Bronchial artery embolisation in management of hemoptysis – A retrospective analysis in a tertiary university hospital
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G. Santos, S. Carmona, J. A. Sequeira, A. Prata, A.I. Santos" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J." "apellidos" => "G. Santos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "S." "apellidos" => "Carmona" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J." "apellidos" => "A. Sequeira" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Prata" ] 4 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A.I." "apellidos" => "Santos" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0873215916479451?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08732159/0000002200000001/v0_201604141139/X0873215916479451/v0_201604141139/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Bronchial artery embolisation in management of hemoptysis – A retrospective analysis in a tertiary university hospital" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "34" "paginaFinal" => "38" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "H. Dabó, R. Gomes, A. Marinho, M. Madureira, J. Paquete, P. Morgado" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "Iniciales" => "H." "apellidos" => "Dabó" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hansdabo@yahoo.com.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "R." "apellidos" => "Gomes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Marinho" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "Madureira" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "J." "apellidos" => "Paquete" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "P." "apellidos" => "Morgado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Pneumologia do Centro Hospitalar do São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital Sousa Martins, Unidade Local de Saúde, Guarda, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Radiologia do Centro Hospitalar do São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. hansdabo@yahoo.com.br" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<a name="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hemoptysis, defined as the expectoration of blood from the lung parenchyma or airways, is a common and alarming disease symptom.<a href="#bib32" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib33" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The circulation in the lungs—one of the richest in the human body—is provided via two separate vascular systems: the pulmonary and bronchial arteries.<a href="#bib34" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In cases of severe hemoptysis, 90% of the blood originates from the bronchial circulation, 5% from the pulmonary circulation and the remaining 5% from the non-bronchial systemic circulation.<a href="#bib35" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Hemoptysis is self-limiting and is approached effectively with conservative management in most cases.<a href="#bib37" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Nevertheless, it can be massive and life-threatening in 5–15% of cases,<a href="#bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> with a mortality rate of more than 50% in these cases if not treated appropriately.<a href="#bib38" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The currently available approaches for patients with hemoptysis are conservative medical treatment, bronchial artery embolisation (BAE) and surgery.<a href="#bib39" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib40" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The treatment of choice depends largely on the severity and urgency of the circumstances.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Bronchial artery angiography (BAA) with BAE is a minimally invasive procedure that has become a mainstay in the treatment of hemoptysis.<a href="#bib41" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It consists of selective bronchial artery catheterisation and angiography, followed by embolisation of any identified abnormal vessels to stop the bleeding. It has been used in patients with massive and recurrent hemoptysis,<a href="#bib42" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> but rebleeding can emerge as a problem even after apparently adequate BAE.<a href="#bib43" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib44" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The purpose of this study was to identify and to characterise patients with hemoptysis who underwent BAA for embolisation in our centre and to evaluate their long-term outcomes.</p><a name="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><a name="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">We retrospectively evaluated 88 consecutive patients admitted due to hemoptysis to the pulmonology department of a university and to a tertiary care hospital, between January 2008 and December 2013. The patients all underwent BAA for embolisation purposes. The criterion for referral of these patients for BAE was an acute severe hemoptysis, as defined below, or a chronic recurrent hemoptysis requiring medical attention.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The information on blood volume expectorated by patients was limited; consequently, the assessment of severity was based on clinical criteria, including haematological compromise (a haemoglobin decrease of more than 1 g), haemodynamic instability (defined as a systolic arterial pressure less than 90 mmHg) and respiratory failure (defined as a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> less than 60 mmHg).<a href="#bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">After BAE, immediate success was defined as the absence of rebleeding during the first month after BAE. Recurrence was defined as hemoptysis occurring after BAE and requiring medical attention (unscheduled clinical visits, emergency room visits, admission or repeated BAE); recurrence was categorised according to timing in relation to the initial procedure in short-term (within 1 month) and long-term (more than 1 month) periods after BAE.</p><a name="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Bronchial artery embolisation</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">Transfemoral bronchial arteriography was performed under local anaesthesia, percutaneously in the majority of the cases, using a 4F catheter. Both bronchial arteries and non-bronchial systemic arteries were opacified. The diagnostic angiographic injections were always selective into the bronchial, intercostal, subclavian, internal mammary, intercostobronchial and inferior phrenic arteries, using a microcatheter technique with a 2.7 F Terumo Progreat as the standard microcatheter.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Thoracic aortograms were performed mostly on those patients that did not undergo angio-CT prior to embolisation, in order to delineate the number, size and position of the bronchial arteries and to check for aberrant and ectopic bronchial arteries.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Several agents were used for embolisation: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles, PVA hydrogel, microcoils and gelfoam, alone or in association, depending on angiographic abnormalities (hypertrophy and tortuosity of bronchial arteries, hypervascularity, parenchymal staining, contrast extravasation and arterioarterial or arteriovenous shunting) and the Interventional Radiologist's choice. PVA particles were by far the most commonly used embolic agents. Microcoils were used in association with PVA particles only in two patients, with hypertrophy, hypervascularity and shunting angiographic abnormalities.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Three Interventional Radiologists, two of them with more than 20 years of experience in bronchial artery embolisation and the other one with more than 10 years of experience in embolisation procedures did all the bronchial artery embolisation procedures.</p><a name="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The data were analysed using the statistical program IBM SPSS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Statistical Package for Social Sciences</span>) version 21.0 for Windows. Differences between groups were analysed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><a name="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">A total of 88 patients underwent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BAA</span>; 47 (53.4%) were male, the mean age was 61.4 ± 15.8 years, and 38 (43.2%) patients had a smoking history. Apart from the underlying lung disease, additional risk factors for hemoptysis were identified (<a href="#t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 1</a>). Hemoptysis presented as chronic recurrent episodes in 64 (72.7%) patients and as a first episode in 24 (27.3%); it was considered severe in 40 (45.5%) patients.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1. Other non-pulmonary risk factors for hemoptysis.</p><a name="t0005" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Factors</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Antiplatelet drugs</td><td>12 (13.6)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Coagulation disorders</td><td>12 (13.6)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Thrombocytopenia</td><td>11 (12.5)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Oral anticoagulants</td><td>7 (8.0)</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">Chest CTs (conventional or angiography) were available before BAA in 86 (97.7%) patients, and showed the possible causes of hemoptysis in 81 (94.2%). Eleven (12.5%) patients had thoracic CT angiography obtained less than one month before the procedure. Following initial stabilisation, bronchoscopy was performed in 53 (60.2%) patients: the bronchoscopy was flexible in 50 (94.3%), rigid in 1 (1.9%) and both flexible and rigid in 2 (3.8%). Bronchoscopy could identify the bleeding lobe in 20 (37.7%) patients, and endoscopic treatments to control bleeding were attempted in 3 (15%) of these patients, using cold saline instillation and topical adrenaline.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">As shown in <a href="#t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 2</a>, bronchiectasis (other than that associated with cystic fibrosis) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 35; 38.0%) was the major aetiology for hemoptysis. The aetiology could not be identified in 7 (8.0%) patients, even after BAA.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2. The main pulmonary diseases.</p><a name="t0010" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Diseases</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Bronchiectasis</td><td>35 (38.0)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Tuberculosis sequelae</td><td>31 (35.2)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis</td><td>12 (13.6)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Pulmonary tuberculosis</td><td>4 (4.5)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Lung cancer</td><td>2 (2.3)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Arteriovenous malformation</td><td>2 (2.3)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Others</td><td>5 (5.5)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Unknown</td><td>7 (8.0)</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">BAA was performed as an elective procedure in 72 (81.8%) patients and as an urgent or life-saving procedure in 16 (18.2%). During the procedure, the left bronchial territory was explored in 6 (6.8%) patients, the right bronchial territory in 19 (21.6%) and both territories in 63 (71.6%) patients. Non-bronchial systemic collateral arteries were systematically explored in 44 (50.0%) patients. The main angiographic abnormality was combined hypertrophy and tortuosity in 68 (77.3%) patients (<a href="#t0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 3</a>). BAE was performed in 67 (76.1%) of the 88 patients who underwent BAA; BAE was performed in the left bronchial territory in 14 (20.9%) patients, right bronchial territory in 31 (46.3%) and both territories in 22 (32.8%). Several agents were used for embolisation: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) particles (300–900 micron) in 57 (85.1%) patients, PVA hydrogel in 6 (9.0%), PVA particles and microcoils in 2 (3.0%), PVA particles and gelfoam in 1 (1.5%) and PVA hydrogel and Spongostan™ in 1 (1.5%). Immediate success was achieved in 66 (98.5%) patients. Despite this, recurrence occurred in 25 (37.3%) of these patients, with short-term recurrence in 5 (7.5%) and long-term recurrence in 20 (29.8%). The median time to recurrence was 161 days (1–955 days). Of all clinical and radiological features, shunting was the only factor favouring recurrence of hemoptysis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.049). BAA was repeated in 16 (23.9%) patients in which recurrence occurred after initial BAE, and reembolisation was performed in 15 (93.8%) of those patients. The number of BAA procedures performed per patient during the period of the study ranged from 1 to 6. Pulmonary artery angiography as well as BAA was also performed in 6 (6.8%) patients, and 2 (33.3%) of these also underwent embolisation.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3. Angiographic signs of hemoptysis during bronchial artery angiography.</p><a name="t0015" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Signs</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypertrophy and tortuosity</td><td>68 (77.3)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypervascularity</td><td>40 (45.5)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Shunting</td><td>36 (40.9)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Parenchymal staining</td><td>13 (14.8)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Contrast extravasation</td><td>2 (2.3)</td></tr></table><p class="elsevierStylePara">Procedure-related complications during the BAA were self-limited (<a href="#t0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">Table 4</a>). During the hospital stay, surgery was performed in 3 (3.4%) patients despite BAE (2 lobectomies and 1 bilobectomy), and 2 (2.3%) patients died (one of them due to fulminant bleeding). A total of 58 (86.6%) of the 67 patients who underwent BAE were eligible for follow-up after discharge, with a median follow-up period after the first BAE of 757 days (44–2185 days).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 4. Complications during bronchial artery angiography.</p><a name="t0020" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><table><tr align="left"><td>Complications</td><td><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Bronchial artery dissection</td><td>3 (3.4)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Chest pain</td><td>3 (3.4)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Bronchial artery spasm</td><td>2 (2.3)</td></tr><tr align="left"><td>Hypersensitivity reaction to contrast media</td><td>1 (1.1)</td></tr></table><a name="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study, we found that BAE was a safe and highly effective procedure for hemoptysis control, with acceptable outcomes. These results are in accordance with those previously reported.<a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib47" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib48" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib49" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Although the definition of immediate success of BAE varies in different studies, most reported success rates range from 80 to 90%.<a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In our study, immediate success was achieved in 98.5% of our patients. Two recent retrospectives studies reported a success rate of 96.0% for immediate control of hemoptysis after BAE.<a href="#bib50" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib51" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Several definitions are used for hemoptysis severity, based on the amount of hemoptysis per 24-hour period. In our study, due to lack of data on the amount of bleeding, hemoptysis severity was based on the same criteria used in a previous study conducted at our centre.<a href="#bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Using these criteria, almost half the patients in our study presented with severe hemoptysis, some of them warranting an urgent BAA and embolisation.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In agreement with Soares et al.,<a href="#bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> bronchiectasis and tuberculosis sequelae were the main associated pulmonary diseases in our study. Three other studies reported pulmonary tuberculosis (active and inactive) and bronchiectasis as the most common causes of life-threatening hemoptysis.<a href="#bib52" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib53" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib54" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Another study reported bronchiectasis and lung cancer (primary and metastatic) as the major etiologies of massive hemoptysis warranting BAE.<a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Although lung cancer was the third commonest cause of hemoptysis in a previous study,<a href="#bib45" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> only 2 (2.3%) of the patients in the present study who underwent BAA for embolisation purposes had this diagnosis. Mal et al. demonstrated that cancer-related hemoptysis had the highest failure rate and the worst long-term results after BAE.<a href="#bib55" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> These findings and other data suggest that, in cancer-related hemoptysis, BAE may play a role as a temporary measure prior to surgical resection. More recently, Fugita et al. reported good results for BAA as a palliative measure in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.<a href="#bib56" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">During BAA, in the absence of an identified bleeding site, several sensitive findings can localise the bleeding source; these include vascular hypertrophy and tortuosity, neovascularity, hypervascularity, aneurysm formation and shunting (bronchial artery to pulmonary vein or bronchial artery to pulmonary artery). In our study, hypertrophy and tortuosity, hypervascularity and shunting were the main angiographic findings. Lee et al. reported similar results.<a href="#bib57" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Recurrence of hemoptysis after successful BAE is a common problem. The causes include recanalisation of embolised vessels, collateral circulation that feeds the bleeding lesion and underlying disease progression.<a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In our study, long-term follow-up revealed a relatively high bleeding recurrence (29.8%). Inconsistent rebleeding rates have been reported in different studies. One study reported rebleeding in 28.0% of cases after successful BAE.<a href="#bib58" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Fruchter et al. reported bleeding recurrence in 57.7% of patients after successful BAE.<a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The recurrence rates have been postulated to have a relationship with the aetiology of hemoptysis. Lung cancer, tuberculosis, aspergillosis and idiopathic bronchiectasis are associated with a high risk of bleeding recurrence.<a href="#bib46" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib59" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib60" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In these cases, BAE should be considered as a temporary and adjuvant therapy to surgery or as a specific medical therapy.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study, no significant statistical relationship was found between the aetiology and recurrence. In cases of early recurrence following an apparently successful BAE, systemic and pulmonary arterial contribution should be investigated.<a href="#bib41" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">, </span><a href="#bib61" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> The benefit of performing a thorough investigation and embolisation of non-bronchial systemic collaterals at initial presentation has been confirmed, as their presence has a potential impact on recurrence of hemoptysis.<a href="#bib41" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Non-bronchial systemic collaterals were systematically sought in 44 (50.0%) of our patients.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It has also been suggested that characteristics of embolic agents affect the outcome of BAE. A variety of embolic materials, such as PVA, coils, gelfoams and microspheres, have been used for selective bronchial and non-bronchial systemic arterial embolisation in patients with hemoptysis. Each material has its own particular characteristics, with advantages and disadvantages. In our study, PVA was by far the most widely used embolic agent, so we were unable to perform a comparison between different embolic agents.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The complication rate for BAA and BAE has diminished gradually over the years, as a result of technical (super-selective technique) improvements and more appropriate embolic materials. The major complications include transverse myelitis, bronchial infarction, esophagobronchial fistula, ischaemic colitis, transient cortical blindness and stroke.<a href="#bib43" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Of these complications, the most feared is anterior spinal cord ischaemia due to the inadvertent embolisation of a spinal artery. The incidence of spinal artery ischaemia from BAE is reported as between 1.4% and 6.5%.<a href="#bib62" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Procedure-related complications occurred in a minority of patients in our study, and were self-limited. Anterior spinal cord ischaemia was not recorded and all patients were managed conservatively.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Since the advent of BAE, surgery has been gradually abandoned and is now used mainly in emergency scenarios, but it is still indicated in certain circumstances. Currently, surgery is mainly reserved for technical failure cases of BAE, early or repeated recurrences of hemoptysis despite BAE, or in extreme situations where the amount of bleeding or the patient's cardiopulmonary status is deemed life-threatening and prohibits transfer to an interventional radiology suite or precludes any related delays in management.<a href="#bib36" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Only 6.8% of our patients underwent surgical treatment despite BAE, which in part confirms the effectiveness of this technique.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our study has some limitations. The retrospective nature of the study is the main limitation. The severity of hemoptysis could not be classified according to the volume loss, which may interfere with interpretation of the results and may limit possible comparisons with other studies. Some patients were lost to follow-up.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In conclusion, bronchiectasis (other than that associated with cystic fibrosis) and tuberculosis sequelae were the major aetiology for hemoptysis. Our results suggest that BAE is a safe and effective treatment for acute severe and chronic recurrent hemoptysis, supporting the current literature. In addition, bleeding recurrence was relatively high and was correlated with presence of systemic pulmonary shunting.</p><a name="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><a name="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p><a name="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p><a name="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).</p><a name="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"></a><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received 14 July 2015 <br></br>Accepted 4 September 2015 </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Corresponding author. hansdabo@yahoo.com.br</p>" "pdfFichero" => "320v22n01a90447946pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec640960" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Hemoptysis" 1 => "Bronchiectasis" 2 => "Bronchial artery embolisation" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Bronchial artery embolisation (BAE) becomes a mainstay in the treatment of hemoptysis.</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">To characterise patients with hemoptysis undergoing bronchial artery angiography (BAA) for embolisation, evaluating outcomes.</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">We retrospectively evaluated patients with acute severe or chronic recurrent hemoptysis admitted to the Pulmonology department and submitted to BAA for purpose of embolisation.</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">A total of 88 patients were submitted to BAA, 47 (53.4%) were male, with a mean age of 61.4 ± 15.8 years. In 64 (72.7%) patients, hemoptysis presented as chronic recurrent episodes. Hemoptysis was considered severe in 40 (45.5%) patients. Bronchiectasis (other than cystic fibrosis) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 35; 38.0%) and tuberculosis sequelae (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 31; 35.2) were the major aetiology for hemoptysis. The main angiographic abnormality was hypertrophy and tortuosity (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 68; 77.3%). BAE was performed in 67 (76.1%) of the 88 patients submitted to BAA. Immediate success was achieved in 66 (98.5%) patients. Recurrence of hemoptysis occurred in 25 (37.3%) patients, and was related to presence of shunting (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.049). The procedure-related complications were self-limited.</p><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><br/><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our results suggest that BAE is a safe and effective treatment for acute severe and chronic recurrent hemoptysis, supporting the current literature. Besides this, bleeding recurrence was relatively high, and correlated with presence of systemic pulmonary shunting.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib32" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Hemoptysis: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2015; 91(4):243-9." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Hemoptysis: evaluation and management." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 9 | 7 | 16 |
| 2024 October | 42 | 24 | 66 |
| 2024 September | 52 | 38 | 90 |
| 2024 August | 63 | 52 | 115 |
| 2024 July | 48 | 33 | 81 |
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| 2024 January | 25 | 28 | 53 |
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| 2023 August | 13 | 13 | 26 |
| 2023 July | 18 | 24 | 42 |
| 2023 June | 19 | 18 | 37 |
| 2023 May | 36 | 35 | 71 |
| 2018 August | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 May | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 February | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 January | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 December | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 October | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 September | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2017 August | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 July | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 June | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 April | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2017 January | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2016 December | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2016 October | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2016 September | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2016 August | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2016 July | 3 | 4 | 7 |
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