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Vol. 7. Issue 6.
Pages 463-474 (November - December 2001)
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Vol. 7. Issue 6.
Pages 463-474 (November - December 2001)
ARTIGO ORIGINAL/ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access
Papel dos cuidados intermédios num serviço de insuficientes respiratórios
Role of intermediate care inside a respiratory insufficiency division
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Maria Fernanda Oliveira*
* Assistente Hospitalar Graduada de Pneumologia, responsável pelos Cuidados Intermédios do Serviço de Insuficientes Respiratórios do Departamento de Pneumologia do Hospital de Pulido Valente
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RESUMO

Na década de 60 surgiram na América do Norte as primeiras Unidades de Cuidados Intermédios (UCInts) como resposta à pressão na gestão dos internamentos e aos custos crescentes das camas das Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIs). O novo modelo de organização proposto estabelece uma hierarquização dos diferentes níveis de cuidados – Enfermaria, UCInts e UCIs – com base nos recursos materiais e humanos disponibilizados, tendo como objectivo a continuidade no tratamento hospitalar, sem perda de qualidade nem impacto negativo no resultado final, representando uma alternativa, com uma relação custo/eficácia favorável, para um número significativo de doentes.

As UCInts respiratórias são vocacionadas para o tratamento de doentes ventilados mecanicamente, estáveis, para desmame ou tratamento crónico; para os doentes hemodinamicamente estáveis com doença subjacente com potencial para agravamento da insuficiência respiratória, requerendo observação frequente e/ou ventilação por pressão positiva contínua por máscara; para os doentes que requerem monitorização frequente dos sinais vitais ou de fisioterapia respiratória intensiva.

O Serviço de Insuficientes Respiratórios (SIR) do Departamento de Pneumologia do Hospital de Pulido Valente é constituído por uma Enfermaria com 26 camas, 8 das quais de Cuidados Intermédios (CInts), uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIP) e um Hospital de Dia para Insuficientes Respiratórios (HDIR).

No sentido de avaliar o trabalho realizado nos CInts, efectuou-se uma revisão do arquivo clínico de todos os doentes aí internados, entre 1 de Janeiro de 1995 e 31 de Dezembro de 2000.

Resultados: neste período registaram-se 545 internamentos (167 mulheres e 378 homens), com uma idade média de 64 anos (14-92). Em 34% dos casos os doentes eram provenientes da UCIP, em 19% da Enfermaria e em 4% do HDIR; 19% foram internados directamente pelo SU e os restantes 24% transferidos de outros Serviços. Os principais motivos da transferência foram: 25% por “status” pós ventilação mecânica, 6% para ventilação mecânica prolongada (VMP), 7% traqueostomizados pós VMP, 27% para ventilação não invasiva (VNI), 27% para monitorização e 8% por razões diversas. Em 96% dos doentes verificou-se doença crónica de base, sendo as mais frequentes: DPOC em 51%, Sequelas de Tuberculose pulmonar (TP) em 18% e Cifoescoliose em 7%. Em 94% dos doentes havia insuficiência respiratória, maioritariamente global crónica (66%). A demora média global do internamento foi de 18,5 dias (1-599). Registaramse 80 agravamentos com necessidade de transferência para cuidados intensivos e 60 doentes faleceram. Efectuaram-se 5 desmames com sucesso de VMP (33%) e 2 doentes tiveram alta para o domicílio submetidos a ventilação mecânica invasiva (VID); encerraram-se 11 (31%) traqueostomias e 2 doentes tiveram alta com botão traqueal. Dos 149 internamentos para VNI, 83% resolveram a descompensação respiratória com sucesso.

Comentários: A existência dos CInts permitiu libertar 5599 dias de cuidados intensivos, 3110 respeitantes aos doentes submetidos a VMP e 2489 aos traqueostomizados; apesar de apresentarem doença respiratória grave e em fase avançada com taxas de mortalidade de 53 e 40% respectivamente, conseguiram-se taxas de desmame semelhantes ao descrito na literatura.

A possibilidade de monitorização e vigilância apertada contribuiu em grande parte para o sucesso da VNI, poupando a um número elevado de doentes o recurso a VMI.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2001; VII (6):

Palavras-chave:
cuidados intermédios respiratórios
insuficiência respiratória
ventilação mecânica
ABSTRACT

During 1960s Intermediate Care Units started to spread all over North America, promoted to solve the increasing demands on Intensive Care Units admissions, and the high costs of intensive care. The new model of organization designed establishes a hierarchy between different levels of hospital care – general ward, intermediate care units and intensive care units – based on the amount of human and technical resources available and aimed to provide a continuum in the level of care, without decreasing the quality of treatment or adversely affecting the outcome, representing a cost-effective approach to the care of a substantial number of patients.

Respiratory Intermediate Care Units are designed to treat medically stable ventilator patients for weaning and chronic care; hemodynamically stable patients with evidence of compromised gas exchange and underlying disease with the potential for worsening respiratory insufficiency who require frequent observation and/or nasal continuous positive airway pressure; and patients who require frequent vital signs or aggressive pulmonary physiotherapy.

The Respiratory Insufficiency Division from the Pulmonary Department of Hospital de Pulido Valente incorporates a 26-bed respiratory ward providing intermediate level care in 8 beds, an Intensive Respiratory Care Unit (IRCU) and a Respiratory Insufficiency Day Care Center (RIDCC).

In order to evaluate the work developed in the 8-bed intermediate care, a systematic retrospective review of all records was performed from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2000.

Results: during this period of time 545 patients were admitted (167 women and 378 men) with an average age of 64 years (14-92). The provenience of the patients was 34% from IRCU, 19% from the respiratory ward and 4% from RIDCC; 19% directly from the emergency room and the remaining 24% from other areas. The reasons for admission were: 25% following invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 6% for chronic invasive mechanical ventilation (CIMV), 7% with tracheostomy tubes after prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation, 27% for noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), 27% for cardiorespiratory monitoring and 8% for different reasons. The patients suffered in 96% from chronic disease, mostly from: COPD (51%), TB sequelae (18%) and kyphoscoliosis (7%). In 94% of the patients, respiratory insufficiency was present, mainly hypercapnic failure. The average length of stay in intermediate care was 18,5days (1-599). Eighty patients were transferred to the intensive care unit because of clinical deterioration and 60 patients died prior to hospital discharge. Five patients were weaned from CIMV (33%) and 2 were discharged home with invasive ventilatory support. Tracheostomy was definitively closed in 11 patients (31%) and 2 were discharged home with a tracheal button. In 83% of patients with respiratory failure NIV succeeded to solve the acute event.

Comments: The availability of 8-bed intermediate care has enabled to liberate 5599 days of intensive care, 3110 from patients on chronic ventilatory support and 2489 from patients with tracheostomy following weaning from CIMV; despite the advanced stage of chronic respiratory disease with mortality ranging from 53 and 40%, respectively, the number of patients in whom weaning was obtained is comparable to the literature.

The possibility of close monitoring and observation is greatly responsible for the success obtained with NIV, sparing patients from IMV.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2001; VII (6):

Key-words:
intermediate respiratory care
respiratory failure
mechanical ventilatory support
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Copyright © 2001. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
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