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ATS criteria&#59;<a href="&#35;bib28" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib29" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> skin prick tests &#40;SPT&#41; were performed using standardized allergens and&#47;or specific serum IgE&#44; FeNO measurement was done using a CLD 88 SP &#40;EcoMedics<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; analyzer before any forced expiratory manoeuvers<a href="&#35;bib30" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and sputum induction and collection was performed using hypertonic saline 4&#46;5&#37; if stable asthma&#44; delivered via an ultrasonic nebulizer&#46;<a href="&#35;bib31" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Induced sputum was collected by a trained nurse&#44; stored on ice and processed within two hours after expectoration&#46; Sputum processing and immunophenotypical analysis of sputum cells was performed according to laboratory procedures&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">If the need to exclude other diagnoses occurred&#44; specific procedures were scheduled &#40;Table E1&#41;&#46;</p><a name="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Data processing</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Variables were selected according to previous studies<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and included demographic data&#59; comorbidities&#59; evaluation of disease control&#44; quality of life and risk assessment&#59; lung function and blood biomarkers &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Patients with missing data were excluded&#46; Summary statistics were reported as mean and standard deviation values for continuous variables and as percentages and counts for categorical variables&#46; Geometric mean was reported for total serum IgE&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Variables selected for cluster analysis &#40;continuous&#44; binary and composed&#41;&#46;</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Number</td><td>Variable name</td><td>Type of data</td><td>Key</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic and comorbidities &#8211; Questionnaire data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>1</td><td>Gender</td><td>Binary</td><td>0 &#8211; Female&#47;1 &#8211; Male</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>2</td><td>Age</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>3</td><td>BMI</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>4</td><td>Onset under 12 y</td><td>Binary</td><td>0 &#8211; Yes&#47;1 &#8211; No</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>5</td><td>Years of disease</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>6</td><td>Comorbidities</td><td>Composite&#58; atopy&#59; rhinitis&#59; polyposis&#59; sinusitis&#59; any smoke exposure&#59; pneumonia history&#59; NSAID&#39;s HS&#59; GERD&#59; &#945;1-AT deficit&#59; Bronchiectasic&#59; COPD&#59; Other obstructive disease&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> &#40;IgEpos&#41;</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 13</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Control and severity of disease&#44; risk of adverse events&#44; and quality of life</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>7</td><td>Control of disease and patient at risk</td><td>Composite&#58; hospitalization &#40;in previous year&#41;&#59; Severe exacerbation &#40;in previousyear&#41;&#59; Disease control&#59; &#37; patients at risk&#59; OCS</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic and comorbidities &#8211; Questionnaire data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>8</td><td>Medication used</td><td>Composite&#58; Imunotherapy&#59; ICS dose&#59; LABA&#59; Tiotropium&#59; Montelukast&#59; Omalizumab&#59; Aminophylline&#59; nasal CS</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 8</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>9</td><td>No&#46; of allergies</td><td>Composite&#58; Mites&#59; Pollens&#59; Fungus&#59; Cockroach&#59; Cat</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>10</td><td>Risk of adverse events</td><td>Composite&#58; hospitalizations &#62;0 &#40;previous year&#41;&#59; OCS&#8805;2 &#40;previous year&#41;&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#60;80&#37;&#59; &#916;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> after BD&#60;200 ml&#59; adverse effects &#40;1&#160;&#61;&#160;yes&#41;</td><td>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>11</td><td>SOA</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>12</td><td>ACT</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>13</td><td>CARAT &#40;Rhinitis&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>14</td><td>CARAT &#40;Asthma&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>15</td><td>ALQ</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung function</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>16</td><td>Bronchial lability</td><td>Composite&#58; fixed obstruction&#59; bronchial reversibility&#59; fixed obstruction despite BD response</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 3</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>17</td><td>Basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>18</td><td>Basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>19</td><td>Basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;</span> &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>20</td><td>Basal RV &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomarkers</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>21</td><td>Blood eosinophils &#40;&#37;&#41;&#58;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>Log scale</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>22</td><td>Seric IgE &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;&#58;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>Log scale</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">ACT&#58; asthma control test&#59; ALQ&#58; asthma life quality&#59; CARAT&#58; Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test&#59; CS&#58; corticosteroids&#59;&#59; ICS&#58; inhaled corticosteroids&#59; LABA&#58; long-acting b-agonists&#59; SOA&#58; severity asthma score&#59; OCS&#58; oral corticosteroids&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Clinically redundant variables &#40;or with correlation values above 0&#46;9 in module&#41; were reduced&#46; Binary questionnaire data and data with a spectrum of responses were transformed into &#8220;composite variables&#8221; &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41; to capture multiple questions in a ranked ordinal scale&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib32" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib33" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A cluster analysis of 22 variables &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41; was applied to identify groups of patients with the same characteristics&#46; Ward&#39;s minimum-variance hierarchical clustering method was performed using an agglomerative approach&#44; and the linkage measure was the squared Euclidean distance with standardization in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> scores&#44; according to Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> By visual inspection of dendrogram&#44; no single member&#44; small clusters or observations with large distances from all other observations were observed&#46; Therefore&#44; no formal method for outliers&#8217; detection was used&#46; Analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA or Kruskal&#8211;Wallis&#41; or contingency table tests &#40;Person chi-square or Fisher&#41; were used to compare differences between clusters&#46; All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Software&#44; version 20&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values under 0&#46;05 were considered significant&#46;</p><a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 72 patients enrolled&#44; 57 had completed data for the considered variables &#40;79&#46;2&#37; of total sample&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The optimum number of clusters was estimated by visual inspection of the dendrogram &#40;<a href="&#35;f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 1</a>&#41; and by representation of the difference between consecutive clusters &#40;Fig&#46; E1&#41;&#46; A second cluster method was used &#40;two-step cluster approach&#41; to ensure that Ward&#39;s cluster solutions were not bias due to small sample size or by the measurement level of the considerable variables&#46; For both clustering methods&#44; the five cluster solution was the one that&#44; from a clinical perspective&#44; best explained the results&#46;</p><a name="f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n06-90445967fig1.jpg" alt="Dendrogram obtained using Ward&#39;s method&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Dendrogram obtained using Ward&#39;s method&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Elements were then distributed in five clusters&#46; From variables that showed significance in distribution the following stand out&#58; gender&#44; age&#44; BMI&#44; number of exacerbations in previous year&#44; disease severity&#44; disease control&#44; scores in ACT&#44; CARAT&#44; ALQ&#44; SOA&#44; ICS dose&#44; fixed obstruction&#44; basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; blood eosinophils &#40;<a href="&#35;t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Main characteristics obtained for total sample and each of five clusters&#46;</p><a name="t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Variables<br></br>Qualitative &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;<br></br>Quantitative &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#160;&#177;&#160;SD&#41;</td><td>Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;57&#41;</td><td>C1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;</td><td>C2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#41;</td><td>C3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;10&#41;</td><td>C4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;19&#41;</td><td>C5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;</td><td>Statistical analysis</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Female</td><td>42 &#40;73&#46;7&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;4&#46;8&#41;</td><td>12 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td>18 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;29&#46;5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Male</td><td>15 &#40;26&#46;3&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;46&#46;7&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;years&#41;</span></td><td>45&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;18&#46;0</td><td>23&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;8</td><td>53&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;15&#46;9</td><td>25&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;4</td><td>49&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;11&#46;9</td><td>64&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;3</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;19&#46;0<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td><td>27&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;0</td><td>21&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;8</td><td>28&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;7</td><td>26&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;0</td><td>30&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;8</td><td>27&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;2<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;020</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Years of disease &#40;years&#41;</span></td><td>24&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;14&#46;0</td><td>12&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;7</td><td>31&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;18&#46;5</td><td>14&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;4</td><td>24&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;13&#46;0</td><td>29&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;13&#46;8</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;8<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;009</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease onset under age 12 Y</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>27 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;25&#46;9&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#46;4</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>30 &#40;52&#46;6&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;003</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IgE sensitization</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>18 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;5&#46;3</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>39 &#40;68&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;20&#46;5&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;255</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Any smoke exposure</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>36 &#40;63&#46;2&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;19&#46;4&#41;</td><td>13 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;9</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>21 &#40;36&#46;8&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;432</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumonia history</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>36 &#40;63&#46;2&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;13&#46;9&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#46;6</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>21 &#40;36&#46;8&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;4&#46;8&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;19&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;38&#46;1&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;857</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinitis</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>10 &#40;17&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;40&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#46;6</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>47 &#40;82&#46;5&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;</td><td>15 &#40;31&#46;9&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;14&#46;9&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;282</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anxiety</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">yes&#41;</span></td><td>13 &#40;22&#46;8&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#46;3<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;361</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depression</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">yes&#41;</span></td><td>6 &#40;10&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;4<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;482</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">No&#46; of comorbidities</span></td><td>3&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;8</td><td>3&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;0</td><td>3&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>3&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>3&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>5&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#46;6<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;046</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease control</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>10 &#40;17&#46;5&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;40&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#46;7</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>47 &#40;82&#46;5&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;4&#46;3&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;</td><td>19 &#40;40&#46;4&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;14&#46;9&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asthma control test</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACT&#41;</span></td><td>19&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;35&#41;</td><td>23&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>21&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;1</td><td>19&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td>17&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;2</td><td>14&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;7</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#46;6<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CARAT</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinitis&#41;</span></td><td>6&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;</td><td>6&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;8</td><td>9&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;4</td><td>5&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;1</td><td>6&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;7</td><td>5&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;7<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;010</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CARAT</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asthma&#41;</span></td><td>11&#46;7 &#40;4&#46;5&#41;</td><td>15&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;5</td><td>15&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;4</td><td>11&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;4</td><td>8&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;1</td><td>9&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;5&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;9&#46;5<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asthma life quality</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ALQ&#41;</span></td><td>11&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;8</td><td>7&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;3</td><td>9&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;9</td><td>11&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;5</td><td>14&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;7</td><td>12&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#46;5<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe asthma score</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SOA&#41;</span></td><td>10&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;9</td><td>4&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;5</td><td>8&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;7</td><td>10&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td>11&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;5</td><td>15&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;8</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;9&#46;4<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutics</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GINA&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Until step3</td><td>3 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;66&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Step3</td><td>14 &#40;24&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;35&#46;7&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;22&#46;1</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Step4</td><td>37 &#40;64&#46;9&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;</td><td>12 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;</td><td>14 &#40;37&#46;8&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;003</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Step5</td><td>3 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High-dose ICS</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>35 &#40;61&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;17&#46;1&#41;</td><td>13 &#40;37&#46;1&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;20&#46;6</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>22 &#40;38&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;9&#46;1&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;13&#46;6&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;45&#46;5&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;31&#46;8&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OCS &#40;last year&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>0</td><td>26 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;19&#46;2&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;42&#46;3&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;20&#46;9</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>1</td><td>18 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;013</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>2</td><td>6 &#40;10&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#8805;3</td><td>7 &#40;12&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe exacerbation &#40;previous year&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>27 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;18&#46;5&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;29&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;12&#46;9</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>30 &#40;52&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;36&#46;7&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;009</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEV1 &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Baseline</td><td>92&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;26&#46;4</td><td>114&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;27&#46;2</td><td>88&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;24&#46;0</td><td>114&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;13&#46;8</td><td>87&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;24&#46;3</td><td>66&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;16&#46;2</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#46;7<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEV1&#47;CVF &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Baseline</td><td>76&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;17&#46;2</td><td>96&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;5&#46;7</td><td>71&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;9</td><td>93&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;15&#46;4</td><td>73&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;15&#46;3</td><td>56&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;6</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;2&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;14&#46;9<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fixed obstruction</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>39 &#40;68&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>13 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;21&#46;4</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>18 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">WHO</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Non-severe</td><td>24 &#40;42&#46;1&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;16&#46;8</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Severe</td><td>33 &#40;57&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;24&#46;2&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;</td><td>14 &#40;42&#46;4&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;21&#46;2&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FeNO &#40;ppb&#41;&#58;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#60;35</td><td>20 &#40;60&#46;6&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;40&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;5&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#46;8</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#8805;35</td><td>13 &#40;39&#46;9&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;320</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serum IgE &#40;log &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;&#41;</span></td><td>2&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;6</td><td>2&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;2</td><td>2&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;7</td><td>2&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;7</td><td>1&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;4</td><td>2&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;4</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;2<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;019</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Blood eosinophils &#40;&#37;&#41;&#58;</td><td>3&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;3</td><td>3&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;6</td><td>1&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;3</td><td>1&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;7</td><td>3&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;7</td><td>7&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;8</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#46;0<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sputum eosinophils &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td>24&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;26&#46;6</td><td>44&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;48&#46;8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41;</td><td>21&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;25&#46;6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;</td><td>5&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#41;</td><td>24&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;30&#46;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;11&#41;</td><td>32&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;21&#46;4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;</td><td>n&#46;a&#46;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sputum neutrophils &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td>50&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;30&#46;8</td><td>38&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;53&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41;</td><td>59&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;31&#46;8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;</td><td>36&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;32&#46;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#41;</td><td>50&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;32&#46;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;11&#41;</td><td>55&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;25&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;</td><td>n&#46;a&#46;</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value from analysis of variance or Chi-square analysis between five clusters&#46;<br></br>High-dose ICS&#58; dose equivalent to over 750&#160;&#956;g fluticasone propionate daily&#46;<br></br>Definition of abbreviations&#58; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; CARAT&#58; control of allergic rhinitis and asthma test&#59; CS&#58; corticosteroids&#59; FeNO&#58; fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled air&#59; ICS&#58; inhaled corticosteroids&#59; LABA&#58; long-acting b-agonists&#59; NSAID HS&#58; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs hypersensitivity&#59; OCS&#58; oral corticosteroids&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Sample characteristics obtained for total sample and each of five clusters are depicted in <a href="&#35;t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Cluster description</span><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">early onset mild allergic asthma&#44; with eosinophilic inflammation</span>&#58; it was the youngest and the least severe group&#44; with a male prevalence&#46; Subjects showed the lowest grade of obesity&#44; the best lung function and disease control and the lowest health care recurrence&#44; despite elevated FeNO values&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">moderate allergic asthma&#44; long evolution&#44; female prevalence&#44; mixed inflammation</span>&#58; although the older age and the high BMI&#44; questionnaires showed good disease control&#44; low impact of disease &#40;both in life quality and lung function&#41; and low severity&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Regarding biomarkers&#44; there was no blood eosinophilia and sputum neutrophil percentage was the highest of all groups&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;10&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">allergic brittle asthma&#44; young females&#44; early onset&#44; no evidence of inflammation</span>&#58; mostly with disease onset before the age of 12&#44; atopy was present in 80&#37; of them&#46; Mean BMI was lower&#44; compared to C2&#46; Lung function was normal in all evaluated parameters and disease was more frequently classified as non-severe&#46; We found a good score in the ACT questionnaire&#44; with normal lung function and no evidence of eosinophilic inflammation&#44; despite high hospitalizations and severe exacerbation rates&#44; suggesting a brittle phenotype&#46;<a href="&#35;bib34" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster 4</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;19&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma in obese females&#44; late onset&#44; mixed inflammation&#44; highly symptomatic&#58;</span> this was the most prevalent and obese group&#44; with a marked female prevalence&#44; the majority having disease onset after the age of 12&#46; Atopy was less frequent&#44; compared with other groups&#44; and depression-anxiety had more protagonists&#46; None of these subjects showed disease control&#44; reporting the worst quality of life of all groups&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Despite the high grade of symptoms and therapeutics&#44; with frequent use of OCS and emergency care&#44; lung function was not very impaired&#46; There was a low grade of Th2 inflammation as we found a low percentage of blood eosinophils&#44; with FeNO values frequently inferior to 35&#160;ppb&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma with chronic airflow obstruction&#44; late onset&#44; long evolution&#44; eosinophilic inflammation&#58;</span> subjects were all male&#44; with age of disease onset above 12 years old&#44; and presented a mean BMI of over 25&#160;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; The mean age was the highest&#44; with long disease evolution and more comorbidities &#40;in particular IgE sensitization&#44; smoke exposure and NSAID&#39;s HS&#41;&#46; The ACT and CARAT scores were low&#44; and ALQ and SOA were high&#44; with frequent severe exacerbations&#44; hospitalizations and use of OCS&#46; Most of them showed CT scan abnormalities&#44; air trapping being the most prevalent&#46; Lung function evaluation showed the worst FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> out of all groups&#44; with fixed obstruction in all patients &#40;two with COPD overlap&#41;&#46; The blood eosinophils count was the highest noted and FeNO was frequently over 35&#160;ppb&#46; Sputum analysis showed a mixed inflammation&#46;</p><a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">According to Moore et al&#46;&#44;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the algorithm approach using 5 clusters is sufficient for the classification of disease severity&#46; We have here confirmed many results of Moore et al&#46; but found other parameters of interest such as age&#44; weight&#44; disease control or severity&#44; quality of life and blood eosinophilia&#46; In other studies&#44;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> some of these characteristics were used in the cluster analysis&#44; suggesting our data relevance&#46;</p><a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Cluster discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">early onset mild allergic asthma&#44; eosinophilic inflammation</span>&#41; overlapped with the less severe groups from other large-scale studies&#58; C1 from Haldar et al&#46;&#44;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> C1 from Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and C1 from Wu et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">moderate allergic asthma&#44; long evolution&#44; female prevalence&#44; mixed inflammation</span>&#41;&#44; appears to overlap with some of the characteristics from C5 in Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;female prevalence&#44; older age&#44; high BMI&#41;&#46; However there is differentiation in other variables &#40;questionnaires showed good disease control&#44; low impact of disease and low grade of severity&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Once asthmatic phenotypes are not static&#44; with intrinsic and extrinsic factors acting as modifiers&#44; it appears that C2 may be an evolution of mild allergic asthma&#44; probably due to weight gain&#46; This could modify the immunocellular response of early-onset allergic asthma into a mixed phenotype obesity related&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">allergic brittle asthma&#44; young females&#44; early onset&#44; no evidence of inflammation&#41;</span> shared some of the characteristics with C3 from Haldar et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;early onset asthma&#44; symptom predominance&#41; and with C1 from Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;mild allergic asthma&#41;&#46; Despite the good score in the ACT questionnaire&#44; a discordant score in CARAT &#40;rhinitis&#41; was noticed&#44; showing a possible correlation to aeroallergen exacerbation triggers&#44; responsible for the exacerbation rates&#44; as described in the literature&#46; The mean age of this group&#44; as well as the female prevalence&#44; may suggest some correlation of exacerbations to hormonal changes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster 4</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma in obese females&#44; late onset&#44; mixed inflammation&#44; highly symptomatic&#41;</span> overlapped with C2 from Haldar et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and C3 from Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;non-Th2 asthma-obesity related&#41;&#46; The discordance between the high-intensity treatment&#44; low disease control and relatively preserved lung function suggests a relation to factors&#44; such as mechanics and psychogenics&#44; and to concurrent comorbidities &#40;like GERD or sedentary lifestyle&#41;&#46; Another factor that might explain insensitivity to CS and better response to obesity-targeted treatment&#44; already described in this phenotype&#44;<a href="&#35;bib35" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> is the noticed low grade of Th2 inflammation&#46; This gains importance as it points to a pathobiologic disease mechanism different from the Th2-eosinophilic phenotype&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma with chronic airflow obstruction&#44; late onset&#44; long evolution&#44; eosinophilic inflammation&#41;</span> presented the highest severity grade&#44; corresponding to C5 of Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;severe patients with fixed obstruction&#41; and C4 of Haldar et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;asthma with predominant inflammation&#41;&#46; Coincident with cluster results of a more recent study<a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> we verified blood eosinophilia and high FeNO values&#44; most having eosinophilic or mixed sputum phenotype&#44; with high blood eosinophils count&#44; according to current data regarding severe patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This cluster also shares many of the characteristics found by the TENOR study<a href="&#35;bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> for patients with asthma and chronic airway obstruction&#44; being older&#44; with frequent history of smoke exposure and many years of disease evolution&#44; showing eosinophilic inflammation&#46; Consistently&#44; it is known that one of the mechanisms for persistent inflammation in asthmatics despite CS treatment is the reduction of HDAC2&#46;<a href="&#35;bib37" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Other pathobiologic mechanisms may be involved in this group as it had the highest prevalence of NSAID&#39;s HS&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">According to Wenzel&#39;s questions regarding phenotype distinction<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> &#40;age of disease onset&#44; eosinophilic inflammation and allergy&#41;&#44; C4 and C5 &#40;more severe groups&#41; had disease onset after 12 years of age&#44; and C3 and C2 before that age&#46; C1 and C5 &#40;less severe and most severe groups&#41; showed an eosinophilic inflammation&#44; and allergy was present in all groups&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We can then match our clusters to Wenzel endotypes&#58;<a href="&#35;bib38" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> C1 is clearly associated with Th2 response&#59; C4 with non-Th2 response&#59; C2 and C5 with a mixed response with Th2 prevalence&#46; Possible exogenous factors could be related with the mixed response in C5 &#40;such as smoke exposure&#41; and in C2 &#40;weight could have modified the original endotype of these females&#41; &#40;<a href="&#35;f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><a name="f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n06-90445967fig2.jpg" alt="Adaptation of obtained clusters to Wenzel endotypes&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Adaptation of obtained clusters to Wenzel endotypes&#46;</p><a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Limitations and strengths</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cluster analysis requires a large number of patients and this study may give the impression of being underpowered&#46; However&#44; both methods used to assess cluster analysis &#40;Ward method and two-step method&#41; empirically validate our cluster results&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Another limitation is the applicability of our results to all clinical scenarios&#58; our approach&#44; applied to patients treated in a secondary health care unit&#44; may not apply in primary health care&#46;</p><a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The results of this cluster analysis are consistent with those from other larger-scale studies&#46; C1&#44; early-onset mild allergic asthma&#44; was recognized in previous Moore&#44; Haldar and Wu clusters&#59; C2 and C3&#44; female clusters with symptom predominant early-onset disease in Haldar and Wu clusters&#59; C4&#44; a female obese cluster less allergic with late onset disease&#44; in Moore clusters&#59; C5&#44; a late-onset eosinophilic cluster associated with nasal polyposis and mixed inflammatory cellular phenotype&#44; in Moore&#44; Haldar and Wu clusters&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Variables such as age at disease onset&#44; obesity&#44; lung function&#44; FeNO &#40;as Th2 biomarker&#41; and severity were important for cluster characterization and distinction&#46;</p><a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Authors&#8217; contribution statements</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">CCL contributed to the study design&#44; collected clinical data&#44; contributed to the interpretation and global integration of the results&#44; and wrote the manuscript draft&#59; PSC performed the cluster analysis and statistical data analysis&#44; and contributed to the interpretation of the results&#59; ATB contributed to the study design and manuscript revision&#59; JB contributed to the discussion on severe asthma and the writing of the paper&#46;</p><a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><a name="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p><a name="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Acknowledgements</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">PSC&#39;s work was supported by Portuguese funds through the CIDMA &#8211; Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications&#44; and the FCT within the project UID&#47;MAT&#47;04106&#47;2013&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We thank Anna Bedbrook for writing assistance&#46;</p><a name="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Appendix A&#46; Supplementary data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Supplementary material associated with this article can be found in the online version available at doi&#58;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;rppnen&#46;2015&#46;07&#46;006&#46;</p><a name="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Appendix A&#46; Supplementary data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><elsevierMultimedia href="320v21n06-90445967mmc1.pdf"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><elsevierMultimedia href="320v21n06-90445967mmc2.docx"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received 28 May 2015 <br></br>Accepted 17 July 2015 </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author&#46; cchloureiro&#64;gmail&#46;com</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Unbiased cluster analysis using clinical parameters has identified asthma phenotypes&#46; Adding inflammatory biomarkers to this analysis provided a better insight into the disease mechanisms&#46; This approach has not yet been applied to asthmatic Portuguese patients&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aim</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">To identify phenotypes of asthma using cluster analysis in a Portuguese asthmatic population treated in secondary medical care&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Consecutive patients with asthma were recruited from the outpatient clinic&#46; Patients were optimally treated according to GINA guidelines and enrolled in the study&#46; Procedures were performed according to a standard evaluation of asthma&#46; Phenotypes were identified by cluster analysis using Ward&#39;s clustering method&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 72 patients enrolled&#44; 57 had full data and were included for cluster analysis&#46; Distribution was set in 5 clusters described as follows&#58; cluster &#40;C&#41; 1&#44; early onset mild allergic asthma&#59; C2&#44; moderate allergic asthma&#44; with long evolution&#44; female prevalence and mixed inflammation&#59; C3&#44; allergic brittle asthma in young females with early disease onset and no evidence of inflammation&#59; C4&#44; severe asthma in obese females with late disease onset&#44; highly symptomatic despite low Th2 inflammation&#59; C5&#44; severe asthma with chronic airflow obstruction&#44; late disease onset and eosinophilic inflammation&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study population&#44; the identified clusters were mainly coincident with other larger-scale cluster analysis&#46; Variables such as age at disease onset&#44; obesity&#44; lung function&#44; FeNO &#40;Th2 biomarker&#41; and disease severity were important for cluster distinction&#46;</p>"
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Cluster analysis in phenotyping a Portuguese population
C.C.. Loureiroa,
,b
, P.. Sa-Coutoc, A.. Todo-Bomb,d, J.. Bousquete,f
a Pneumology Unit, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
b Centre of Pneumology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
c Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications, Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
d Immunoallergology Unit, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
e University Hospital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
f Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, Villejuif, France
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were reported as mean and standard deviation values for continuous variables and as percentages and counts for categorical variables&#46; Geometric mean was reported for total serum IgE&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Variables selected for cluster analysis &#40;continuous&#44; binary and composed&#41;&#46;</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Number</td><td>Variable name</td><td>Type of data</td><td>Key</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic and comorbidities &#8211; Questionnaire data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>1</td><td>Gender</td><td>Binary</td><td>0 &#8211; Female&#47;1 &#8211; Male</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>2</td><td>Age</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>3</td><td>BMI</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>4</td><td>Onset under 12 y</td><td>Binary</td><td>0 &#8211; Yes&#47;1 &#8211; No</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>5</td><td>Years of disease</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>6</td><td>Comorbidities</td><td>Composite&#58; atopy&#59; rhinitis&#59; polyposis&#59; sinusitis&#59; any smoke exposure&#59; pneumonia history&#59; NSAID&#39;s HS&#59; GERD&#59; &#945;1-AT deficit&#59; Bronchiectasic&#59; COPD&#59; Other obstructive disease&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> &#40;IgEpos&#41;</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 13</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Control and severity of disease&#44; risk of adverse events&#44; and quality of life</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>7</td><td>Control of disease and patient at risk</td><td>Composite&#58; hospitalization &#40;in previous year&#41;&#59; Severe exacerbation &#40;in previousyear&#41;&#59; Disease control&#59; &#37; patients at risk&#59; OCS</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic and comorbidities &#8211; Questionnaire data</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>8</td><td>Medication used</td><td>Composite&#58; Imunotherapy&#59; ICS dose&#59; LABA&#59; Tiotropium&#59; Montelukast&#59; Omalizumab&#59; Aminophylline&#59; nasal CS</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 8</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>9</td><td>No&#46; of allergies</td><td>Composite&#58; Mites&#59; Pollens&#59; Fungus&#59; Cockroach&#59; Cat</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>10</td><td>Risk of adverse events</td><td>Composite&#58; hospitalizations &#62;0 &#40;previous year&#41;&#59; OCS&#8805;2 &#40;previous year&#41;&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#60;80&#37;&#59; &#916;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> after BD&#60;200 ml&#59; adverse effects &#40;1&#160;&#61;&#160;yes&#41;</td><td>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>11</td><td>SOA</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>12</td><td>ACT</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>13</td><td>CARAT &#40;Rhinitis&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>14</td><td>CARAT &#40;Asthma&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>15</td><td>ALQ</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung function</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>16</td><td>Bronchial lability</td><td>Composite&#58; fixed obstruction&#59; bronchial reversibility&#59; fixed obstruction despite BD response</td><td>Presence&#58; 1 Absence&#58; 0<br></br>Minimum&#58; 0<br></br>Maximum&#58; 3</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>17</td><td>Basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>18</td><td>Basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>19</td><td>Basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;</span> &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>20</td><td>Basal RV &#40;&#37;predicted&#41;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="4"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomarkers</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>21</td><td>Blood eosinophils &#40;&#37;&#41;&#58;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>Log scale</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>22</td><td>Seric IgE &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;&#58;</td><td>Continuous</td><td>Log scale</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">ACT&#58; asthma control test&#59; ALQ&#58; asthma life quality&#59; CARAT&#58; Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test&#59; CS&#58; corticosteroids&#59;&#59; ICS&#58; inhaled corticosteroids&#59; LABA&#58; long-acting b-agonists&#59; SOA&#58; severity asthma score&#59; OCS&#58; oral corticosteroids&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Clinically redundant variables &#40;or with correlation values above 0&#46;9 in module&#41; were reduced&#46; Binary questionnaire data and data with a spectrum of responses were transformed into &#8220;composite variables&#8221; &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41; to capture multiple questions in a ranked ordinal scale&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib32" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib33" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A cluster analysis of 22 variables &#40;<a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#41; was applied to identify groups of patients with the same characteristics&#46; Ward&#39;s minimum-variance hierarchical clustering method was performed using an agglomerative approach&#44; and the linkage measure was the squared Euclidean distance with standardization in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> scores&#44; according to Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> By visual inspection of dendrogram&#44; no single member&#44; small clusters or observations with large distances from all other observations were observed&#46; Therefore&#44; no formal method for outliers&#8217; detection was used&#46; Analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA or Kruskal&#8211;Wallis&#41; or contingency table tests &#40;Person chi-square or Fisher&#41; were used to compare differences between clusters&#46; All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Software&#44; version 20&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values under 0&#46;05 were considered significant&#46;</p><a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 72 patients enrolled&#44; 57 had completed data for the considered variables &#40;79&#46;2&#37; of total sample&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The optimum number of clusters was estimated by visual inspection of the dendrogram &#40;<a href="&#35;f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 1</a>&#41; and by representation of the difference between consecutive clusters &#40;Fig&#46; E1&#41;&#46; A second cluster method was used &#40;two-step cluster approach&#41; to ensure that Ward&#39;s cluster solutions were not bias due to small sample size or by the measurement level of the considerable variables&#46; For both clustering methods&#44; the five cluster solution was the one that&#44; from a clinical perspective&#44; best explained the results&#46;</p><a name="f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n06-90445967fig1.jpg" alt="Dendrogram obtained using Ward&#39;s method&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Dendrogram obtained using Ward&#39;s method&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Elements were then distributed in five clusters&#46; From variables that showed significance in distribution the following stand out&#58; gender&#44; age&#44; BMI&#44; number of exacerbations in previous year&#44; disease severity&#44; disease control&#44; scores in ACT&#44; CARAT&#44; ALQ&#44; SOA&#44; ICS dose&#44; fixed obstruction&#44; basal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; blood eosinophils &#40;<a href="&#35;t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Main characteristics obtained for total sample and each of five clusters&#46;</p><a name="t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Variables<br></br>Qualitative &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;<br></br>Quantitative &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#160;&#177;&#160;SD&#41;</td><td>Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;57&#41;</td><td>C1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;</td><td>C2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#41;</td><td>C3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;10&#41;</td><td>C4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;19&#41;</td><td>C5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;</td><td>Statistical analysis</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Female</td><td>42 &#40;73&#46;7&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;4&#46;8&#41;</td><td>12 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td>18 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;29&#46;5</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Male</td><td>15 &#40;26&#46;3&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;46&#46;7&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;years&#41;</span></td><td>45&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;18&#46;0</td><td>23&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;8</td><td>53&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;15&#46;9</td><td>25&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;4</td><td>49&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;11&#46;9</td><td>64&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;3</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;19&#46;0<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td><td>27&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;0</td><td>21&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;8</td><td>28&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;7</td><td>26&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;0</td><td>30&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;8</td><td>27&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;2<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;020</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Years of disease &#40;years&#41;</span></td><td>24&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;14&#46;0</td><td>12&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;7</td><td>31&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;18&#46;5</td><td>14&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;4</td><td>24&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;13&#46;0</td><td>29&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;13&#46;8</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;8<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;009</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease onset under age 12 Y</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>27 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;25&#46;9&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#46;4</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>30 &#40;52&#46;6&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;003</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IgE sensitization</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>18 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;5&#46;3</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>39 &#40;68&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;20&#46;5&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;255</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Any smoke exposure</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>36 &#40;63&#46;2&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;19&#46;4&#41;</td><td>13 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;9</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>21 &#40;36&#46;8&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;432</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumonia history</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>36 &#40;63&#46;2&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;13&#46;9&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#46;6</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>21 &#40;36&#46;8&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;4&#46;8&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;19&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;38&#46;1&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;857</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinitis</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>10 &#40;17&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;40&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#46;6</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>47 &#40;82&#46;5&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;</td><td>15 &#40;31&#46;9&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;14&#46;9&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;282</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anxiety</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">yes&#41;</span></td><td>13 &#40;22&#46;8&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#46;3<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;361</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depression</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">yes&#41;</span></td><td>6 &#40;10&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;4<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;482</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">No&#46; of comorbidities</span></td><td>3&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;8</td><td>3&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;0</td><td>3&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>3&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>3&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>5&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#46;6<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;046</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease control</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>10 &#40;17&#46;5&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;40&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#46;7</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>47 &#40;82&#46;5&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;4&#46;3&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;</td><td>19 &#40;40&#46;4&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;14&#46;9&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asthma control test</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACT&#41;</span></td><td>19&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;35&#41;</td><td>23&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;4</td><td>21&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;1</td><td>19&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td>17&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;2</td><td>14&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;7</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#46;6<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CARAT</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinitis&#41;</span></td><td>6&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;</td><td>6&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;8</td><td>9&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;4</td><td>5&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;1</td><td>6&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;7</td><td>5&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;7<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;010</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CARAT</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asthma&#41;</span></td><td>11&#46;7 &#40;4&#46;5&#41;</td><td>15&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;5</td><td>15&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;4</td><td>11&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;4</td><td>8&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;1</td><td>9&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;5&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;9&#46;5<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asthma life quality</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ALQ&#41;</span></td><td>11&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;8</td><td>7&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;3</td><td>9&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;9</td><td>11&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;5</td><td>14&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;7</td><td>12&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#46;5<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe asthma score</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SOA&#41;</span></td><td>10&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;9</td><td>4&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;5</td><td>8&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;7</td><td>10&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;4&#46;0</td><td>11&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;5</td><td>15&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;8</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;9&#46;4<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutics</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GINA&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Until step3</td><td>3 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;66&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Step3</td><td>14 &#40;24&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;35&#46;7&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;22&#46;1</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Step4</td><td>37 &#40;64&#46;9&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;</td><td>12 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;</td><td>14 &#40;37&#46;8&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;003</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Step5</td><td>3 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High-dose ICS</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>35 &#40;61&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;17&#46;1&#41;</td><td>13 &#40;37&#46;1&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>9 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;20&#46;6</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>22 &#40;38&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;9&#46;1&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;13&#46;6&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;45&#46;5&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;31&#46;8&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OCS &#40;last year&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>0</td><td>26 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;19&#46;2&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;42&#46;3&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;20&#46;9</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>1</td><td>18 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;013</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>2</td><td>6 &#40;10&#46;5&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#8805;3</td><td>7 &#40;12&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;28&#46;6&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe exacerbation &#40;previous year&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>27 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;18&#46;5&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;29&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;12&#46;9</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>30 &#40;52&#46;6&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;</td><td>11 &#40;36&#46;7&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;009</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEV1 &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Baseline</td><td>92&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;26&#46;4</td><td>114&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;27&#46;2</td><td>88&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;24&#46;0</td><td>114&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;13&#46;8</td><td>87&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;24&#46;3</td><td>66&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;16&#46;2</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#46;7<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEV1&#47;CVF &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Baseline</td><td>76&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;17&#46;2</td><td>96&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;5&#46;7</td><td>71&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;9</td><td>93&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;15&#46;4</td><td>73&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;15&#46;3</td><td>56&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;6</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;2&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;14&#46;9<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fixed obstruction</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>No</td><td>39 &#40;68&#46;4&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>10 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;</td><td>13 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;21&#46;4</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Yes</td><td>18 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">WHO</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Non-severe</td><td>24 &#40;42&#46;1&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;</td><td>6 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;16&#46;8</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Severe</td><td>33 &#40;57&#46;9&#41;</td><td>0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;24&#46;2&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;</td><td>14 &#40;42&#46;4&#41;</td><td>7 &#40;21&#46;2&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FeNO &#40;ppb&#41;&#58;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#60;35</td><td>20 &#40;60&#46;6&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;</td><td>4 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;</td><td>5 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;</td><td>8 &#40;40&#46;0&#41;</td><td>1 &#40;5&#46;0&#41;</td><td>Fisher&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#46;8</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#8805;35</td><td>13 &#40;39&#46;9&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>2 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;</td><td>3 &#40;23&#46;1&#41;</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;320</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="8">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serum IgE &#40;log &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;&#41;</span></td><td>2&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;6</td><td>2&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;2</td><td>2&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;7</td><td>2&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;7</td><td>1&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;4</td><td>2&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;4</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;3&#46;2<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;019</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Blood eosinophils &#40;&#37;&#41;&#58;</td><td>3&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;3</td><td>3&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;6</td><td>1&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;3</td><td>1&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;7</td><td>3&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;7</td><td>7&#46;7&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;8</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44;52&#41;&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#46;0<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sputum eosinophils &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td>24&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;26&#46;6</td><td>44&#46;5&#160;&#177;&#160;48&#46;8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41;</td><td>21&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;25&#46;6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;</td><td>5&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#41;</td><td>24&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;30&#46;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;11&#41;</td><td>32&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;21&#46;4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;</td><td>n&#46;a&#46;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Sputum neutrophils &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td>50&#46;8&#160;&#177;&#160;30&#46;8</td><td>38&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;53&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41;</td><td>59&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;31&#46;8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;</td><td>36&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;32&#46;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;4&#41;</td><td>50&#46;6&#160;&#177;&#160;32&#46;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;11&#41;</td><td>55&#46;2&#160;&#177;&#160;25&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;</td><td>n&#46;a&#46;</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value from analysis of variance or Chi-square analysis between five clusters&#46;<br></br>High-dose ICS&#58; dose equivalent to over 750&#160;&#956;g fluticasone propionate daily&#46;<br></br>Definition of abbreviations&#58; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; CARAT&#58; control of allergic rhinitis and asthma test&#59; CS&#58; corticosteroids&#59; FeNO&#58; fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled air&#59; ICS&#58; inhaled corticosteroids&#59; LABA&#58; long-acting b-agonists&#59; NSAID HS&#58; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs hypersensitivity&#59; OCS&#58; oral corticosteroids&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Sample characteristics obtained for total sample and each of five clusters are depicted in <a href="&#35;t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Cluster description</span><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;6&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">early onset mild allergic asthma&#44; with eosinophilic inflammation</span>&#58; it was the youngest and the least severe group&#44; with a male prevalence&#46; Subjects showed the lowest grade of obesity&#44; the best lung function and disease control and the lowest health care recurrence&#44; despite elevated FeNO values&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;15&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">moderate allergic asthma&#44; long evolution&#44; female prevalence&#44; mixed inflammation</span>&#58; although the older age and the high BMI&#44; questionnaires showed good disease control&#44; low impact of disease &#40;both in life quality and lung function&#41; and low severity&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Regarding biomarkers&#44; there was no blood eosinophilia and sputum neutrophil percentage was the highest of all groups&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;10&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">allergic brittle asthma&#44; young females&#44; early onset&#44; no evidence of inflammation</span>&#58; mostly with disease onset before the age of 12&#44; atopy was present in 80&#37; of them&#46; Mean BMI was lower&#44; compared to C2&#46; Lung function was normal in all evaluated parameters and disease was more frequently classified as non-severe&#46; We found a good score in the ACT questionnaire&#44; with normal lung function and no evidence of eosinophilic inflammation&#44; despite high hospitalizations and severe exacerbation rates&#44; suggesting a brittle phenotype&#46;<a href="&#35;bib34" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster 4</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;19&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma in obese females&#44; late onset&#44; mixed inflammation&#44; highly symptomatic&#58;</span> this was the most prevalent and obese group&#44; with a marked female prevalence&#44; the majority having disease onset after the age of 12&#46; Atopy was less frequent&#44; compared with other groups&#44; and depression-anxiety had more protagonists&#46; None of these subjects showed disease control&#44; reporting the worst quality of life of all groups&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Despite the high grade of symptoms and therapeutics&#44; with frequent use of OCS and emergency care&#44; lung function was not very impaired&#46; There was a low grade of Th2 inflammation as we found a low percentage of blood eosinophils&#44; with FeNO values frequently inferior to 35&#160;ppb&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;7&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma with chronic airflow obstruction&#44; late onset&#44; long evolution&#44; eosinophilic inflammation&#58;</span> subjects were all male&#44; with age of disease onset above 12 years old&#44; and presented a mean BMI of over 25&#160;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; The mean age was the highest&#44; with long disease evolution and more comorbidities &#40;in particular IgE sensitization&#44; smoke exposure and NSAID&#39;s HS&#41;&#46; The ACT and CARAT scores were low&#44; and ALQ and SOA were high&#44; with frequent severe exacerbations&#44; hospitalizations and use of OCS&#46; Most of them showed CT scan abnormalities&#44; air trapping being the most prevalent&#46; Lung function evaluation showed the worst FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> out of all groups&#44; with fixed obstruction in all patients &#40;two with COPD overlap&#41;&#46; The blood eosinophils count was the highest noted and FeNO was frequently over 35&#160;ppb&#46; Sputum analysis showed a mixed inflammation&#46;</p><a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">According to Moore et al&#46;&#44;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the algorithm approach using 5 clusters is sufficient for the classification of disease severity&#46; We have here confirmed many results of Moore et al&#46; but found other parameters of interest such as age&#44; weight&#44; disease control or severity&#44; quality of life and blood eosinophilia&#46; In other studies&#44;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> some of these characteristics were used in the cluster analysis&#44; suggesting our data relevance&#46;</p><a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Cluster discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">early onset mild allergic asthma&#44; eosinophilic inflammation</span>&#41; overlapped with the less severe groups from other large-scale studies&#58; C1 from Haldar et al&#46;&#44;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> C1 from Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and C1 from Wu et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">moderate allergic asthma&#44; long evolution&#44; female prevalence&#44; mixed inflammation</span>&#41;&#44; appears to overlap with some of the characteristics from C5 in Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;female prevalence&#44; older age&#44; high BMI&#41;&#46; However there is differentiation in other variables &#40;questionnaires showed good disease control&#44; low impact of disease and low grade of severity&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Once asthmatic phenotypes are not static&#44; with intrinsic and extrinsic factors acting as modifiers&#44; it appears that C2 may be an evolution of mild allergic asthma&#44; probably due to weight gain&#46; This could modify the immunocellular response of early-onset allergic asthma into a mixed phenotype obesity related&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">allergic brittle asthma&#44; young females&#44; early onset&#44; no evidence of inflammation&#41;</span> shared some of the characteristics with C3 from Haldar et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;early onset asthma&#44; symptom predominance&#41; and with C1 from Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;mild allergic asthma&#41;&#46; Despite the good score in the ACT questionnaire&#44; a discordant score in CARAT &#40;rhinitis&#41; was noticed&#44; showing a possible correlation to aeroallergen exacerbation triggers&#44; responsible for the exacerbation rates&#44; as described in the literature&#46; The mean age of this group&#44; as well as the female prevalence&#44; may suggest some correlation of exacerbations to hormonal changes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster 4</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma in obese females&#44; late onset&#44; mixed inflammation&#44; highly symptomatic&#41;</span> overlapped with C2 from Haldar et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and C3 from Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;non-Th2 asthma-obesity related&#41;&#46; The discordance between the high-intensity treatment&#44; low disease control and relatively preserved lung function suggests a relation to factors&#44; such as mechanics and psychogenics&#44; and to concurrent comorbidities &#40;like GERD or sedentary lifestyle&#41;&#46; Another factor that might explain insensitivity to CS and better response to obesity-targeted treatment&#44; already described in this phenotype&#44;<a href="&#35;bib35" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> is the noticed low grade of Th2 inflammation&#46; This gains importance as it points to a pathobiologic disease mechanism different from the Th2-eosinophilic phenotype&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cluster</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">severe asthma with chronic airflow obstruction&#44; late onset&#44; long evolution&#44; eosinophilic inflammation&#41;</span> presented the highest severity grade&#44; corresponding to C5 of Moore et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib20" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;severe patients with fixed obstruction&#41; and C4 of Haldar et al&#46;<a href="&#35;bib21" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;asthma with predominant inflammation&#41;&#46; Coincident with cluster results of a more recent study<a href="&#35;bib22" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> we verified blood eosinophilia and high FeNO values&#44; most having eosinophilic or mixed sputum phenotype&#44; with high blood eosinophils count&#44; according to current data regarding severe patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This cluster also shares many of the characteristics found by the TENOR study<a href="&#35;bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> for patients with asthma and chronic airway obstruction&#44; being older&#44; with frequent history of smoke exposure and many years of disease evolution&#44; showing eosinophilic inflammation&#46; Consistently&#44; it is known that one of the mechanisms for persistent inflammation in asthmatics despite CS treatment is the reduction of HDAC2&#46;<a href="&#35;bib37" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Other pathobiologic mechanisms may be involved in this group as it had the highest prevalence of NSAID&#39;s HS&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">According to Wenzel&#39;s questions regarding phenotype distinction<a href="&#35;bib24" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> &#40;age of disease onset&#44; eosinophilic inflammation and allergy&#41;&#44; C4 and C5 &#40;more severe groups&#41; had disease onset after 12 years of age&#44; and C3 and C2 before that age&#46; C1 and C5 &#40;less severe and most severe groups&#41; showed an eosinophilic inflammation&#44; and allergy was present in all groups&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We can then match our clusters to Wenzel endotypes&#58;<a href="&#35;bib38" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> C1 is clearly associated with Th2 response&#59; C4 with non-Th2 response&#59; C2 and C5 with a mixed response with Th2 prevalence&#46; Possible exogenous factors could be related with the mixed response in C5 &#40;such as smoke exposure&#41; and in C2 &#40;weight could have modified the original endotype of these females&#41; &#40;<a href="&#35;f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><a name="f0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n06-90445967fig2.jpg" alt="Adaptation of obtained clusters to Wenzel endotypes&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Adaptation of obtained clusters to Wenzel endotypes&#46;</p><a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Limitations and strengths</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cluster analysis requires a large number of patients and this study may give the impression of being underpowered&#46; However&#44; both methods used to assess cluster analysis &#40;Ward method and two-step method&#41; empirically validate our cluster results&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Another limitation is the applicability of our results to all clinical scenarios&#58; our approach&#44; applied to patients treated in a secondary health care unit&#44; may not apply in primary health care&#46;</p><a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The results of this cluster analysis are consistent with those from other larger-scale studies&#46; C1&#44; early-onset mild allergic asthma&#44; was recognized in previous Moore&#44; Haldar and Wu clusters&#59; C2 and C3&#44; female clusters with symptom predominant early-onset disease in Haldar and Wu clusters&#59; C4&#44; a female obese cluster less allergic with late onset disease&#44; in Moore clusters&#59; C5&#44; a late-onset eosinophilic cluster associated with nasal polyposis and mixed inflammatory cellular phenotype&#44; in Moore&#44; Haldar and Wu clusters&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Variables such as age at disease onset&#44; obesity&#44; lung function&#44; FeNO &#40;as Th2 biomarker&#41; and severity were important for cluster characterization and distinction&#46;</p><a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Authors&#8217; contribution statements</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">CCL contributed to the study design&#44; collected clinical data&#44; contributed to the interpretation and global integration of the results&#44; and wrote the manuscript draft&#59; PSC performed the cluster analysis and statistical data analysis&#44; and contributed to the interpretation of the results&#59; ATB contributed to the study design and manuscript revision&#59; JB contributed to the discussion on severe asthma and the writing of the paper&#46;</p><a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><a name="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p><a name="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p><a name="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Acknowledgements</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">PSC&#39;s work was supported by Portuguese funds through the CIDMA &#8211; Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications&#44; and the FCT within the project UID&#47;MAT&#47;04106&#47;2013&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We thank Anna Bedbrook for writing assistance&#46;</p><a name="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Appendix A&#46; Supplementary data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Supplementary material associated with this article can be found in the online version available at doi&#58;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;rppnen&#46;2015&#46;07&#46;006&#46;</p><a name="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Appendix A&#46; Supplementary data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><elsevierMultimedia href="320v21n06-90445967mmc1.pdf"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><elsevierMultimedia href="320v21n06-90445967mmc2.docx"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received 28 May 2015 <br></br>Accepted 17 July 2015 </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author&#46; cchloureiro&#64;gmail&#46;com</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Unbiased cluster analysis using clinical parameters has identified asthma phenotypes&#46; Adding inflammatory biomarkers to this analysis provided a better insight into the disease mechanisms&#46; This approach has not yet been applied to asthmatic Portuguese patients&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aim</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">To identify phenotypes of asthma using cluster analysis in a Portuguese asthmatic population treated in secondary medical care&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Consecutive patients with asthma were recruited from the outpatient clinic&#46; Patients were optimally treated according to GINA guidelines and enrolled in the study&#46; Procedures were performed according to a standard evaluation of asthma&#46; Phenotypes were identified by cluster analysis using Ward&#39;s clustering method&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 72 patients enrolled&#44; 57 had full data and were included for cluster analysis&#46; Distribution was set in 5 clusters described as follows&#58; cluster &#40;C&#41; 1&#44; early onset mild allergic asthma&#59; C2&#44; moderate allergic asthma&#44; with long evolution&#44; female prevalence and mixed inflammation&#59; C3&#44; allergic brittle asthma in young females with early disease onset and no evidence of inflammation&#59; C4&#44; severe asthma in obese females with late disease onset&#44; highly symptomatic despite low Th2 inflammation&#59; C5&#44; severe asthma with chronic airflow obstruction&#44; late disease onset and eosinophilic inflammation&#46;</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study population&#44; the identified clusters were mainly coincident with other larger-scale cluster analysis&#46; Variables such as age at disease onset&#44; obesity&#44; lung function&#44; FeNO &#40;Th2 biomarker&#41; and disease severity were important for cluster distinction&#46;</p>"
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