Positional sleep apnea: An issue of therapeutic adherence
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"apellidos" => "Lima" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0873215915459735?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08732159/0000002100000006/v0_201604141141/X0873215915459735/v0_201604141141/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Positional sleep apnea: An issue of therapeutic adherence" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "344" "paginaFinal" => "345" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "P. Matos, F. Fradinho, A. Catarino, P. Lopes, M.J. Matos" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "Iniciales" => "P." "apellidos" => "Matos" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "pmsotto@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "F." "apellidos" => "Fradinho" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Catarino" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "P." "apellidos" => "Lopes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Matos" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pulmonology Department, Sleep Laboratory, HUC-CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. pmsotto@hotmail.com" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Dear Editor,</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cartwright in 1984 defined positional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients as those in whom the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was at least twice as high while sleeping in the supine as in the non-supine position. Several authors intended, since then, to propose better classification systems, but the first (and simplest) is still used nowadays.<a href="#bib6" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In general, the prevalence of positional variant is higher in mild to moderate OSA, where it can reach 65–69%, but varies from 9 to 69%. It is inversely correlated to OSA severity, body mass index (BMI) and age. This classification intended to better identify whose patients did not require ventilatory support and could be treated with positional therapy (PT), a more economical and practical treatment. Traditionally, it has been used a tennis ball inside a pocket sewed in the back of a nightshirt as the positional “device”.<a href="#bib7" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nevertheless, ineffectiveness, backache, discomfort and no improvement in sleep quality or daytime alertness have been responsible for poor compliance and subsequent disappointing long-term results of positional therapy.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With this in mind, we carried out a study to determine the effectiveness of usual conservative measures and PT with tennis ball technique (TBT) and to verify the compliance to this therapy in our population.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A total of 93 positional OSA patients were retrospectively identified after a cardiorespiratory sleep study with 7 channels in our center, in which the supine AHI was at least twice as high as in a non-supine position. Booklets were provided to patients with information on hygiene, dietary and sleep rules, snoring and TBT. These patients were reassessed in a follow-up visit in average in 3–6 months, and a follow-up sleep study was then performed, under positional therapy with TBT. Sleep related parameters, subject's characteristics and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were evaluated.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Forty six (49.5%) patients performed the follow-up night study with the TBT. There were 36 men (78.3%), with average age of 54,8 years and mean BMI of 29.3 kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. Of these 46 patients, only 26 (56.5%) said to correctly use the tennis ball every or almost every night, considered as high adherence patients group. We found differences between the two groups of patients (high and low adherence). They did not significantly differ in parameters such as age, gender, or BMI, however, the low adherence patients had more comorbidities: higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and ischemic vascular disease (<a href="#t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>). Results of the follow-up study showed an improvement in all parameters, with mean total AHI decrease from 15.0/h to 9.3/h and mean supine AHI from 34.2/h to 24.3/h. Time spent in supine position fell from 40% to 17.1%, oxygen desaturation index (ODI) from 14.8/h to 8.8/h and minimum SpO2 increased from 82.2% to 85.6% (<a href="#t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>). More than half of the non-compliant patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 11; 55%) needed other therapeutic options, mainly continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 10). Only 2 compliant patients needed other therapies (1 CPAP and 1 mandibular advancement device).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1. Patients demographic and clinical characteristics related to therapeutic adherence.</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td> </td><td>High adherence</td><td>Low adherence</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Gender (M/F)</td><td>20/6</td><td>16/4</td><td>NS <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age (yr)</td><td>56.5 ± 9.4</td><td>56.1 ± 9.1</td><td>NS <span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Body Mass Index (Kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)</td><td>28.5 ± 3.8</td><td>30.2 ± 4.7</td><td>NS <span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertension, n (%)</td><td>15 (57.7%)</td><td>13 (65%)</td><td>NS <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td><td>3 (11.5%)</td><td>6 (30%)</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.05 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Ischemic vascular disease, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td><td>0</td><td>4 (20%)</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.05 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Heart Failure, n (%)</td><td>0</td><td>2 (10%)</td><td>NS <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Oncologic disease, n (%)</td><td>0</td><td>2 (10%)</td><td>NS <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">a Chi-square test.<br></br>b Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test for independent samples.<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2. Sleep respiratory variables in baseline and follow-up study.</p><a name="t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td> </td><td>Baseline study</td><td>Follow-up study</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Epworth sleepiness scale</td><td>11.0 ± 3.6</td><td>7.9 ± 3.6</td><td><0.001 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Total AHI (events/h)</td><td>15.0 ± 7.6</td><td>9.3 ± 7.0</td><td><0.001 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Supine AHI (events/h)</td><td>34.2 ± 18.8</td><td>24.3 ± 19.4</td><td><0.01 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Supine time (%)</td><td>40.0 ± 15.5</td><td>17.1 ± 14.1</td><td><0.001 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Oxygen desaturation index (events/h)</td><td>14.8 ± 6.6</td><td>8.8 ± 6.8</td><td><0.001 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Minimal SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></td><td>82.2 ± 5.1</td><td>85.8 ± 3.7</td><td><0.001 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Mean SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></td><td>93.7 ± 1.6</td><td>94.2 ± 1.5</td><td><0.01 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">a Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test for paired samples; AHI: Apnea-hypopnea index.<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our results, PT and other conservative measures were effective, with good clinical outcomes when enforced. There was a significant decrease in sleepiness accessed by ESS, and improvement in the overall sleep respiratory parameters. However, there is a high level of noncompliance with 20 patients (43.5%) reporting low adherence. Nevertheless, these results (56.5% of compliance) seem better than other studies. Oksenberg et al., reported only 38% of compliance with TBT at six months.<a href="#bib8" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The compliant patients in that study were older, and the main reason for stopping was discomfort. Our results showed no differences in age, but we found non-compliant patients to have more comorbidities and more severe illnesses, as oncologic and cardiovascular diseases. These patients may underestimate the burden of OSA, considering it as a minor health problem. Just half of the low adherent patients accepted CPAP therapy.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Results in long-term tend to be even worse, as demonstrated by Bignold et al., with only 6% of patients still using the TBT after 2.5 years.<a href="#bib9" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> As so, currently, several new devices to replace the TBT are becoming available on the international market.<a href="#bib10" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However the efficacy of these modalities has not been studied in clinical trials on long-term or been patented.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our study has some limitations. Data on TBT compliance and patients division in adherence groups was accessed only in a subjective way (interview in follow-up visit). Validated questionnaires on these topics could have been used in a prospective study. Unfortunately, we could not infer why 47 patients did not attend the follow-up study, however most of them attended to the follow-up visit reporting good results with the recommended measures. We can speculate they were relieved by knowing their OSA was not severe, and, at least, changed their lifestyle, not feeling the need for further examination.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In conclusion, despite our relatively small sample, we can infer that TBT is a simple, cheap and an effective form of PT when used in selected patients with clear positional OSA, as shown by good disease control in our adherent patients. Compliance remains an issue, even with the development of new devices.</p><a name="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author. pmsotto@hotmail.com</p>" "pdfFichero" => "320v21n06a90445974pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Positional OSA part 1: towards a clinical classification system for position-dependent obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Breath. 2015; 19:473-80." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Positional OSA part 1: towards a clinical classification system for position-dependent obstructive sleep apnoea." 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| 2021 August | 52 | 30 | 82 |
| 2021 July | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2021 June | 72 | 35 | 107 |
| 2021 May | 71 | 22 | 93 |
| 2021 April | 228 | 73 | 301 |
| 2021 March | 150 | 21 | 171 |
| 2021 February | 94 | 19 | 113 |
| 2021 January | 79 | 23 | 102 |
| 2020 December | 57 | 14 | 71 |
| 2020 November | 87 | 23 | 110 |
| 2020 October | 56 | 18 | 74 |
| 2020 September | 94 | 28 | 122 |
| 2020 August | 101 | 24 | 125 |
| 2020 July | 131 | 20 | 151 |
| 2020 June | 111 | 28 | 139 |
| 2020 May | 125 | 25 | 150 |
| 2020 April | 114 | 16 | 130 |
| 2020 March | 97 | 14 | 111 |
| 2020 February | 138 | 27 | 165 |
| 2020 January | 162 | 19 | 181 |
| 2019 December | 107 | 17 | 124 |
| 2019 November | 95 | 17 | 112 |
| 2019 October | 83 | 28 | 111 |
| 2019 September | 87 | 25 | 112 |
| 2019 August | 125 | 19 | 144 |
| 2019 July | 101 | 15 | 116 |
| 2019 June | 98 | 14 | 112 |
| 2019 May | 88 | 17 | 105 |
| 2019 April | 93 | 30 | 123 |
| 2019 March | 155 | 23 | 178 |
| 2019 February | 106 | 7 | 113 |
| 2019 January | 150 | 27 | 177 |
| 2018 December | 74 | 9 | 83 |
| 2018 November | 39 | 1 | 40 |
| 2018 October | 35 | 12 | 47 |
| 2018 September | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2018 August | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2018 July | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2018 June | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 2018 May | 40 | 14 | 54 |
| 2018 April | 36 | 12 | 48 |
| 2018 March | 62 | 17 | 79 |
| 2018 February | 17 | 13 | 30 |
| 2018 January | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2017 December | 32 | 34 | 66 |
| 2017 November | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2017 October | 14 | 16 | 30 |
| 2017 September | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2017 August | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2017 July | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2017 June | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2017 May | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2017 April | 18 | 2 | 20 |
| 2017 March | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2017 February | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2017 January | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2016 December | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2016 November | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2016 October | 20 | 13 | 33 |
| 2016 September | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2016 August | 16 | 22 | 38 |
| 2016 July | 26 | 53 | 79 |
| 2016 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2016 April | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2016 March | 23 | 12 | 35 |
| 2016 February | 34 | 33 | 67 |
| 2016 January | 76 | 56 | 132 |
| 2015 December | 102 | 72 | 174 |
Show all
