Inspiratory muscle training with threshold or incentive spirometry: Which is the most effective?

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The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was significant (>0.070) for the following criteria: percentage change of PEF, FEF 25¿75% and sGaw; and absolute change of PEF and FEF 25¿75%. Cutt-off values were attained from the exact curve speck were sensitivity and specificity reached the best correlation: absolute PEF change ¿0.4 L/s; percentage PEF change ¿8%; absolute FEF 25¿75% change ¿0.087 L/s; percentage FEF 25¿75% change ¿27%; and percentage sGaw change ¿25%. PEF: peak expiratory flow; FEF 25¿75%: maximum mid-forced expiratory flow; IC: inspiratory capacity; Raw: airway resistance; sGaw: specific airway conductance." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Tavares e Castro, P. Matos, B. Tavares, M.J. Matos, A. Segorbe-Luís" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Tavares e Castro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "P." "apellidos" => "Matos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "B." 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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "76" "paginaFinal" => "81" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Dulciane Nunes Paiva, Laíse Bender Assmann, Diogo Fanfa Bordin, Ricardo Gass, Renan Trevisan Jost, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Rodrigo Alves França, Dannuey Machado Cardoso" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dulciane Nunes" "apellidos" => "Paiva" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Laíse Bender" "apellidos" => "Assmann" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Diogo Fanfa" "apellidos" => "Bordin" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ricardo" "apellidos" => "Gass" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Renan Trevisan" "apellidos" => "Jost" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mario" "apellidos" => "Bernardo-Filho" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo Alves" "apellidos" => "França" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "affe" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dannuey Machado" "apellidos" => "Cardoso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pos Graduate Course in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Physical Therapy Course, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "affc" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Biophysics and Biometry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "affd" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "affe" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. " ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "320v21n02-90393306fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 965 "Ancho" => 1558 "Tamanyo" => 125668 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied. Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group ¿ TG (* p < 0.001) and incentive spirometry group ¿ ISG (* p < 0.001), and at 30 days in TG (** p < 0.001) and ISG (** p < 0.001). Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT ( # p = 0.494), 15 days ( ## p < 0.001) and 30 days ( ### p < 0.001) conditions. Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days ( + p = 0.328) and at 30 days ( ++ p = 0.045). CG: control group; TG: threshold group; ISG: incentive spirometry group. ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<a name="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>IntroductionThe ability to generate inspiratory pressure can be increased by the formation of a pressure threshold. This threshold can be produced by respiratory muscular training (RMT), which increases resistance to muscular fatigue, improves the respiratory function and increases the blood flow redistribution to the muscles.<a href="#bib44" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">1</a>, <a href="#bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">2</a>, <a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">3</a>The increment in respiratory muscular strength increases the lung capacity in order to offset the increased respiratory load.<a href="#bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">2</a>, <a href="#bib47" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">4</a> However, there are some points about the RMT which are not clear, such as the mechanisms through which this kind of training improves the performance in the maximal incremental exercise,<a href="#bib44" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">1</a> as well as the devices which result in more efficiency.Among the most commonly used devices for inspiratory muscular training (IMT), Threshold IMT® stands out<a href="#bib48" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">5</a>, <a href="#bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">6</a>, <a href="#bib50" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">7</a>, <a href="#bib51" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">8</a>: it has been widely used in the implementation of IMT in several clinical situations, with the aim of increasing exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),<a href="#bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">6</a> in postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery,<a href="#bib52" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">9</a> preoperative correction of scoliosis in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy,<a href="#bib53" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">10</a> in post-bariatric surgery<a href="#bib54" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11</a> and weaning from mechanical ventilation.<a href="#bib55" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">12</a> In addition, some studies have reported the use of incentive spirometer Voldyne® for purposes of IMT,<a href="#bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">13</a>, <a href="#bib57" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">14</a> although this feature is based on the supply of non-linear pressure load. It is worth noting, however, there are not many studies that compare the effectiveness of Threshold IMT® compared with Voldyne® as a resource for RMT.<a href="#bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">13</a>Authors on this subject consider that the ideal protocol for evaluating the real effectiveness of the IMT has still not been established.<a href="#bib58" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">15</a>, <a href="#bib59" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">16</a> There is a great diversity in suggested training times and in devices used for such purposes.<a href="#bib50" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">7</a>, <a href="#bib60" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">17</a>, <a href="#bib61" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">18</a>, <a href="#bib62" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">19</a> For this reason, the present study aimed to compare the effect of IMT on inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) using the Threshold IMT® device and the Voldyne® in healthy and sedentary subjects.<a name="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>MethodsThis is a randomized clinical trial, comprised of sedentary and healthy subjects (females) aged between 18 and 40 years, with body mass index (BMI) of less than 25 kg/m2 and normal lung function. Active smokers were excluded, as were subjects that took regular physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil. All the subjects read and signed an informed consent form.The subjects were allocated from a list of random numbers generated by computer (Random Number Generator – Pro v2.00, Segobit, USA). The randomization sequence was done by a researcher who was directly not involved in the study and the subjects were randomly divided into control group (CG), threshold group (TG) and incentive spirometry group (ISG). Afterwards, the lung volumes were measured by a spirometer (EasyOne®, model 2001, Zurich, Switzerland) for the analysis of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF).<a href="#bib63" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">20</a> The best curve was compared with the predicted values in the literature.<a href="#bib64" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">21</a> The anthropometric characteristics of the subjects were also assessed.The PImax was evaluated with a digital pressure manometer (MDI® model MVD300, Porto Alegre, Brazil) having been obtained with the individual breathing in from residual volume (RV) to total lung capacity and effort was made against the occluded valve, with the measurements carried out in the sitting position.<a href="#bib65" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">22</a> The figure considered for data analysis was the highest value among the three maneuvers, if it did not differ more than 10% from the second highest value in descending order.<a href="#bib65" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">22</a> To evaluate the effect of the IMT, the PImax was measured at pre-training (pre-IMT), after 15 days and after 30 days.The IMT was performed with the Threshold IMT® (Respironics New Jersey, Inc., USA) and with an incentive spirometry (IS) with a volume-oriented device (Voldyne 5000®, Sherwood Medical, St. Louis, USA). CG performed breathing exercises twice.<a href="#bib66" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">23</a> Blinding was strictly maintained; the team that carried out the review was not informed about which type of device was being used by the participants not were the participants informed about the device or the form of training used by the other group.<a name="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Inspiratory muscle training protocol with Threshold IMT®The TG participants were instructed to perform IMT with the Threshold® twice a day, three times a week on non-consecutive days during the 30-day period. There was a series of six repetitions with an initial resistive load of 40% of the PImax. Evaluations of the PImax were not carried out in the first week of IMT to ensure the subjects were familiarized with the established protocol. After this period the PImax measurements were performed weekly with the aim of increasing the resistive inspiratory pressure so as to achieve the training effect. The incremental load was 10% of the PImax per week or enough to reach the maximum resistive value of the Threshold IMT®, which is 41 cmH2O.<a href="#bib47" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">4</a>, <a href="#bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">13</a><a name="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Inspiratory muscle training protocol with Voldyne®The subjects of the ISG were instructed to perform maximal inspiration from RV to TLC with Voldyne® in the sitting position.<a href="#bib67" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">24</a> The expiration was performed at functional residual capacity in order to avoid possible hyperventilation; there were intervals of 60 s between respiratory maneuvers.<a href="#bib68" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">25</a> All subjects received verbal commands as to exactly when to start a new inspiration. The Voldyne® was used for 20 min (20 repetitions or one repetition per minute). The total time of this program was 30 days, twice a day, three times per week on nonconsecutive days.<a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Breathing exercises protocolThe breathing exercise performed by GC was performed 02 times per day with 03 sets of 20 repetitions with a pause of 02 min between each set, 03 times a week for 30 non-consecutive days. In this breathing exercise the individual performs diaphragmatic inspiration from functional residual capacity to maximum inspiratory lung volume with 02 consecutive breaks, while maintaining a ratio of 02 to 01 breaths.<a href="#bib66" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">23</a><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Statistical analysisThe SPSS (version 20.0, USA) was used for the analysis of the results which were presented as mean and standard deviation and the normal distribution observed by Shapiro–Wilk test. The data referring to anthropometric variables and to pulmonary function were compared between groups by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc. The behavior of the PImax in the different groups with two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison and the interaction of the FEV1 with the PImax by ANCOVA were also observed. Statistical significance of p < 0.05 was used.<a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>ResultsThe subjects were distributed into CG (n = 14), TG (n = 13) and ISG (n = 13) and their characteristics (baseline) are presented in <a href="#t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>. The sample being studied was found to be homogeneous, except for the FEV1, however, all subjects had values which were close to those predicted.Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants from groups studied.<a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><table><tr align="left"><td> </td><td colspan="3">Groups</td><td>p-Value</td></tr><tr align="left"><td> </td><td>Control (n = 14)</td><td>Threshold (n = 13)</td><td>Incentive spirometry (n = 13)</td><td> </td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">Antropometrics</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age (years)</td><td>23.86 ± 3.32</td><td>22.92 ± 2.06</td><td>21.92 ± 1.44</td><td>0.101</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weight (kg)</td><td>58.07 ± 9.13</td><td>60.15 ± 8.65</td><td>58.69 ± 7.76</td><td>0.813</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Height (m)</td><td>1.66 ± 0.06</td><td>1.68 ± 0.06</td><td>1.68 ± 0.08</td><td>0.860</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI (kg/m2)</td><td>20.29 ± 2.36</td><td>20.85 ± 1.72</td><td>20.31 ± 2.05</td><td>0.736</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"> </td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">Lung function</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>FVC (%pred)</td><td>95.14 ± 8.95</td><td>102.77 ± 11.86</td><td>93.77 ± 12.34</td><td>0.096</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>FEV1 (%pred)</td><td>97.50 ± 9.82</td><td>104.77 ± 11.24</td><td>94.31 ± 10.33</td><td>0.048 †</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>PEF (%pred)</td><td>94.14 ± 16.62</td><td>102.23 ± 17.60</td><td>90.69 ± 18.79</td><td>0.146</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"> </td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">Respiratory muscular strength</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>PImax (%pred)</td><td>102.00 ± 6.13</td><td>101.62 ± 8.46</td><td>100.62 ± 6.94</td><td>0.878</td></tr></table>BMI: body mass index; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; PEF: peak expiratory flow. † Significant difference between threshold group and incentive spirometry group (p = 0.042).ANOVA test with Tukey post hoc. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. In relation to IMT, there was a significant increase in the PImax in both TG and ISG at 15 days (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and at 30 days (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) compared to the pre-IMT. When comparing the effect of IMT between ISG and TG, it was observed that it was only at 30 days was there a higher gain of the PImax by the subjects of the TG in comparison to the subjects of the ISG (p = 0.045) (<a href="#f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 1</a>). There was no increase in PImax at 15 (p = 0.988) or 30 days (p = 0.942) for CG compared to the pre-IMT. In addition, no interaction was observed between the FEV1 (p = 0.208) and the PImax.<a name="f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><img src="320v21n02-90393306fig1.jpg" alt="Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied. Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group – TG (*p < 0.001) and incentive spirometry group – ISG (*p < 0.001), and at 30 days in TG (**p < 0.001) and ISG (**p < 0.001). Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT (#p = 0.494), 15 days (##p < 0.001) and 30 days (###p < 0.001) conditions. Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days (+p = 0.328) and at 30 days (++p = 0.045). CG: control group; TG: threshold group; ISG: incentive spirometry group. ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05."></img>Figure 1. Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied. Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group – TG (*p < 0.001) and incentive spirometry group – ISG (*p < 0.001), and at 30 days in TG (**p < 0.001) and ISG (**p < 0.001). Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT (#p = 0.494), 15 days (##p < 0.001) and 30 days (###p < 0.001) conditions. Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days (+p = 0.328) and at 30 days (++p = 0.045). CG: control group; TG: threshold group; ISG: incentive spirometry group. ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05.<a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>DiscussionOur findings showed an increase in the PImax caused training by Voldyne® and Threshold IMT®, although the latter device was more effective in increasing the IMS after 30 days of IMT. Traditionally the Threshold IMT® is the device used for respiratory muscle training as it provides linear pressure load with the possibility of gradual increments.<a href="#bib69" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">26</a>Due to the visual feedback the IS with a volume-oriented device encourages the following; the performance of the subject, the realization of sustained maximal inspiration and hyperpneia aiming to gain pulmonary volume.<a href="#bib70" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">27</a> It is known that maximum inspiration causes the increase of the transpulmonary pressure and the increase of the pulmonary volume. Furthermore, resting at the end of inspiration keeps up the increase of the transpulmonary pressure and ensures the alveolar stability.<a href="#bib71" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">28</a>The literature provides for the use of specific inspiratory incentive guidelines in accordance with the norms of the American Association for Respiratory Care; its use is prioritized as part of prophylactic regimens routine and therapeutic respiratory care.<a href="#bib72" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">29</a> However, it should be noted that such devices are rarely used for IMT, which means a lack of empirical standardization.This research showed that the IMT instituted through the Threshold IMT® caused an increase in the PImax after 15 and 30 days of training. Our findings are confirmed by other studies which suggest the effectiveness of Threshold IMT® in promoting gains in the IMS.<a href="#bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">6</a>, <a href="#bib73" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">30</a> Volianitis et al. used IMT for 11 weeks in females rowing athletes and noted an increase in the PImax and in performance during exercise. They have demonstrated that the applicability of the Threshold IMT® is useful not only in clinical approaches but also in improving physical performance.<a href="#bib74" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">31</a> Likewise, Gosselink et al. have highlighted that the effects of IMT includes delay in respiratory muscle fatigue, redistribution of the blood flow to the respiratory and locomotor muscles and reduction of the perception of discomfort of the respiratory muscles. However, the mechanisms associated with such effects are not very clear.<a href="#bib75" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">32</a>Regarding to the use of Voldyne® was found an increase of PImax in the end of 15 and 30 days of training. Reinforcing our findings, some studies show that the use of this type of IS increases the IMS due to the increased recruitment of the motor units, resulting in greater respiratory muscle strength.<a href="#bib76" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">33</a>, <a href="#bib77" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">34</a> However, it should be noted that in clinical practice, this feature is not used for IMT, but as a resource for obtaining pulmonary volume gain.The IS enables the mobilization of large pulmonary volumes and it is also responsible for increasing the intra-alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration. This condition improves breathing capacity, and challenges the patient with the visual stimulus generated by the device.<a href="#bib78" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">35</a>, <a href="#bib79" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">36</a>, <a href="#bib80" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">37</a>, <a href="#bib81" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">38</a> The increase of the intra-alveolar pressure is proportional to the contractile force of the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm and accessory muscles of the respiration, justifying the fact that to achieve the TLC, intense muscle activity should occur.<a href="#bib82" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">39</a>It is worth noting that in order to perform breathing exercises with an IS, the subjects mobilize large tidal volume associated with a low respiratory rate, tending to increase muscle strength due to increased inhalation/exhalation ratio.<a href="#bib70" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">27</a>Putting together our findings, the results of this investigation demonstrate the relevance of the Threshold IMT® in producing training effect on the inspiratory muscles, as the gain in the muscle strength is proportional to the applied load. According to Komi, changes in the muscular strength during short periods of training with incremental load appear to be due to the improvement of intra- and inter-muscular neural adjustment.<a href="#bib83" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">40</a> These mechanisms allow better synchronization in the frequency of neuromuscular firing, resulting in greater activation of the motor units.<a href="#bib84" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">41</a>, <a href="#bib85" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">42</a>It is important to consider that the subjects of the CG did not significantly change the PImax with time. This fact demonstrates that the breathing exercise alone is not effective in increasing the IMS. A study of asthmatic children also found that a IMT program using the Threshold® IMT significantly increased PImax, which did not happen with the group that only followed a therapeutic exercise program and conventional education for children with asthma.<a href="#bib86" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">43</a> This demonstrates that breathing exercises alone are not sufficient to produce significant gain in muscle strength and when applied in isolation do not impose a resistive load on the inspiratory muscles.There are some limitations to our investigation that need to be considered. We used a volitional test of generation of pressure (PImax) instead of an electrically evoked potential test for the assessment of muscle strength, only healthy subjects were tested and it is not possible to correlate this experimental situation directly with clinical situations involving patients. Only healthy female subjects were available; there was no male representation. Care should also be taken in comparing the effectiveness of these devices, since the training protocols and intensities of training may differ. It is recognized that the physiological effects of the training are related to its intensity. The differences between the training groups are probably related to the intensity and protocols, and the difference seen at 30 days, with better outcomes in the threshold group could also reflect the growing intensity of the training in this group.In conclusion, our results showed that the Voldyne® device, as well as promoting its known benefits in increasing lung volume, at the same time promotes a similar increased muscle strength to Threshold IMT® device, which is designed specifically for the purpose of TMI. However, after 30 days of training increased PImax caused by Threshold IMT® became more evident.<a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Ethical disclosures<a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Protection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).<a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.<a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.<a name="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a>Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.<hr></hr>☆ Study conducted at the Laboratory Methods and Evaluation Techniques of the Physiotherapy Course of the University of Santa Cruz do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.Received 27 February 2014 Accepted 24 May 2014 Corresponding author. " "pdfFichero" => "320v21n02a90393306pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec640993" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Maximal inspiratory pressure" 1 => "Inspiratory muscular training" 2 => "Incentive spirometry" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "Inspiratory muscular training (IMT) increases the respiratory muscle strength, however, there is no data demonstrating its superiority over the incentive spirometry (IS) in doing so. Values of muscle strength after IMT (Threshold IMT®) and by the IS (Voldyne®) in healthy females was compared. Subjects (n = 40) were randomly divided into control group (CG, n = 14), IS group (ISG, n = 13) and threshold group (TG, n = 13). PImax was measured before (pre-IMT), at 15 and 30 days of IMT. There was an increase in PImax of the TG at 15 days (p < 0.001) and 30 days of IMT (p < 0.001). The same occurred with the ISG, which increased the PImax at 15 days (p < 0.001) and 30 days of training (p < 0.001). After 30 days of IMT, the TG presented a PImax which was significantly higher than ISG and the CG (p = 0.045 and p < 0.001, respectively). It can be concluded that IMT by threshold was more effective in increasing muscle strength than the Voldyne." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "320v21n02-90393306fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 965 "Ancho" => 1558 "Tamanyo" => 125668 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied. Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group ¿ TG (* p < 0.001) and incentive spirometry group ¿ ISG (* p < 0.001), and at 30 days in TG (** p < 0.001) and ISG (** p < 0.001). Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT ( # p = 0.494), 15 days ( ## p < 0.001) and 30 days ( ### p < 0.001) conditions. Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days ( + p = 0.328) and at 30 days ( ++ p = 0.045). CG: control group; TG: threshold group; ISG: incentive spirometry group. ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05." ] ] 1 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:43 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib44" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Respiratory muscle training in healthy humans: resolving the controversy. Int J Sports Med. 2004; 25:284-93." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Respiratory muscle training in healthy humans: resolving the controversy." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "McConnell AK" 1 => "Romer LM." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1055/s-2004-815827" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Sports Med. 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Dulciane Nunes Paivaa,b, Laíse Bender Assmannb, Diogo Fanfa Bordinb, Ricardo Gassb, Renan Trevisan Jostc, Mario Bernardo-Filhod, Rodrigo Alves Françae, Dannuey Machado Cardosob

a Pos Graduate Course in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil

b Physical Therapy Course, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil

c Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

d Department of Biophysics and Biometry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

e University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil

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    "textoCompleto" => "<a name="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The ability to generate inspiratory pressure can be increased by the formation of a pressure threshold&#46; This threshold can be produced by respiratory muscular training &#40;RMT&#41;&#44; which increases resistance to muscular fatigue&#44; improves the respiratory function and increases the blood flow redistribution to the muscles&#46;<a href="&#35;bib44" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The increment in respiratory muscular strength increases the lung capacity in order to offset the increased respiratory load&#46;<a href="&#35;bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib47" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; there are some points about the RMT which are not clear&#44; such as the mechanisms through which this kind of training improves the performance in the maximal incremental exercise&#44;<a href="&#35;bib44" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> as well as the devices which result in more efficiency&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Among the most commonly used devices for inspiratory muscular training &#40;IMT&#41;&#44; Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> stands out<a href="&#35;bib48" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib50" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib51" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#58; it has been widely used in the implementation of IMT in several clinical situations&#44; with the aim of increasing exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44;<a href="&#35;bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery&#44;<a href="&#35;bib52" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> preoperative correction of scoliosis in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44;<a href="&#35;bib53" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> in post-bariatric surgery<a href="&#35;bib54" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and weaning from mechanical ventilation&#46;<a href="&#35;bib55" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In addition&#44; some studies have reported the use of incentive spirometer Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> for purposes of IMT&#44;<a href="&#35;bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib57" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> although this feature is based on the supply of non-linear pressure load&#46; It is worth noting&#44; however&#44; there are not many studies that compare the effectiveness of Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> compared with Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> as a resource for RMT&#46;<a href="&#35;bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Authors on this subject consider that the ideal protocol for evaluating the real effectiveness of the IMT has still not been established&#46;<a href="&#35;bib58" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib59" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> There is a great diversity in suggested training times and in devices used for such purposes&#46;<a href="&#35;bib50" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib60" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib61" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib62" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> For this reason&#44; the present study aimed to compare the effect of IMT on inspiratory muscle strength &#40;IMS&#41; using the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> device and the Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> in healthy and sedentary subjects&#46;</p><a name="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">This is a randomized clinical trial&#44; comprised of sedentary and healthy subjects &#40;females&#41; aged between 18 and 40 years&#44; with body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; of less than 25&#160;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and normal lung function&#46; Active smokers were excluded&#44; as were subjects that took regular physical activity&#46; The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Santa Cruz do Sul&#44; RS&#44; Brazil&#46; All the subjects read and signed an informed consent form&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The subjects were allocated from a list of random numbers generated by computer &#40;Random Number Generator &#8211; Pro v2&#46;00&#44; Segobit&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The randomization sequence was done by a researcher who was directly not involved in the study and the subjects were randomly divided into control group &#40;CG&#41;&#44; threshold group &#40;TG&#41; and incentive spirometry group &#40;ISG&#41;&#46; Afterwards&#44; the lung volumes were measured by a spirometer &#40;EasyOne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; model 2001&#44; Zurich&#44; Switzerland&#41; for the analysis of forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41;&#44; forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; and peak expiratory flow &#40;PEF&#41;&#46;<a href="&#35;bib63" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The best curve was compared with the predicted values in the literature&#46;<a href="&#35;bib64" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The anthropometric characteristics of the subjects were also assessed&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> was evaluated with a digital pressure manometer &#40;MDI<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> model MVD300&#44; Porto Alegre&#44; Brazil&#41; having been obtained with the individual breathing in from residual volume &#40;RV&#41; to total lung capacity and effort was made against the occluded valve&#44; with the measurements carried out in the sitting position&#46;<a href="&#35;bib65" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The figure considered for data analysis was the highest value among the three maneuvers&#44; if it did not differ more than 10&#37; from the second highest value in descending order&#46;<a href="&#35;bib65" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> To evaluate the effect of the IMT&#44; the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> was measured at pre-training &#40;pre-IMT&#41;&#44; after 15 days and after 30 days&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The IMT was performed with the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Respironics New Jersey&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; USA&#41; and with an incentive spirometry &#40;IS&#41; with a volume-oriented device &#40;Voldyne 5000<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Sherwood Medical&#44; St&#46; Louis&#44; USA&#41;&#46; CG performed breathing exercises twice&#46;<a href="&#35;bib66" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Blinding was strictly maintained&#59; the team that carried out the review was not informed about which type of device was being used by the participants not were the participants informed about the device or the form of training used by the other group&#46;</p><a name="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inspiratory muscle training protocol with Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span></span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The TG participants were instructed to perform IMT with the Threshold<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> twice a day&#44; three times a week on non-consecutive days during the 30-day period&#46; There was a series of six repetitions with an initial resistive load of 40&#37; of the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#46; Evaluations of the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> were not carried out in the first week of IMT to ensure the subjects were familiarized with the established protocol&#46; After this period the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> measurements were performed weekly with the aim of increasing the resistive inspiratory pressure so as to achieve the training effect&#46; The incremental load was 10&#37; of the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> per week or enough to reach the maximum resistive value of the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; which is 41&#160;cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46;<a href="&#35;bib47" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><a name="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inspiratory muscle training protocol with Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span></span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The subjects of the ISG were instructed to perform maximal inspiration from RV to TLC with Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> in the sitting position&#46;<a href="&#35;bib67" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The expiration was performed at functional residual capacity in order to avoid possible hyperventilation&#59; there were intervals of 60&#160;s between respiratory maneuvers&#46;<a href="&#35;bib68" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> All subjects received verbal commands as to exactly when to start a new inspiration&#46; The Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> was used for 20&#160;min &#40;20 repetitions or one repetition per minute&#41;&#46; The total time of this program was 30 days&#44; twice a day&#44; three times per week on nonconsecutive days&#46;</p><a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Breathing exercises protocol</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The breathing exercise performed by GC was performed 02 times per day with 03 sets of 20 repetitions with a pause of 02&#160;min between each set&#44; 03 times a week for 30 non-consecutive days&#46; In this breathing exercise the individual performs diaphragmatic inspiration from functional residual capacity to maximum inspiratory lung volume with 02 consecutive breaks&#44; while maintaining a ratio of 02 to 01 breaths&#46;<a href="&#35;bib66" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The SPSS &#40;version 20&#46;0&#44; USA&#41; was used for the analysis of the results which were presented as mean and standard deviation and the normal distribution observed by Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test&#46; The data referring to anthropometric variables and to pulmonary function were compared between groups by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc&#46; The behavior of the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> in the different groups with two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison and the interaction of the FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> with the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> by ANCOVA were also observed&#46; Statistical significance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05 was used&#46;</p><a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The subjects were distributed into CG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;14&#41;&#44; TG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41; and ISG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41; and their characteristics &#40;baseline&#41; are presented in <a href="&#35;t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>&#46; The sample being studied was found to be homogeneous&#44; except for the FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; however&#44; all subjects had values which were close to those predicted&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Baseline characteristics of the participants from groups studied&#46;</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>&#160;</td><td colspan="3">Groups</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>&#160;</td><td>Control &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;14&#41;</td><td>Threshold &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41;</td><td>Incentive spirometry &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antropometrics</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Age &#40;years&#41;</td><td>23&#46;86&#160;&#177;&#160;3&#46;32</td><td>22&#46;92&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;06</td><td>21&#46;92&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;44</td><td>0&#46;101</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Weight &#40;kg&#41;</td><td>58&#46;07&#160;&#177;&#160;9&#46;13</td><td>60&#46;15&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;65</td><td>58&#46;69&#160;&#177;&#160;7&#46;76</td><td>0&#46;813</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Height &#40;m&#41;</td><td>1&#46;66&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;06</td><td>1&#46;68&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;06</td><td>1&#46;68&#160;&#177;&#160;0&#46;08</td><td>0&#46;860</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;</td><td>20&#46;29&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;36</td><td>20&#46;85&#160;&#177;&#160;1&#46;72</td><td>20&#46;31&#160;&#177;&#160;2&#46;05</td><td>0&#46;736</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung function</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>FVC &#40;&#37;pred&#41;</td><td>95&#46;14&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;95</td><td>102&#46;77&#160;&#177;&#160;11&#46;86</td><td>93&#46;77&#160;&#177;&#160;12&#46;34</td><td>0&#46;096</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;pred&#41;</td><td>97&#46;50&#160;&#177;&#160;9&#46;82</td><td>104&#46;77&#160;&#177;&#160;11&#46;24</td><td>94&#46;31&#160;&#177;&#160;10&#46;33</td><td>0&#46;048  <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>PEF &#40;&#37;pred&#41;</td><td>94&#46;14&#160;&#177;&#160;16&#46;62</td><td>102&#46;23&#160;&#177;&#160;17&#46;60</td><td>90&#46;69&#160;&#177;&#160;18&#46;79</td><td>0&#46;146</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5">&#160;</td></tr><tr align="left"><td colspan="5"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory muscular strength</span></td></tr><tr align="left"><td>PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> &#40;&#37;pred&#41;</td><td>102&#46;00&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;13</td><td>101&#46;62&#160;&#177;&#160;8&#46;46</td><td>100&#46;62&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;94</td><td>0&#46;878</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; forced expiratory volume in the first second&#59; PEF&#58; peak expiratory flow&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#8224; Significant difference between threshold group and incentive spirometry group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;042&#41;&#46;ANOVA test with Tukey post hoc&#46; Significance was accepted at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#46;<br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In relation to IMT&#44; there was a significant increase in the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> in both TG and ISG at 15 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41; and at 30 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41; compared to the pre-IMT&#46; When comparing the effect of IMT between ISG and TG&#44; it was observed that it was only at 30 days was there a higher gain of the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> by the subjects of the TG in comparison to the subjects of the ISG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;045&#41; &#40;<a href="&#35;f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; There was no increase in PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> at 15 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;988&#41; or 30 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;942&#41; for CG compared to the pre-IMT&#46; In addition&#44; no interaction was observed between the FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;208&#41; and the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#46;</p><a name="f0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="320v21n02-90393306fig1.jpg" alt="Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied&#46; Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group &#8211; TG &#40;&#42;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and incentive spirometry group &#8211; ISG &#40;&#42;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and at 30 days in TG &#40;&#42;&#42;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and ISG &#40;&#42;&#42;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT &#40;&#60;sup&#62;&#35;&#60;&#47;sup&#62;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;494&#41;&#44; 15 days &#40;&#60;sup&#62;&#35;&#35;&#60;&#47;sup&#62;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and 30 days &#40;&#60;sup&#62;&#35;&#35;&#35;&#60;&#47;sup&#62;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; conditions&#46; Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days &#40;&#60;sup&#62;&#43;&#60;&#47;sup&#62;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;328&#41; and at 30 days &#40;&#60;sup&#62;&#43;&#43;&#60;&#47;sup&#62;&#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;045&#41;&#46; CG&#58; control group&#59; TG&#58; threshold group&#59; ISG&#58; incentive spirometry group&#46; ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison&#46; Significance was accepted at &#60;i&#62;p&#60;&#47;i&#62;&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#46;"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied&#46; Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group &#8211; TG &#40;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and incentive spirometry group &#8211; ISG &#40;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and at 30 days in TG &#40;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and ISG &#40;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;494&#41;&#44; 15 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and 30 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;&#35;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; conditions&#46; Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;328&#41; and at 30 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;045&#41;&#46; CG&#58; control group&#59; TG&#58; threshold group&#59; ISG&#58; incentive spirometry group&#46; ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison&#46; Significance was accepted at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#46;</p><a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our findings showed an increase in the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> caused training by Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> and Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; although the latter device was more effective in increasing the IMS after 30 days of IMT&#46; Traditionally the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is the device used for respiratory muscle training as it provides linear pressure load with the possibility of gradual increments&#46;<a href="&#35;bib69" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Due to the visual feedback the IS with a volume-oriented device encourages the following&#59; the performance of the subject&#44; the realization of sustained maximal inspiration and hyperpneia aiming to gain pulmonary volume&#46;<a href="&#35;bib70" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> It is known that maximum inspiration causes the increase of the transpulmonary pressure and the increase of the pulmonary volume&#46; Furthermore&#44; resting at the end of inspiration keeps up the increase of the transpulmonary pressure and ensures the alveolar stability&#46;<a href="&#35;bib71" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The literature provides for the use of specific inspiratory incentive guidelines in accordance with the norms of the American Association for Respiratory Care&#59; its use is prioritized as part of prophylactic regimens routine and therapeutic respiratory care&#46;<a href="&#35;bib72" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> However&#44; it should be noted that such devices are rarely used for IMT&#44; which means a lack of empirical standardization&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This research showed that the IMT instituted through the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> caused an increase in the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> after 15 and 30 days of training&#46; Our findings are confirmed by other studies which suggest the effectiveness of Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> in promoting gains in the IMS&#46;<a href="&#35;bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib73" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Volianitis et al&#46; used IMT for 11 weeks in females rowing athletes and noted an increase in the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> and in performance during exercise&#46; They have demonstrated that the applicability of the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is useful not only in clinical approaches but also in improving physical performance&#46;<a href="&#35;bib74" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Likewise&#44; Gosselink et al&#46; have highlighted that the effects of IMT includes delay in respiratory muscle fatigue&#44; redistribution of the blood flow to the respiratory and locomotor muscles and reduction of the perception of discomfort of the respiratory muscles&#46; However&#44; the mechanisms associated with such effects are not very clear&#46;<a href="&#35;bib75" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Regarding to the use of Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> was found an increase of PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> in the end of 15 and 30 days of training&#46; Reinforcing our findings&#44; some studies show that the use of this type of IS increases the IMS due to the increased recruitment of the motor units&#44; resulting in greater respiratory muscle strength&#46;<a href="&#35;bib76" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib77" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> However&#44; it should be noted that in clinical practice&#44; this feature is not used for IMT&#44; but as a resource for obtaining pulmonary volume gain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The IS enables the mobilization of large pulmonary volumes and it is also responsible for increasing the intra-alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration&#46; This condition improves breathing capacity&#44; and challenges the patient with the visual stimulus generated by the device&#46;<a href="&#35;bib78" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib79" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib80" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib81" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> The increase of the intra-alveolar pressure is proportional to the contractile force of the respiratory muscles&#44; including the diaphragm and accessory muscles of the respiration&#44; justifying the fact that to achieve the TLC&#44; intense muscle activity should occur&#46;<a href="&#35;bib82" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It is worth noting that in order to perform breathing exercises with an IS&#44; the subjects mobilize large tidal volume associated with a low respiratory rate&#44; tending to increase muscle strength due to increased inhalation&#47;exhalation ratio&#46;<a href="&#35;bib70" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Putting together our findings&#44; the results of this investigation demonstrate the relevance of the Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> in producing training effect on the inspiratory muscles&#44; as the gain in the muscle strength is proportional to the applied load&#46; According to Komi&#44; changes in the muscular strength during short periods of training with incremental load appear to be due to the improvement of intra- and inter-muscular neural adjustment&#46;<a href="&#35;bib83" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> These mechanisms allow better synchronization in the frequency of neuromuscular firing&#44; resulting in greater activation of the motor units&#46;<a href="&#35;bib84" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44; </span><a href="&#35;bib85" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It is important to consider that the subjects of the CG did not significantly change the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> with time&#46; This fact demonstrates that the breathing exercise alone is not effective in increasing the IMS&#46; A study of asthmatic children also found that a IMT program using the Threshold<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> IMT significantly increased PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#44; which did not happen with the group that only followed a therapeutic exercise program and conventional education for children with asthma&#46;<a href="&#35;bib86" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> This demonstrates that breathing exercises alone are not sufficient to produce significant gain in muscle strength and when applied in isolation do not impose a resistive load on the inspiratory muscles&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are some limitations to our investigation that need to be considered&#46; We used a volitional test of generation of pressure &#40;PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41; instead of an electrically evoked potential test for the assessment of muscle strength&#44; only healthy subjects were tested and it is not possible to correlate this experimental situation directly with clinical situations involving patients&#46; Only healthy female subjects were available&#59; there was no male representation&#46; Care should also be taken in comparing the effectiveness of these devices&#44; since the training protocols and intensities of training may differ&#46; It is recognized that the physiological effects of the training are related to its intensity&#46; The differences between the training groups are probably related to the intensity and protocols&#44; and the difference seen at 30 days&#44; with better outcomes in the threshold group could also reflect the growing intensity of the training in this group&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In conclusion&#44; our results showed that the Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> device&#44; as well as promoting its known benefits in increasing lung volume&#44; at the same time promotes a similar increased muscle strength to Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> device&#44; which is designed specifically for the purpose of TMI&#46; However&#44; after 30 days of training increased PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> caused by Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> became more evident&#46;</p><a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p><a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p><a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p><a name="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#9734; Study conducted at the Laboratory Methods and Evaluation Techniques of the Physiotherapy Course of the University of Santa Cruz do Sul &#8211; Rio Grande do Sul&#44; Brazil&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received 27 February 2014 <br></br>Accepted 24 May 2014 </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author&#46; </p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Inspiratory muscular training &#40;IMT&#41; increases the respiratory muscle strength&#44; however&#44; there is no data demonstrating its superiority over the incentive spirometry &#40;IS&#41; in doing so&#46; Values of muscle strength after IMT &#40;Threshold IMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; and by the IS &#40;Voldyne<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; in healthy females was compared&#46; Subjects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;40&#41; were randomly divided into control group &#40;CG&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;14&#41;&#44; IS group &#40;ISG&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41; and threshold group &#40;TG&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41;&#46; PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> was measured before &#40;pre-IMT&#41;&#44; at 15 and 30 days of IMT&#46; There was an increase in PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> of the TG at 15 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and 30 days of IMT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The same occurred with the ISG&#44; which increased the PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> at 15 days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and 30 days of training &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; After 30 days of IMT&#44; the TG presented a PI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> which was significantly higher than ISG and the CG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;045 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; It can be concluded that IMT by threshold was more effective in increasing muscle strength than the Voldyne&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "Effects of inspiratory muscular training in groups studied&#46; Comparison between pre-IMT at 15 days in threshold group &#191; TG &#40;&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and incentive spirometry group &#191; ISG &#40;&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and at 30 days in TG &#40;&#42;&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and ISG &#40;&#42;&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Comparison between the three groups in pre-IMT &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;494&#41;&#44; 15 days &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;</span> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and 30 days &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#35;&#35;</span> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; conditions&#46; Difference between the TG and ISG at 15 days &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;328&#41; and at 30 days &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;&#43;</span> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;045&#41;&#46; CG&#58; control group&#59; TG&#58; threshold group&#59; ISG&#58; incentive spirometry group&#46; ANOVA two-way test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison&#46; Significance was accepted at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#46;"
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                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "34"
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Article information

ISSN: 08732159
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.05.005

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	24	5	29
2024 October	299	78	377
2024 September	368	71	439
2024 August	324	90	414
2024 July	309	84	393
2024 June	340	79	419
2024 May	309	79	388
2024 April	255	79	334
2024 March	252	50	302
2024 February	179	75	254
2024 January	203	38	241
2023 December	170	49	219
2023 November	200	53	253
2023 October	180	54	234
2023 September	178	51	229
2023 August	142	33	175
2023 July	162	38	200
2023 June	124	30	154
2023 May	205	46	251
2023 April	150	24	174
2023 March	195	25	220
2023 February	173	41	214
2023 January	119	51	170
2022 December	152	29	181
2022 November	214	41	255
2022 October	166	59	225
2022 September	173	50	223
2022 August	171	50	221
2022 July	184	78	262
2022 June	152	70	222
2022 May	167	62	229
2022 April	169	60	229
2022 March	178	74	252
2022 February	190	53	243
2022 January	243	41	284
2021 December	184	62	246
2021 November	257	70	327
2021 October	221	65	286
2021 September	222	66	288
2021 August	239	64	303
2021 July	420	59	479
2021 June	306	70	376
2021 May	571	112	683
2021 April	1042	211	1253
2021 March	831	138	969
2021 February	450	88	538
2021 January	644	125	769
2020 December	398	63	461
2020 November	306	75	381
2020 October	279	74	353
2020 September	311	84	395
2020 August	331	76	407
2020 July	372	54	426
2020 June	305	54	359
2020 May	378	82	460
2020 April	380	81	461
2020 March	327	140	467
2020 February	331	70	401
2020 January	348	80	428
2019 December	386	87	473
2019 November	452	247	699
2019 October	488	143	631
2019 September	680	95	775
2019 August	1065	88	1153
2019 July	793	69	862
2019 June	603	73	676
2019 May	695	109	804
2019 April	700	116	816
2019 March	528	59	587
2019 February	413	45	458
2019 January	466	41	507
2018 December	196	8	204
2018 November	45	0	45
2018 October	69	7	76
2018 September	66	22	88
2018 August	111	37	148
2018 July	77	33	110
2018 June	61	31	92
2018 May	126	66	192
2018 April	90	49	139
2018 March	91	34	125
2018 February	33	26	59
2018 January	38	24	62
2017 December	53	37	90
2017 November	57	36	93
2017 October	41	29	70
2017 September	49	20	69
2017 August	61	23	84
2017 July	56	17	73
2017 June	61	26	87
2017 May	67	17	84
2017 April	55	3	58
2017 March	59	23	82
2017 February	31	8	39
2017 January	21	19	40
2016 December	38	9	47
2016 November	43	7	50
2016 October	46	14	60
2016 September	35	12	47
2016 August	17	14	31
2016 July	12	19	31
2016 June	0	12	12
2016 May	0	10	10
2016 April	131	62	193
2016 March	114	70	184
2016 February	131	56	187
2016 January	85	28	113
2015 December	94	35	129
2015 November	91	51	142
2015 October	99	44	143
2015 September	96	36	132
2015 August	81	34	115
2015 July	98	33	131
2015 June	65	30	95
2015 May	96	49	145
2015 April	167	91	258
2015 March	138	84	222

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