cardiac function and diastolic dysfunction among AF patients&#46; However&#44; the higher rate of passing SBT was found in the patients using the PSV trial&#46; It is plausible that the use of PSV may be better than the use of T-piece in terms of SBT for AF patients due to less influence of cardiac dysfunction&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Ezingeard et al&#46; started SBT with T-piece when patients were ready to wean&#46;<a href="&#35;bib40" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> If patients could tolerate the T-piece trial&#44; they were extubated immediately&#46; If not&#44; the patients started to receive PSV and were extubated after passing the PSV trial&#46; There was no significant difference in the extubation failure rate between the T-piece group and PSV group after 48&#160;h&#46; The study concluded that the PSV trial may benefit patients who failed the T-piece trial&#46;<a href="&#35;bib40" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Esteban and his colleagues found that ICU patients had a higher SBT failure rate with the T-piece trial than those who underwent PSV &#40;22&#37; vs&#46; 14&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;003&#41;&#46;<a href="&#35;bib41" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Both studies implied that PSV had a higher success rate than the T-piece trial when patients were ready to wean&#46; Cabello et al&#46; further explored the physiological mechanisms of different SBT methods and compared three different methods of SBT&#46; He concluded that different SBT methods might influence weaning decision making&#46;<a href="&#35;bib42" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Our results showed that in patients with AF&#44; the T-piece trial had a higher failure rate than did the PSV trial&#44; but this was not be true for patients without AF&#46; However&#44; the final weaning rate was similar among both AF and non-AF patients&#46; Therefore when patients with chronic AF are ready to wean&#44; PSV should be considered first&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are some limitations to our study&#46; First&#44; this was a retrospective study&#46; Large scale prospective studies are mandatory to determine individualized SBT for different patients&#46; Second&#44; our sample size was not large enough&#46; This may cause insufficient power for some important differences&#44; for example&#44; the ventilator days in AF patients between the T-piece trial and the PSV trial&#46; Third&#44; we only enrolled patients with chronic AF but not those with new onset AF or paroxysmal AF because of limited cases&#46; It remains unknown whether new onset AF or paroxysmal AF will have any influence on SBT and weaning&#44; like chronic AF&#46; Future studies with larger populations are needed to explore these issues&#46;</p><a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">When AF patients are ready for the weaning process&#44; it is important to start SBT using PSV trial rather than T-piece trial&#46; This might lead to a higher success rate for SBT and similar weaning outcomes&#46; This may also result in shorter total ventilator days&#46;</p><a name="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><a name="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p><a name="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p><a name="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Contributions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Yen-Han Tseng&#58; Literature search&#44; data collection&#44; study design&#44; analysis of data&#44; manuscript preparation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Yen-Chiang Tseng&#58; analysis of data&#44; manuscript preparation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Han-Shui Hsu&#58; study design&#44; review of manuscript&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Shi-Chuan Chang&#58; Literature search&#44; study design&#44; manuscript preparation&#44; review of manuscript&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Acknowledgements</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We thank Professor Ralph Kirby for the English revision&#46; We thank Chang Mei-Ling&#44; Lin Chia-Ling&#44; and Wang Jen-Hui for the assessment of weaning parameters and Chiang Shu-Chiang and Sheng Wen-Yung for statistical analysis&#46; We also thank the RCU respiratory therapists and nursing staff for their assistance and support in treating the patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received 12 January 2015 <br></br>Accepted 28 April 2015 </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author at&#58; Department of Chest Medicine&#44; Taipei Veterans General Hospital&#44; 201&#44; Sec&#46; 2&#44; Shih-Pai Road&#44; Taipei 112&#44; Taiwan&#46; Tel&#46;&#58; &#43;886 2 28763466&#59; fax&#58; &#43;886 2 28763466&#46; scchang&#64;vghtpe&#46;gov&#46;tw</p>"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41;"
            1 => "Intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;"
            2 => "Mechanical ventilation"
            3 => "Spontaneous breathing trial &#40;SBT&#41;"
            4 => "Ventilator weaning"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the most important and challenging problems for most intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; patients&#46; Spontaneous breathing trial &#40;SBT&#41; is the most common method used to evaluate patients&#8217; ability to breathe by themselves and plays an important role in decision making for weaning&#46; The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of different methods of SBT in respiratory care unit &#40;RCU&#41; patients with atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; on weaning outcome&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">We retrospectively analyzed different methods of SBT in patients with and without AF&#46; We enrolled RCU patients who required mechanical ventilation and had undergone transthoracic echocardiography from January 2011 to January 2012&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">There was a higher SBT passing rate among AF patients who received pressure support ventilation &#40;PSV&#41; trial than in those who received T-piece trail &#40;92&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 73&#46;1&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;041&#41;&#46; The weaning rates between these two groups were not significantly different &#40;83&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 94&#46;7&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;403&#41;&#46; Total ventilator days were longer in T-piece group than in PSV group &#40;median 40&#46;0&#44; IQR&#58; 18&#46;2&#8211;125&#46;1 days vs&#46; 33&#46;0&#44; IQR&#58; 29&#46;6&#8211;51&#46;0 days respectively&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;580&#41;&#44; but this difference was not statistically significant&#46; These results were not found in patients without AF&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">The use of PSV trial might be considered first instead of T-piece trial for SBT when AF patients were ready to wean&#46;</p>"
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Different spontaneous breathing trials in patients with atrial fibrillation
Y.-H. Tsenga,b, Y.-C. Tsengc, H.-S. Hsua,c, S.-C. Changa,
,b
a Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiepi, Taiwan
b Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
c Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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decision making for weaning&#46;<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> When patients are ready to wean&#44; the weaning process should be initiated with the first SBT as soon as possible&#46; Nevertheless&#44; about 15&#8211;30&#37; of the patients will be re-intubated even if they are able to tolerate &#40;or pass&#41; the SBT&#46;<a href="&#35;bib25" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib26" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The most commonly performed SBT uses either T-piece or pressure support ventilation &#40;PSV&#41;&#46; Since weaning failure is very complex and may involve cardiac&#44; pulmonary&#44; musculoskeletal&#44; and even autonomic problems&#44; different SBT may play different role in the weaning process&#46; The studies of different SBT on different patients are relatively uncommon&#46; However&#44; according to the statement of the sixth international consensus conference on intensive care medicine&#44; performing SBT with either PSV or T-piece is recommended when the patients are ready to wean because the rates of passing the SBT and successful extubation are comparable between PSV and T-piece trial&#46; However&#44; there is no further subgroup analysis for patients with various causes of cardiac dysfunctions&#46;<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Bel&#233;n Cabello et al&#46; monitored cardiovascular and respiratory responses in difficult-to-wean patients&#46; They used Swan-Ganz and tried three different methods of SBT&#44; including PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;PEEP &#40;post-end-expiratory pressure&#41;&#44; PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;ZEEP &#40;zero post-end-expiratory pressure&#41;&#44; and T-piece&#46; PAOP &#40;pulmonary artery occlusion pressure&#41; and respiratory rate measured when patients used T-piece were significant higher as compared with those used PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;PEEP or PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;ZEEP&#46; They concluded that compared with T-piece&#44; PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;PEEP and PSV&#160;&#43;&#160;ZEEP might improve more in breathing pattern&#44; inspiratory muscle effort&#44; and cardiovascular response&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; is the most common arrhythmia&#46; There is a higher rate of AF in ICU patients than in the general population&#46; AF can be considered to be either a cardiac or a non-cardiac disease&#46; AF associated with heart failure&#44; ischemic heart disease&#44; and significant valvular heart disease is usually considered to have a cardiac component&#46; On the other hand&#44; age and inflammation related with AF is usually considered to be of non-cardiac origin&#46;<a href="&#35;bib27" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> AF is known to result in a prolonged ICU stay&#44; prolonged hospital stay&#44; and prolonged use of mechanical ventilation&#46; AF is common in ICU patients and may impair cardiac function&#46; In this context&#44; it is clinically relevant to investigate the effect of AF on the weaning from mechanical ventilation among ICU patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To the best of our knowledge&#44; the effect of AF on SBT and successful weaning has not yet been well investigated&#46; In this study we would like to research the effect of AF on the rates of passing SBT and of successful weaning among ICU patients&#46;</p><a name="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><a name="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Study population</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">This retrospective observational study was conducted in the respiratory care unit &#40;RCU&#41; at Taipei Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan&#46; From January 2011 to January 2012&#44; all patients admitted to RCU were reviewed&#46; Patients were excluded in cases where one of the following conditions applied&#58; &#40;1&#41; invasive mechanical ventilation was not used &#40;2&#41; did not undergo SBT&#44; e&#46;g&#46; self-extubated&#44; they had died&#44; or refused extubation&#44; &#40;3&#41; did not undergo transthoracic echocardiography&#44; &#40;4&#41; patients with new onset AF or paroxysmal AF &#40;<a href="&#35;f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Taipei Veterans General Hospital &#40;VGHTPE-IRB No&#46; 2013-05-16BC&#41;&#44; and informed consent was waived&#46;</p><a name="f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n05-90436493fig1.jpg" alt="CONSORT diagram&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; CONSORT diagram&#46;</p><a name="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Weaning protocol</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our RCU&#44; physicians screened patients twice daily&#46; When patients were considered to be ready for weaning&#44; the rapid shallow breathing index &#40;RSBI&#41; would be checked first&#46; The patients usually received SBT when there was &#40;1&#41; significant improvement or resolution of the underlying causes of respiratory failure&#44; &#40;2&#41; the fraction of inspired oxygen &#40;F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">I</span>O2&#41;&#160;&#8804;&#160;40&#37;&#44; &#40;3&#41; PEEP&#160;&#8804;&#160;8&#160;cmH2O&#44; &#40;4&#41; PaO2&#47;FIO2&#160;&#8805;&#160;200&#160;mmHg&#44; &#40;5&#41; stable hemodynamic without the use of inotropic agents&#44; and &#40;6&#41; RSBI&#160;&#8804;&#160;105&#47;min&#47;L&#46; We started SBT with either T-piece or PSV for 30&#160;min&#46; The decisions for SBT method were based on a lottery draw&#46; Once SBT failed&#44; the patient would receive mechanical ventilation as soon as possible&#46; SBT was considered to have failed when &#40;1&#41; respiratory rate&#160;&#8805;&#160;30 per minute&#44; &#40;2&#41; blood pressure increased by 10&#37;&#44; &#40;3&#41; presence of diaphoresis&#44; &#40;4&#41; marked use of accessory respiratory muscles&#44; &#40;5&#41; respiratory rate divided by tidal volume&#160;&#8805;&#160;105 breaths per liter per minute&#44; and &#40;6&#41; persistent arterial oxygen saturation&#160;&#8804;&#160;88&#37; measured by pulse oximeter&#46;</p><a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Definitions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study&#44; the AF group was defined by electrocardiographical changes for more than 7 days&#44; which was persistent AF&#44; of each patient&#46;<a href="&#35;bib28" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Patients with paroxysmal AF and new onset AF were excluded&#46; Heart failure was defined according to the echocardiogram of each patient&#46; Our patients had echocardiography during admission at RCU before weaning&#46; The definition of impaired cardiac function was LVEF&#160;&#60;&#160;50&#37; or significant valvular heart disease&#46; We consulted the cardiologist for echocardiography and evaluation of cardiac dysfunction&#46; The measurement of E&#47;Ea ratio&#44; clinical symptoms&#47;signs&#44; and LVEF were used for the diagnosis for diastolic dysfunction according to the guidelines&#46;<a href="&#35;bib29" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> When the patient passed SBT&#44; weaning would be performed immediately&#46; Weaning failure was defined as re-intubation within 48&#160;h after coming off mechanical ventilation&#46;<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The criteria for re-intubation included &#40;1&#41; respiratory rate&#160;&#8805;&#160;35 breaths per minute&#44; &#40;2&#41; labored breathing as evidenced by overuse of accessory muscles or paradoxical movement&#44; &#40;3&#41; persistent arterial oxygen saturation&#160;&#8804;&#160;88&#37; measured by pulse oximeter&#44; &#40;4&#41; blood pressure increased by 10&#37;&#44; and &#40;5&#41; heart rate&#160;&#8805;&#160;120 beats per minute</p><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Data collection</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The demographic characteristics and clinical data including age&#44; sex&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; preexisting diseases&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II &#40;APACHE II&#41; score on ICU admission&#44; the reasons for mechanical ventilation&#44; which were also the reasons for RCU admission&#44; and SBT before weaning from mechanical ventilation were collected from the medical records&#46; The duration of the use of mechanical ventilation&#44; days before first readiness for weaning&#44; RSBI&#44; peak heart rate 2&#160;h before and after SBT&#44; the length of ICU stay&#44; the length of hospital stay&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality were also collected&#46;</p><a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The data were expressed as mean&#160;&#177;&#160;standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; case number &#40;&#37;&#41; and median and median and interquartile range&#46; We used Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test to compare the differences of continuous variables which were not normally distributed and used unpaired student t test to compare continue variables which were normally distributed between the two groups&#46; We used the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or Fisher exact test to compare categorical data&#46; Multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise logistic regression analysis&#46; All analyses of the differences were 2-tailed&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05 was considered to be statistically significant&#46;</p><a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients with and without AF</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients with AF and without AF are shown in <a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#46; There were no significant differences in BMI&#44; disease severity&#44; RSBI&#44; successful weaning rate&#44; ventilator days&#44; ICU days&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality between the two groups&#46; However&#44; AF patients were significantly older&#44; had higher rates of diastolic dysfunction and stroke&#44; and more days of readiness for weaning and more ventilator days &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; After logistic regression analysis&#44; age&#44; diastolic dysfunction and the days before readiness for weaning appeared to be the independent variables&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Characteristics and weaning outcome of study subjects&#46;</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>&#160;</td><td>AF&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;66&#41;</td><td>Non-AF&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;82&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender&#40;M&#47;F&#41;</td><td>45&#40;68&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>53&#40;64&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;650</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age</td><td>83&#46;0&#40;79&#46;4&#8211;84&#46;4&#41;</td><td>80&#46;0&#40;71&#46;2&#8211;78&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0&#46;000</td><td>0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI</td><td>22&#46;3&#40;21&#46;7&#8211;25&#46;2&#41;</td><td>21&#46;3&#40;21&#46;4&#8211;24&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;222</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>APACHE II</td><td>17&#46;0&#40;16&#46;6&#8211;19&#46;2&#41;</td><td>17&#46;0&#40;16&#46;2&#8211;19&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;339</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preexisting disease</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Impaired cardiac function</td><td>19&#40;29&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>27&#40;32&#46;9&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;631</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diastolic dysfunction</td><td>12&#40;18&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>32&#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;007</td><td>0&#46;005</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension</td><td>48&#40;72&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>53&#40;64&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;293</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>DM</td><td>29&#40;39&#46;4&#37;&#41;</td><td>32&#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;963</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>30&#40;45&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>24&#40;29&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;042</td><td>0&#46;069</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coronary artery disease</td><td>22&#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>31&#40;37&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;573</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic kidney disease</td><td>9&#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41;</td><td>10&#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;817</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reasons for intubation</span></td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>0&#46;127</td><td>0&#46;843</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pleural effusion</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</td><td>2&#40;3&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pneumonia</td><td>15&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>20&#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Asthma</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>AE COPD</td><td>13&#40;20&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>14&#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Cardiac arrest</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sepsis</td><td>8&#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>7&#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Drug related conscious change</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Post-operative</td><td>3&#40;4&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary edema</td><td>18&#40;27&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>15&#40;18&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Foreign body chocking</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary hemorrhage</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>9&#40;11&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diffuse pan-bronchiolitis</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericardial effusion</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericarditis</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypovolemic shock</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Vocal cord palsy</td><td>2&#40;3&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>2&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weaning</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Days before readiness for wean</td><td>19&#46;0&#40;14&#46;9&#8211;22&#46;4&#41;</td><td>10&#46;0&#40;9&#46;7&#8211;13&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0&#46;002</td><td>0&#46;010</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>RSBI</td><td>86&#46;0&#40;78&#46;3&#8211;97&#46;1&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;74&#46;3&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0&#46;340</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>SBT success</td><td>56&#40;84&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>72&#40;87&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;601</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h before SBT</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;77&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;1&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;81&#46;7&#8211;90&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0&#46;081</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h after SBT</td><td>93&#46;0&#40;85&#46;2&#8211;96&#46;0&#41;</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;84&#46;8&#8211;92&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0&#46;802</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weaning success</td><td>57&#40;86&#46;4&#37;&#41;</td><td>77&#40;92&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;197</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Outcomes</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ventilator days</td><td>36&#46;0&#40;32&#46;5&#8211;70&#46;4&#41;</td><td>30&#46;0&#40;28&#46;5&#8211;56&#46;4&#41;</td><td>0&#46;012</td><td>0&#46;171</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU days</td><td>25&#46;0&#40;22&#46;9&#8211;31&#46;0&#41;</td><td>22&#46;0&#40;22&#46;0&#8211;32&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0&#46;405</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital stay</td><td>45&#46;0&#40;42&#46;7&#8211;81&#46;9&#41;</td><td>42&#46;0&#40;43&#46;0&#8211;71&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;036</td><td>0&#46;353</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU mortality</td><td>9&#40;14&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;14&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;977</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital mortality</td><td>14&#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>18&#40;21&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;938</td><td>&#160;</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#160;&#61;&#160;body mass index&#59; APACHE&#160;&#61;&#160;Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; DM&#160;&#61;&#160;diabetes mellitus&#59; AE COPD&#160;&#61;&#160;chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exacerbation&#59; RSBI&#160;&#61;&#160;rapid-shallow breathing index&#59; SBT&#160;&#61;&#160;spontaneous breathing trial&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#42; Univariate analysis&#46;<br></br>&#42;&#42; Multivariate analysis&#46;<br></br></p><a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Different SBT in AF patients and non-AF patients</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 66 patients with AF&#44; 26 patients used T-piece and 40 patients used PSV as SBT after they were ready for weaning&#46; These two groups had comparable data for gender&#44; age&#44; BMI&#44; and disease severity&#46; The proportion of patients with impaired cardiac function&#44; diastolic dysfunction&#44; coronary artery disease&#44; hypertension&#44; DM&#44; stroke&#44; and chronic kidney disease showed no significant difference between the two groups&#46; The outcomes of these two groups including ventilator days&#44; ICU days&#44; hospital days&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality did not have significant differences &#40;<a href="&#35;t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the T-piece group&#44; the ratio of passing SBT was significantly lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;042&#41; than that of PSV group&#46; However&#44; there was no significant difference in the weaning rate between the PSV and the T-piece groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#46;000&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Patients with AF receiving different types of SBT&#46;</p><a name="t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Patients with AF</td><td>T-piece&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;26&#41;</td><td>PSV&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;40&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender&#40;M&#47;F&#41;</td><td>15&#40;57&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>30&#40;75&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;140</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age</td><td>83&#46;0&#40;80&#46;0&#8211;84&#46;9&#41;</td><td>83&#46;5&#40;77&#46;8&#8211;85&#46;4&#41;</td><td>0&#46;261</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI</td><td>22&#46;0&#40;20&#46;4&#8211;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>22&#46;6&#40;21&#46;0&#8211;24&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0&#46;960</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>APACHE II</td><td>18&#46;0&#40;16&#46;4&#8211;19&#46;5&#41;</td><td>16&#46;5&#40;16&#46;0&#8211;19&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0&#46;659</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preexisting disease</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Impaired cardiac function</td><td>5&#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>14&#40;35&#46;9&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;148</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diastolic dysfunction</td><td>8&#40;30&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>4&#40;10&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;052</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension</td><td>19&#40;73&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>29&#40;72&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;959</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>DM</td><td>13&#40;50&#37;&#41;</td><td>13&#40;32&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;155</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>12&#40;46&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>18&#40;45&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;927</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coronary artery disease</td><td>10&#40;38&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;30&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;476</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic kidney disease</td><td>3&#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;15&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#46;000</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reasons for intubation</span></td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>0&#46;033</td><td>0&#46;679</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</td><td>2&#40;7&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pneumonia</td><td>6&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>9&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Asthma</td><td>1&#40;3&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>AE COPD</td><td>1&#40;3&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;30&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sepsis</td><td>3&#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>5&#40;12&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Post-operative</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary edema</td><td>12&#40;46&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary hemorrhage</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericardial effusion</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Vocal cord palsy</td><td>1&#40;3&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weaning</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Days before readiness for wean</td><td>19&#46;0&#40;11&#46;9&#8211;23&#46;6&#41;</td><td>19&#46;5&#40;14&#46;0&#8211;24&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0&#46;937</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>RSBI</td><td>84&#46;0&#40;67&#46;9&#8211;95&#46;6&#41;</td><td>87&#46;5&#40;77&#46;9&#8211;104&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;965</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>SBT success</td><td>19&#40;73&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>37&#40;92&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;041</td><td>0&#46;042</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h before SBT</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;76&#46;1&#8211;94&#46;3&#41;</td><td>84&#46;0&#40;74&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0&#46;906</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h after SBT</td><td>96&#46;0&#40;87&#46;3&#8211;100&#46;1&#41;</td><td>91&#46;5&#40;81&#46;0&#8211;96&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0&#46;980</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weaning success</td><td>24&#40;92&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>33&#40;82&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;465</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Outcomes</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ventilator days</td><td>40&#46;0&#40;18&#46;2&#8211;125&#46;1&#41;</td><td>33&#46;0&#40;29&#46;6&#8211;51&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0&#46;580</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU days</td><td>25&#46;0&#40;18&#46;7&#8211;34&#46;6&#41;</td><td>26&#46;5&#40;22&#46;1&#8211;32&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;708</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital stay</td><td>45&#46;0&#40;29&#46;9&#8211;69&#46;2&#41;</td><td>47&#46;0&#40;39&#46;9&#8211;98&#46;4&#41;</td><td>0&#46;941</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU mortality</td><td>5&#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>4&#40;10&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;469</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital mortality</td><td>6&#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;</td><td>8&#40;21&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;891</td><td>&#160;</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#160;&#61;&#160;body mass index&#59; APACHE&#160;&#61;&#160;Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; DM&#160;&#61;&#160;diabetes mellitus&#59; AE COPD&#160;&#61;&#160;chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exacerbation&#59; RSBI&#160;&#61;&#160;rapid-shallow breathing index&#59; SBT&#160;&#61;&#160;spontaneous breathing trial&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#42; Univariate analysis&#46;<br></br>&#42;&#42; Multivariate analysis&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 82 patients in the non-AF group&#44; 41 patients received T-piece and the other 41 patients received PSV as SBT when they were ready for weaning&#46; Both groups had comparable data in age&#44; BMI&#44; and APACHE II score&#46; The rate of comorbidity&#44; including impaired cardiac function&#44; diastolic dysfunction&#44; coronary artery disease&#44; hypertension&#44; DM&#44; stroke&#44; and chronic kidney disease were also comparable&#46; The ventilator days&#44; ICU days&#44; hospital days&#44; ICU mortality&#44; and hospital mortality were not significantly different&#46; The rates of passing SBT and weaning successfully were not different between the T-piece group and the PSV group &#40;<a href="&#35;t0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3&#46; Patients without AF receiving different types of SBT&#46;</p><a name="t0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Patients without AF</td><td>T-piece&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;41&#41;</td><td>PSV&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;41&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender&#40;M&#47;F&#41;</td><td>24&#40;60&#37;&#41;</td><td>29&#40;69&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;392</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age</td><td>80&#46;0&#40;70&#46;0&#8211;82&#46;0&#41;</td><td>77&#46;0&#40;69&#46;0&#8211;79&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;454</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI</td><td>21&#46;2&#40;20&#46;1&#8211;22&#46;9&#41;</td><td>23&#46;4&#40;21&#46;6&#8211;25&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0&#46;273</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>APACHE II</td><td>17&#46;5&#40;16&#46;1&#8211;20&#46;4&#41;</td><td>16&#46;0&#40;15&#46;0&#8211;18&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0&#46;421</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preexisting disease</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Impaired cardiac function</td><td>12&#40;30&#37;&#41;</td><td>15&#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;643</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diastolic dysfunction</td><td>17&#40;42&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>15&#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;529</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension</td><td>22&#40;55&#37;&#41;</td><td>31&#40;73&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;075</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>DM</td><td>15&#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>17&#40;40&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;782</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>10&#40;25&#37;&#41;</td><td>14&#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;407</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coronary artery disease</td><td>12&#40;30&#37;&#41;</td><td>19&#40;45&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;155</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic kidney disease</td><td>7&#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;194</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reasons for intubation</span></td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>0&#46;057</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pleural effusion</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pneumonia</td><td>13&#40;32&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>7&#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>AE COPD</td><td>2&#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>12&#40;30&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Cardiac arrest</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sepsis</td><td>5&#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>2&#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Drug related conscious change</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary edema</td><td>5&#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>10&#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary hemorrhage</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Stroke</td><td>6&#40;15&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>3&#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diffuse pan-bronchiolitis</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pericarditis</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypovolemic shock</td><td>1&#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Vocal cord palsy</td><td>2&#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#40;0&#37;&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weaning</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Days before readiness for wean</td><td>12&#46;0&#40;10&#46;1&#8211;15&#46;7&#41;</td><td>9&#46;0&#40;7&#46;7&#8211;12&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0&#46;138</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>RSBI</td><td>86&#46;5&#40;75&#46;6&#8211;91&#46;1&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;66&#46;3&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>SBT success</td><td>36&#40;87&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>36&#40;87&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>1&#46;000</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h before SBT</td><td>82&#46;5&#40;78&#46;0&#8211;84&#46;9&#41;</td><td>85&#46;0&#40;81&#46;4&#8211;92&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;633</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart rate 2&#160;h after SBT</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;80&#46;9&#8211;94&#46;2&#41;</td><td>87&#46;0&#40;85&#46;0&#8211;94&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0&#46;462</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weaning success</td><td>37&#40;90&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>40&#40;95&#46;2&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;433</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Outcomes</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ventilator days</td><td>28&#46;0&#40;17&#46;3&#8211;70&#46;4&#41;</td><td>30&#46;0&#40;27&#46;8&#8211;54&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0&#46;977</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU days</td><td>21&#46;5&#40;17&#46;9&#8211;28&#46;8&#41;</td><td>22&#46;0&#40;21&#46;9&#8211;39&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0&#46;480</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital stay</td><td>44&#46;5&#40;39&#46;1&#8211;77&#46;7&#41;</td><td>42&#46;0&#40;34&#46;4&#8211;77&#46;2&#41;</td><td>0&#46;864</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>ICU mortality</td><td>6&#40;14&#46;6&#37;&#41;</td><td>6&#40;14&#46;3&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;964</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hospital mortality</td><td>8&#40;19&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td>10&#40;23&#46;8&#37;&#41;</td><td>0&#46;635</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#160;&#61;&#160;body mass index&#59; APACHE&#160;&#61;&#160;Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; DM&#160;&#61;&#160;diabetes mellitus&#59; AE COPD&#160;&#61;&#160;chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exacerbation&#59; RSBI&#160;&#61;&#160;rapid-shallow breathing index&#59; SBT&#160;&#61;&#160;spontaneous breathing trial&#46;<br></br></p><a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The most important finding in this study was that different methods of SBT had different success rates among AF patients&#46; The success rate of passing SBT was significantly higher in the PSV group than in the T-piece group &#40;73&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 92&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;041&#41; in patients with AF&#46; However&#44; the weaning rate of mechanical ventilation among AF patients did not differ significantly between the PSV group and the T-piece preferred SBT approach for AF patients when the patients are ready to wean &#40;<a href="&#35;f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><a name="f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n05-90436493fig2.jpg" alt="Different methods of SBT show different SBT passing rates in AF patients&#44; but fail to show different rates of successful weaning&#46; The findings are not found in patients without AF&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Different methods of SBT show different SBT passing rates in AF patients&#44; but fail to show different rates of successful weaning&#46; The findings are not found in patients without AF&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Previous studies suggested that prolonged weaning could be associated with higher mortality&#46;<a href="&#35;bib30" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Christian et al&#46; found that AF was associated with longer ICU stay&#44; hospital stay&#44; and duration of the use of mechanical ventilation in septic ICU patients&#46;<a href="&#35;bib31" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The findings could be explained by cardiac and extra-cardiac conditions induced by AF&#46;<a href="&#35;bib32" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In a study involving patients undergoing surgery&#44; AF patients were also found to have a longer ICU and hospital stay&#46;<a href="&#35;bib33" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> At variance with aforementioned studies&#44; the present study indicates that ventilator days&#44; hospital stay&#44; ICU mortality and hospital mortality were not significantly different between AF and non-AF patients&#44; and the findings were consistent with some other reports&#46;<a href="&#35;bib34" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib35" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Unlike previous study&#44; our results indicated that AF patients need a longer duration before they were ready to wean&#44; which has not been reported&#46; However&#44; the reasons why AF patients need longer ventilator days remain unclear&#46; Further studies with larger populations are needed to verify the issue&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study&#44; all AF patients received heart rate control instead of rhythm control&#46; The heart rates&#44; which were measured 2&#160;h before and after SBT and during weaning from mechanical ventilation were not significantly different in patients with AF who were divided into subgroups by the use of SBT either T-piece or PSV&#46; However&#44; a higher failure rate was found among AF patients using the T-piece trial than among those using the PSV trial despite similar heart rate&#46; The reasons remain unclear because this was not found in patients without AF&#46; Heart rate control and rhythm control are the mainstay treatments for AF&#46;<a href="&#35;bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The effect of medications for rate control or rhythm control in AF patients on ventilator days needs further studies to verify&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Previous studies indicated that chronic heart failure was one of the risk factors for weaning failure&#46;<a href="&#35;bib37" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib38" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Recently&#44; diastolic dysfunction was found to be strongly associated with weaning failure compared to systolic heart failure&#46; Moschietto et al&#46; suggested that transthoracic echocardiography should be used to predict weaning failure&#46;<a href="&#35;bib39" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In this study&#44; transthoracic echocardiography was performed on every patient&#46; The T-piece group and the PSV group had similar rates of impaired cardiac function and diastolic dysfunction among AF patients&#46; However&#44; the higher rate of passing SBT was found in the patients using the PSV trial&#46; It is plausible that the use of PSV may be better than the use of T-piece in terms of SBT for AF patients due to less influence of cardiac dysfunction&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Ezingeard et al&#46; started SBT with T-piece when patients were ready to wean&#46;<a href="&#35;bib40" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> If patients could tolerate the T-piece trial&#44; they were extubated immediately&#46; If not&#44; the patients started to receive PSV and were extubated after passing the PSV trial&#46; There was no significant difference in the extubation failure rate between the T-piece group and PSV group after 48&#160;h&#46; The study concluded that the PSV trial may benefit patients who failed the T-piece trial&#46;<a href="&#35;bib40" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Esteban and his colleagues found that ICU patients had a higher SBT failure rate with the T-piece trial than those who underwent PSV &#40;22&#37; vs&#46; 14&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;003&#41;&#46;<a href="&#35;bib41" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Both studies implied that PSV had a higher success rate than the T-piece trial when patients were ready to wean&#46; Cabello et al&#46; further explored the physiological mechanisms of different SBT methods and compared three different methods of SBT&#46; He concluded that different SBT methods might influence weaning decision making&#46;<a href="&#35;bib42" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Our results showed that in patients with AF&#44; the T-piece trial had a higher failure rate than did the PSV trial&#44; but this was not be true for patients without AF&#46; However&#44; the final weaning rate was similar among both AF and non-AF patients&#46; Therefore when patients with chronic AF are ready to wean&#44; PSV should be considered first&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are some limitations to our study&#46; First&#44; this was a retrospective study&#46; Large scale prospective studies are mandatory to determine individualized SBT for different patients&#46; Second&#44; our sample size was not large enough&#46; This may cause insufficient power for some important differences&#44; for example&#44; the ventilator days in AF patients between the T-piece trial and the PSV trial&#46; Third&#44; we only enrolled patients with chronic AF but not those with new onset AF or paroxysmal AF because of limited cases&#46; It remains unknown whether new onset AF or paroxysmal AF will have any influence on SBT and weaning&#44; like chronic AF&#46; Future studies with larger populations are needed to explore these issues&#46;</p><a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">When AF patients are ready for the weaning process&#44; it is important to start SBT using PSV trial rather than T-piece trial&#46; This might lead to a higher success rate for SBT and similar weaning outcomes&#46; This may also result in shorter total ventilator days&#46;</p><a name="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><a name="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p><a name="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p><a name="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Contributions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Yen-Han Tseng&#58; Literature search&#44; data collection&#44; study design&#44; analysis of data&#44; manuscript preparation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Yen-Chiang Tseng&#58; analysis of data&#44; manuscript preparation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Han-Shui Hsu&#58; study design&#44; review of manuscript&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Shi-Chuan Chang&#58; Literature search&#44; study design&#44; manuscript preparation&#44; review of manuscript&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Acknowledgements</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We thank Professor Ralph Kirby for the English revision&#46; We thank Chang Mei-Ling&#44; Lin Chia-Ling&#44; and Wang Jen-Hui for the assessment of weaning parameters and Chiang Shu-Chiang and Sheng Wen-Yung for statistical analysis&#46; We also thank the RCU respiratory therapists and nursing staff for their assistance and support in treating the patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received 12 January 2015 <br></br>Accepted 28 April 2015 </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author at&#58; Department of Chest Medicine&#44; Taipei Veterans General Hospital&#44; 201&#44; Sec&#46; 2&#44; Shih-Pai Road&#44; Taipei 112&#44; Taiwan&#46; Tel&#46;&#58; &#43;886 2 28763466&#59; fax&#58; &#43;886 2 28763466&#46; scchang&#64;vghtpe&#46;gov&#46;tw</p>"
    "pdfFichero" => "320v21n05a90436493pdf001.pdf"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41;"
            1 => "Intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;"
            2 => "Mechanical ventilation"
            3 => "Spontaneous breathing trial &#40;SBT&#41;"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the most important and challenging problems for most intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; patients&#46; Spontaneous breathing trial &#40;SBT&#41; is the most common method used to evaluate patients&#8217; ability to breathe by themselves and plays an important role in decision making for weaning&#46; The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of different methods of SBT in respiratory care unit &#40;RCU&#41; patients with atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; on weaning outcome&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">We retrospectively analyzed different methods of SBT in patients with and without AF&#46; We enrolled RCU patients who required mechanical ventilation and had undergone transthoracic echocardiography from January 2011 to January 2012&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">There was a higher SBT passing rate among AF patients who received pressure support ventilation &#40;PSV&#41; trial than in those who received T-piece trail &#40;92&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 73&#46;1&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;041&#41;&#46; The weaning rates between these two groups were not significantly different &#40;83&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 94&#46;7&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;403&#41;&#46; Total ventilator days were longer in T-piece group than in PSV group &#40;median 40&#46;0&#44; IQR&#58; 18&#46;2&#8211;125&#46;1 days vs&#46; 33&#46;0&#44; IQR&#58; 29&#46;6&#8211;51&#46;0 days respectively&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;580&#41;&#44; but this difference was not statistically significant&#46; These results were not found in patients without AF&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">The use of PSV trial might be considered first instead of T-piece trial for SBT when AF patients were ready to wean&#46;</p>"
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