Drug related toxicity in lung transplant recipients
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Redondo, N. Melo, P.C. Mota, J.M. Jesus, C.S. Moura, S. Guimarães, A. Morais" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M.T." "apellidos" => "Redondo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "N." "apellidos" => "Melo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "P.C." "apellidos" => "Mota" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Jesus" ] 4 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "C.S." "apellidos" => "Moura" ] 5 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "S." "apellidos" => "Guimarães" ] 6 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Morais" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0873215915856150?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08732159/0000002100000001/v0_201604141151/X0873215915856150/v0_201604141151/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Drug related toxicity in lung transplant recipients" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "paginaInicial" => "45" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. van Zeller, C. Damas" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "van Zeller" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "Iniciales" => "C." "apellidos" => "Damas" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cdamas@aeiou.pt" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Consulta Especializada de Transplante Pulmonar, Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. cdamas@aeiou.pt" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">During the last two decades, lung transplantation (LTx) has become a life-saving intervention for patients presenting with end-stage respiratory disease.<a href="#bib5" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The lung graft, in contrast to all other transplanted organs, is in permanent contact with the external environment and is thus exposed to various inhaled agents. Moreover, it contains a huge amount of donor antigen-presenting cells constantly processing and presenting HLA alloantigens to recipient lymphocytes that initiate a process of immune recognition.<a href="#bib6" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Thus a successful lung transplant relies on an appropriate immunosuppressive strategy and balance.<a href="#bib7" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In fact the two main causes of death after LTx are chronic rejection of the allograft and infections.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although advances have been made and varied immunosuppressive protocols are being used, specific drugs, such as calcineurin inhibitors and proliferation inhibitors (PIs), are very toxic, even at low doses. Nevertheless, they are considered to be indispensable in lung transplantation.<a href="#bib8" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Thus, with LTx came along drug toxicity.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We would like to report the results of our own series.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We retrospectively evaluated patients with pulmonary transplantation followed at our Centre since 2005. The lung transplant was performed by two different transplantation Groups – Hospital de Santa Marta (Lisbon) and at Hospital Juan Canalejo (Corunha), according to the Portuguese Health System indications for lung transplant. After the transplant, although patients still maintained follow-up at the transplant centre, they were referred to our Specialized Clinic for Lung Transplanted patients which works very closely with both centres.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Thirty-two patients were included, 19 (59.4%) were male; the mean age at transplant was 44.9 years. The patients have been followed for a mean time of 30.78 months after LTx. The initial immunosuppressive protocol used in all patients was the association of steroids, cyclosporine and azathoprine. Only six patients are still with it, in 20 patients it was changed due to acute rejection and in six patients due to chronic rejection.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In 14 patients the immunosuppressive therapy had to be changed, more than once, due to drug induced toxicity. Two patients had malignancy diagnosis (lymphoma), gastric symptoms were the most frequent complaint, renal malfunction, hirsutism (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 1), and gingival hyperplasia (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 1) were some of the complications the authors would like to report. No relationship was found between the need to change the therapy and age at transplant or time of follow-up.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Among the diseases that needed to be treated but did not require an immunosuppressive therapy change, diabetes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 10, 31.5%), dislipidemia (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 12, 37.5%) and arterial hypertension (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 4, 12.5%) were found to be the most prevalent.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Lung transplantation may be a life-saving intervention for end-stage respiratory disease. With the growing number of long-term survivors of lung transplants, chronic rejection and toxicity have emerged as major problems. Drug induced toxicity is prevalent and the clinicians caring for those patients have to be well aware of this so that it can be diagnosed, addressed and treated as early as possible.</p><a name="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author. cdamas@aeiou.pt</p>" "pdfFichero" => "320v21n01a90385617pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: nineteenth official report-2002. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002; 21:950-70." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: nineteenth official report-2002." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Hertz MI" 1 => "Taylor DO" 2 => "Trulock EP" 3 => "Boucek MM" 4 => "Mohacsi PJ" 5 => "Edwards LB" 6 => "et-al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Heart Lung Transplant. " "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "950" "paginaFinal" => "970" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12231366" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Immunosuppressive therapy after human lung transplantation. Eur Respir J. 2004; 23:159-71." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Immunosuppressive therapy after human lung transplantation." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Knoop C" 1 => "Haverich A" 2 => "Fischer S." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J. " "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "159" "paginaFinal" => "171" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738248" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Minimization of immunosuppression: transplant immunology. Transpl Immunol. 2008; 20:48-54." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Minimization of immunosuppression: transplant immunology." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Patel J" 1 => "Kobashigawa JA." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.trim.2008.10.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transpl Immunol. " "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "48" "paginaFinal" => "54" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930138" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib8" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Immunosuppression. Eur Respir Soc Monogr. 2009; 45:177-93." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Immunosuppression." "idioma" => "it" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Iversen M" 1 => "Corris PA." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir Soc Monogr. " "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "193" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/08732159/0000002100000001/v0_201604141151/X0873215915856169/v0_201604141151/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "50826" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letter to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/08732159/0000002100000001/v0_201604141151/X0873215915856169/v0_201604141151/en/320v21n01a90385617pdf001.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://journalpulmonology.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0873215915856169?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
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