array:23 [
  "pii" => "S2173511509701344"
  "issn" => "21735115"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5115(09)70134-4"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-07-01"
  "aid" => "70134"
  "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2009"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2009;15:575-87"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 2658
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 209
      "HTML" => 1336
      "PDF" => 1113
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2173511509701356"
    "issn" => "21735115"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5115(09)70135-6"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-07-01"
    "aid" => "70135"
    "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2009;15:589-95"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 3211
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 228
        "HTML" => 1950
        "PDF" => 1033
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Transthoracic biopsy with core cutting needle <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Trucut&#41;</span> for the diagnosis of mediastinal tumors"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "pt"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "589"
          "paginaFinal" => "595"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "pt" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bi&#243;psia transtor&#225;cica com agulha cortante <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Trucut&#41;</span> para o diagn&#243;stico dos tumores mediast&#237;nicos"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "pt" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mauro Zamboni, Deborah C&#46; Lannes, Paulo de Biasi Cordeiro, Edson Toscano, Emanuel B&#46; Torquato, Samuel S&#46; de Biasi Cordeiro, Aureliano Cavalcanti"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mauro"
              "apellidos" => "Zamboni"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Deborah C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Lannes"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Paulo"
              "apellidos" => "de Biasi Cordeiro"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Edson"
              "apellidos" => "Toscano"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Emanuel B&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Torquato"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Samuel S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "de Biasi Cordeiro"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Aureliano"
              "apellidos" => "Cavalcanti"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511509701356?idApp=UINPBA00004E"
    "url" => "/21735115/0000001500000004/v1_201305151512/S2173511509701356/v1_201305151512/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Trends in lung cancer mortality in Portugal &#40;1955&#8211;2005&#41;"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "575"
        "paginaFinal" => "587"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Lu&#237;s Alves, Joana Bastos, Nuno Lunet"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Lu&#237;s"
            "apellidos" => "Alves"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "lalves&#64;med&#46;up&#46;pt"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:4 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Joana"
            "apellidos" => "Bastos"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Nuno"
            "apellidos" => "Lunet"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servi&#231;o de Higiene e Epidemiologia&#44; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto&#44; Portugal&#47;Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit&#44; Faculty of Medicine&#44; Universidade do Porto&#44; Portugal"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidade de Sa&#250;de Familiar Santo Andr&#233; de Canidelo&#44; Vila Nova de Gaia&#44; Portugal&#47;Santo Andr&#233; de Canidelo Family Health Unit&#44; Vila Nova de Gaia&#44; Portugal"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Instituto de Sa&#250;de Publica da Universidade do Porto &#40;ISPUP&#41;&#44; Portugal&#47;Institute of Public Health&#44; Universidade do Porto &#40;ISPUP&#41;&#44; Portugal"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondence to&#47;Correspond&#234;ncia&#58; Servi&#231;o de Higiene e Epidemiologia&#44; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto&#44; Alameda Prof&#46; Hern&#226;ni Monteiro&#44; 4200-319 Porto&#44; Portugal&#46; Telefone&#58; &#43;351225513652&#44; Fax&#58; &#43;351225513653&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Evolu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por cancro do pulm&#227;o em Portugal &#40;1955&#8211;2005&#41;"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2009-01-20"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2009-02-17"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key-words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec160172"
          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Lung cancer"
            1 => "mortality"
            2 => "trends"
            3 => "epidemiology"
            4 => "smoking"
            5 => "tobacco epidemics"
            6 => "Portugal"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec160171"
          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Cancro do pulm&#227;o"
            1 => "mortalidade"
            2 => "tend&#234;ncia"
            3 => "epidemiologia"
            4 => "tabagismo"
            5 => "epidemia tab&#225;gica"
            6 => "Portugal"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">While the rate of smoking and lung cancer mortality has been decreasing in western Europe&#44; there was no decline in lung cancer mortality in Portugal until 1998&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aim</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe lung cancer mortality trends in Portugal&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lung cancer mortality rates &#40;International Disease Classification 10&#58; C33-34&#41; in Portugal 1955&#8211;2005 by gender and 5-year age groupings were provided by the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Statistics&#46; Standard mortality rates &#40;direct method&#44; world population&#41; were calculated for the 35&#8211;74&#44; 35&#8211;44&#44; 45&#8211;54&#44; 55&#8211;64 and 65&#8211;74 year-old age groups&#46; Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the annual percent change &#40;APC&#41; in mortality and to identify any inflection points&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Between 1955 and 2005 we observed a stabilisation in lung cancer mortality in men aged 35&#8211;74 years old&#44; varying 3&#46;77&#37;&#47;year &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#58; 3&#46;53&#8211;4&#46;01&#41; in 1955&#8211;1986 and &#8722;0&#46;15&#37;&#47;year &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; &#8722;0&#46;99&#8211;0&#46;69&#41; in 1996&#8211;2005&#46; We observed negative APC point estimates &#40;with none significantly below zero&#41; in the most recent trends except for the 45&#8211;54 age group&#44; where we only noted an APC deceleration since 1981&#46; The mortality increased 1&#46;60&#37;&#47;year &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;40&#8211;1&#46;77&#41; in women aged 35&#8211;74 years old 1955&#8211;2005&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the last two decades we observed a lung cancer mortality stabilisation in males&#44; whereas mortality in females increased continuously&#46; These results place Portugal at the end of the third stage of the smoking epidemic&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de fumadores tem diminu&#237;do na Europa Ocidental&#44; observando-se j&#225; o decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por cancro do pulm&#227;o&#46; Contudo&#44; at&#233; 1998 n&#227;o se observava ainda um decr&#233;scimo da frequ&#234;ncia deste cancro em Portugal&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descrever a tend&#234;ncia secular da mortalidade por cancro do pulm&#227;o em Portugal&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As taxas de mortalidade por cancro do pulm&#227;o &#40;ICD10&#58;C33-34&#41; em Portugal&#44; entre 1955 e 2005&#44; por sexo e grupo et&#225;rio &#40;5 anos de amplitude&#41;&#44; obtiveram-se atrav&#233;s da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de e do Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#46; Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade padronizadas &#40;m&#233;todo directo&#44; popula&#231;&#227;o mundial&#41;&#44; para os grupos et&#225;rios 35&#8211;74&#47;35&#8211;44&#47;45&#8211;54&#47;55&#8211;64&#47;65&#8211;74 anos&#46; Realizou-se uma regress&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">joinpoint</span> para calcular a varia&#231;&#227;o anual percentual &#40;VA&#37;&#41; da mortalidade e identificar eventuais pontos de inflex&#227;o&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre 1955 e 2005&#44; em homens dos 35 aos 74 anos&#44; observou-se uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por cancro do pulm&#227;o&#44; variando 3&#44;77&#37;&#47;ano &#40;intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95&#37; &#91;IC95&#37;&#93;&#58; 3&#44;53&#59; 4&#44;01&#41; entre 1955 e 1986 e &#8722;0&#44;15&#37;&#47;ano &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; &#8722;0&#44;99&#59; 0&#44;69&#41; entre 1996 e 2005&#46; Observaram-se estimativas pontuais da VA&#37; negativas &#40;n&#227;o significativamente inferiores a zero&#41; nas tend&#234;ncias mais recentes de todos os grupos et&#225;rios&#44; excepto no grupo 45-54 anos&#44; onde apenas se verificou uma desacelera&#231;&#227;o da VA&#37; desde 1981&#46; Em mulheres entre 35 e 74 anos&#44; a mortalidade aumentou 1&#44;60&#37;&#47;ano &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;40&#59; 1&#44;77&#41; entre 1955 e 2005&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observou-se uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por cancro do pulm&#227;o nos homens&#44; enquanto nas mulheres esta aumentou de forma constante&#46; Estes resultados colocam Portugal no final do terceiro est&#225;dio da epidemia tab&#225;gica&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliography&#47;Bibliografia"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global cancer statistics&#44; 2002"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "D&#46;M&#46; Parkin"
                            1 => "F&#46; Bray"
                            2 => "J&#46; Ferlay"
                            3 => "P&#46; Pisani"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "CA Cancer J Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "74"
                        "paginaFinal" => "108"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761078"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ferlay"
                            1 => "P&#46; Autier"
                            2 => "M&#46; Boniol"
                            3 => "M&#46; Heanue"
                            4 => "M&#46; Colombet"
                            5 => "P&#46; Boyle"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/annonc/mdl498"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Oncol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "581"
                        "paginaFinal" => "592"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287242"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Ezzati"
                            1 => "A&#46;D&#46; Lopez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14338-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "362"
                        "paginaInicial" => "847"
                        "paginaFinal" => "852"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13678970"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;D&#46; Lopez"
                            1 => "N&#46;E&#46; Collishaw"
                            2 => "T&#46; Piha"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "242"
                        "paginaFinal" => "247"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gender and educational differences in smoking initiation rates in Spain from 1948 to 1992"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Schiaffino"
                            1 => "E&#46; Fernandez"
                            2 => "C&#46; Borrell"
                            3 => "E&#46; Salto"
                            4 => "M&#46; Garcia"
                            5 => "J&#46;M&#46; Borras"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "56"
                        "paginaFinal" => "60"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12678315"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Changes in cigarette smoking among adults in 35 populations in the mid-1980s&#46; WHO MONICA Project"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Dobson"
                            1 => "K&#46; Kuulasmaa"
                            2 => "V&#46; Moltchanov"
                            3 => "A&#46; Evans"
                            4 => "S&#46;P&#46; Fortmann"
                            5 => "K&#46; Jamrozik"
                            6 => "S&#46; Sans"
                            7 => "J&#46; Tuomilehto"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "14"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9706749"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de Dr&#46; Ricardo Jorge&#46; Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de 1998&#8211;1999&#58; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de&#44; 2001&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "European Health Report 2006&#58; Geneva&#44; World Health Organization&#44; 2006&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de Dr&#46; Ricardo Jorge&#46; Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de 1987&#58; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de&#44; 1987&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de Dr&#46; Ricardo Jorge&#46; Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de 1995&#47;96&#58; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de&#44; 1997&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de Dr&#46; Ricardo Jorge&#46; Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de 2005-2006&#58; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de&#44; 2007&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tabagismo em Portugal"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Fraga"
                            1 => "S&#46; Sousa"
                            2 => "A&#46;C&#46; Santos"
                            3 => "M&#46; Mello"
                            4 => "N&#46; Lunet"
                            5 => "P&#46; Padr&#227;o"
                            6 => "H&#46; Barros"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arq Med"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "paginaInicial" => "207"
                        "paginaFinal" => "229"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Going up or coming down&#63; The changing phases of the lung cancer epidemic from 1967 to 1999 in the 15 European Union countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bray"
                            1 => "J&#46;E&#46; Tyczynski"
                            2 => "D&#46;M&#46; Parkin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Cancer"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "96"
                        "paginaFinal" => "125"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14687795"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mortality Database"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "World Health Organization"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "editorial" => "WHO"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Estat&#237;sticas de Sa&#250;de&#44; 2004&#58; Lisboa&#44; Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#44; 2005&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Estat&#237;sticas de Sa&#250;de&#44; 2005&#58; Lisboa&#44; Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#44; 2006&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The age-adjusted death rates for malignant neoplasms in some selected sites in 23 countries in 1954&#8211;1955 and their geographical correlation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Segi"
                            1 => "S&#46; Fujisaku"
                            2 => "M&#46; Kurihara"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Narai"
                            4 => "K&#46; Sasajima"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tohoku J Exp Med"
                        "fecha" => "1960"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "91"
                        "paginaFinal" => "103"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13749685"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "National Cancer Institute&#58; Statistical Research and Applications Branch 2005 &#91;cited 2008 25 June&#93;&#59; Available from&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://srab.cancer.gov/joinpoint">http&#58;&#47;&#47;srab&#46;cancer&#46;gov&#47;joinpoint</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Lopez"
                            1 => "N&#46; Collishaw"
                            2 => "T&#46; Piha"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "242"
                        "paginaFinal" => "247"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical cancer advances 2006&#58; major research advances in cancer treatment&#44; prevention&#44; and screening &#8211; a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:12 [
                            0 => "R&#46;F&#46; Ozols"
                            1 => "R&#46;S&#46; Herbst"
                            2 => "Y&#46;L&#46; Colson"
                            3 => "J&#46; Gralow"
                            4 => "J&#46; Bonner"
                            5 => "W&#46;J&#46; Curran Jr&#46;"
                            6 => "B&#46;L&#46; Eisenberg"
                            7 => "P&#46;A&#46; Ganz"
                            8 => "B&#46;S&#46; Kramer"
                            9 => "M&#46;G&#46; Kris"
                            10 => "M&#46; Markman"
                            11 => "R&#46;J&#46; Mayer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1200/JCO.2006.09.7030"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Oncol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "146"
                        "paginaFinal" => "162"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158528"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recent cancer survival in Europe&#58; a 2000-02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Verdecchia"
                            1 => "S&#46; Francisci"
                            2 => "H&#46; Brenner"
                            3 => "G&#46; Gatta"
                            4 => "A&#46; Micheli"
                            5 => "L&#46; Mangone"
                            6 => "I&#46; Kunkler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70246-2"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Lancet Oncology"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "784"
                        "paginaFinal" => "796"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714993"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Measuring progress against cancer in Europe&#58; has the 15&#37; decline targeted for 2000 come about&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Boyle"
                            1 => "A&#46; d&#8217;Onofrio"
                            2 => "P&#46; Maisonneuve"
                            3 => "G&#46; Severi"
                            4 => "C&#46; Robertson"
                            5 => "M&#46; Tubiana"
                            6 => "U&#46; Veronesi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Oncol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "131"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1325"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12488305"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#58; Regulamento n&#46;&#176; 1 da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de Relativo &#224; Nomenclatura de Doen&#231;as e Causas de Morte&#46; Lisboa&#44; 1955&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#58; Regulamento e Classifica&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as&#44; Traumatismos e Causas de Morte da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de &#40;8&#46;&#170; Revis&#227;o&#41;&#46; Lisboa 1967&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#58; Regulamento e Classifica&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as&#44; Traumatismos e Causas de Morte da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de &#40;9&#46;&#170; Revis&#227;o&#41;&#46; Lisboa&#44; 1975&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estat&#237;stica&#58; Regulamento e Classifica&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as&#44; Traumatismos e Causas de Morte da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de &#40;10&#46;&#170; Revis&#227;o&#41;&#46; Lisboa&#44; 1989&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Disease classification&#58; measuring the effect of the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases on cause-of-death data in the United States"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Robert"
                            1 => "H&#46;M&#46;R&#46; Anderson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/sim.1511"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Statistics in Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1551"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1570"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12704615"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/21735115/0000001500000004/v1_201305151512/S2173511509701344/v1_201305151512/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "9552"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Original Article&#47;Artigo Original"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735115/0000001500000004/v1_201305151512/S2173511509701344/v1_201305151512/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://journalpulmonology.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511509701344?idApp=UINPBA00004E"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 15. Issue 4.
Pages 575-587 (July - August 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 15. Issue 4.
Pages 575-587 (July - August 2009)
Full text access
Trends in lung cancer mortality in Portugal (1955–2005)
Evolução da mortalidade por cancro do pulmão em Portugal (1955–2005)
Visits
810
Luís Alves1,2,3,
Corresponding author
lalves@med.up.pt

Correspondence to/Correspondência: Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. Telefone: +351225513652, Fax: +351225513653.
, Joana Bastos1,3, Nuno Lunet1,3
1 Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal/Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
2 Unidade de Saúde Familiar Santo André de Canidelo, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal/Santo André de Canidelo Family Health Unit, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
3 Instituto de Saúde Publica da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), Portugal/Institute of Public Health, Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), Portugal
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Introduction

While the rate of smoking and lung cancer mortality has been decreasing in western Europe, there was no decline in lung cancer mortality in Portugal until 1998.

Aim

To describe lung cancer mortality trends in Portugal.

Methods

Lung cancer mortality rates (International Disease Classification 10: C33-34) in Portugal 1955–2005 by gender and 5-year age groupings were provided by the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Statistics. Standard mortality rates (direct method, world population) were calculated for the 35–74, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65–74 year-old age groups. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) in mortality and to identify any inflection points.

Results

Between 1955 and 2005 we observed a stabilisation in lung cancer mortality in men aged 35–74 years old, varying 3.77%/year (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.53–4.01) in 1955–1986 and −0.15%/year (95%CI: −0.99–0.69) in 1996–2005. We observed negative APC point estimates (with none significantly below zero) in the most recent trends except for the 45–54 age group, where we only noted an APC deceleration since 1981. The mortality increased 1.60%/year (95%CI: 1.40–1.77) in women aged 35–74 years old 1955–2005.

Conclusion

In the last two decades we observed a lung cancer mortality stabilisation in males, whereas mortality in females increased continuously. These results place Portugal at the end of the third stage of the smoking epidemic.

Key-words:
Lung cancer
mortality
trends
epidemiology
smoking
tobacco epidemics
Portugal
Resumo
Introdução

A prevalência de fumadores tem diminuído na Europa Ocidental, observando-se já o declínio da mortalidade por cancro do pulmão. Contudo, até 1998 não se observava ainda um decréscimo da frequência deste cancro em Portugal.

Objectivo

Descrever a tendência secular da mortalidade por cancro do pulmão em Portugal.

Métodos

As taxas de mortalidade por cancro do pulmão (ICD10:C33-34) em Portugal, entre 1955 e 2005, por sexo e grupo etário (5 anos de amplitude), obtiveram-se através da Organização Mundial de Saúde e do Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade padronizadas (método directo, população mundial), para os grupos etários 35–74/35–44/45–54/55–64/65–74 anos. Realizou-se uma regressão joinpoint para calcular a variação anual percentual (VA%) da mortalidade e identificar eventuais pontos de inflexão.

Resultados

Entre 1955 e 2005, em homens dos 35 aos 74 anos, observou-se uma estabilização da mortalidade por cancro do pulmão, variando 3,77%/ano (intervalo de confiança a 95% [IC95%]: 3,53; 4,01) entre 1955 e 1986 e −0,15%/ano (IC95%: −0,99; 0,69) entre 1996 e 2005. Observaram-se estimativas pontuais da VA% negativas (não significativamente inferiores a zero) nas tendências mais recentes de todos os grupos etários, excepto no grupo 45-54 anos, onde apenas se verificou uma desaceleração da VA% desde 1981. Em mulheres entre 35 e 74 anos, a mortalidade aumentou 1,60%/ano (IC95%: 1,40; 1,77) entre 1955 e 2005.

Conclusão

Observou-se uma estabilização das taxas de mortalidade por cancro do pulmão nos homens, enquanto nas mulheres esta aumentou de forma constante. Estes resultados colocam Portugal no final do terceiro estádio da epidemia tabágica.

Palavras-chave:
Cancro do pulmão
mortalidade
tendência
epidemiologia
tabagismo
epidemia tabágica
Portugal
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliography/Bibliografia
[1.]
D.M. Parkin, F. Bray, J. Ferlay, P. Pisani.
Global cancer statistics, 2002.
CA Cancer J Clin, 55 (2005), pp. 74-108
[2.]
J. Ferlay, P. Autier, M. Boniol, M. Heanue, M. Colombet, P. Boyle.
Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006.
Ann Oncol, 18 (2007), pp. 581-592
[3.]
M. Ezzati, A.D. Lopez.
Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000.
[4.]
A.D. Lopez, N.E. Collishaw, T. Piha.
A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries.
Tob Control, 3 (1994), pp. 242-247
[5.]
A. Schiaffino, E. Fernandez, C. Borrell, E. Salto, M. Garcia, J.M. Borras.
Gender and educational differences in smoking initiation rates in Spain from 1948 to 1992.
Eur J Public Health, 13 (2003), pp. 56-60
[6.]
A.J. Dobson, K. Kuulasmaa, V. Moltchanov, A. Evans, S.P. Fortmann, K. Jamrozik, S. Sans, J. Tuomilehto.
Changes in cigarette smoking among adults in 35 populations in the mid-1980s. WHO MONICA Project.
Tob Control, 7 (1998), pp. 14-21
[7.]
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 1998–1999: Ministério da Saúde, 2001.
[8.]
European Health Report 2006: Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006.
[9.]
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 1987: Ministério da Saúde, 1987.
[10.]
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 1995/96: Ministério da Saúde, 1997.
[11.]
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 2005-2006: Ministério da Saúde, 2007.
[12.]
S. Fraga, S. Sousa, A.C. Santos, M. Mello, N. Lunet, P. Padrão, H. Barros.
Tabagismo em Portugal.
Arq Med, 19 (2005), pp. 207-229
[13.]
F. Bray, J.E. Tyczynski, D.M. Parkin.
Going up or coming down? The changing phases of the lung cancer epidemic from 1967 to 1999 in the 15 European Union countries.
Eur J Cancer, 40 (2004), pp. 96-125
[14.]
World Health Organization.
Mortality Database.
WHO, (2004),
[15.]
Estatísticas de Saúde, 2004: Lisboa, Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2005.
[16.]
Estatísticas de Saúde, 2005: Lisboa, Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2006.
[17.]
M. Segi, S. Fujisaku, M. Kurihara, Y. Narai, K. Sasajima.
The age-adjusted death rates for malignant neoplasms in some selected sites in 23 countries in 1954–1955 and their geographical correlation.
Tohoku J Exp Med, 72 (1960), pp. 91-103
[18.]
National Cancer Institute: Statistical Research and Applications Branch 2005 [cited 2008 25 June]; Available from: http://srab.cancer.gov/joinpoint.
[19.]
A. Lopez, N. Collishaw, T. Piha.
A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries.
Tob Control, 3 (1994), pp. 242-247
[20.]
R.F. Ozols, R.S. Herbst, Y.L. Colson, J. Gralow, J. Bonner, W.J. Curran Jr., B.L. Eisenberg, P.A. Ganz, B.S. Kramer, M.G. Kris, M. Markman, R.J. Mayer, et al.
Clinical cancer advances 2006: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening – a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
J Clin Oncol, 25 (2007), pp. 146-162
[21.]
A. Verdecchia, S. Francisci, H. Brenner, G. Gatta, A. Micheli, L. Mangone, I. Kunkler.
Recent cancer survival in Europe: a 2000-02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data.
The Lancet Oncology, 8 (2007), pp. 784-796
[22.]
P. Boyle, A. d’Onofrio, P. Maisonneuve, G. Severi, C. Robertson, M. Tubiana, U. Veronesi.
Measuring progress against cancer in Europe: has the 15% decline targeted for 2000 come about?.
Ann Oncol, 14 (2003), pp. 131-1325
[23.]
Instituto Nacional de Estatística: Regulamento n.° 1 da Organização Mundial de Saúde Relativo à Nomenclatura de Doenças e Causas de Morte. Lisboa, 1955.
[24.]
Instituto Nacional de Estatística: Regulamento e Classificação das Doenças, Traumatismos e Causas de Morte da Organização Mundial de Saúde (8.ª Revisão). Lisboa 1967.
[25.]
Instituto Nacional de Estatística: Regulamento e Classificação das Doenças, Traumatismos e Causas de Morte da Organização Mundial de Saúde (9.ª Revisão). Lisboa, 1975.
[26.]
Instituto Nacional de Estatística: Regulamento e Classificação das Doenças, Traumatismos e Causas de Morte da Organização Mundial de Saúde (10.ª Revisão). Lisboa, 1989.
[27.]
N. Robert, H.M.R. Anderson.
Disease classification: measuring the effect of the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases on cause-of-death data in the United States.
Statistics in Medicine, 22 (2003), pp. 1551-1570
Copyright © 2009. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?