Original article
Efficacy evaluation of educational sessions for patients with asthma and COPD
Avaliação de eficácia de sessões de educação a doentes com asma e DPOC
Read
1011
Timeswas read the article
539
Total PDF
472
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:25 [ "pii" => "S2173511511000893" "issn" => "21735115" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2011.11.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-01-01" "aid" => "50" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "copyrightAnyo" => "2011" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2012;18:29-33" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 6976 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 250 "HTML" => 5344 "PDF" => 1382 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S0873215911001048" "issn" => "08732159" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.07.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-01-01" "aid" => "50" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2012;18:29-33" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 8956 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 251 "HTML" => 7208 "PDF" => 1497 ] ] "pt" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Artigo original</span>" "titulo" => "Avaliação de eficácia de Sessões de Educação a doentes com Asma e DPOC" "tienePdf" => "pt" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "pt" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "pt" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "33" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy Evaluation of educational sessions for patients with Asthma and COPD" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "pt" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "pt" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "pt" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figura 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 861 "Ancho" => 1514 "Tamanyo" => 71110 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Respostas correctas obtidas no Questionário na Sessão de DPOC.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. van Zeller, A.P. Vaz, F. Soares Pires, I. Neves, M. Drummond, A.M. Carvalho, P. Moura Relvas" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "van Zeller" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.P." "apellidos" => "Vaz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Soares Pires" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Neves" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Drummond" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "Carvalho" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Moura Relvas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "pt" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173511511000893" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2011.11.012" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511511000893?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0873215911001048?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08732159/0000001800000001/v2_201509041308/S0873215911001048/v2_201509041308/pt/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173511511001059" "issn" => "21735115" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2011.12.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-01-01" "aid" => "35" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2012;18:34-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3893 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 242 "HTML" => 2479 "PDF" => 1172 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case report</span>" "titulo" => "Community-associated methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> infection in Portugal" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "34" "paginaFinal" => "38" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Pneumonia da comunidade por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> resistente à meticilina em Portugal" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "R. Nazareth, J. Gonçalves-Pereira, A. Tavares, M. Miragaia, H. de Lencastre, J. Silvestre, P. Freitas, E. Gonçalves, F. Martins, V. Mendes, C. Tapadinhas, P. Póvoa" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Nazareth" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Gonçalves-Pereira" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Tavares" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Miragaia" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "de Lencastre" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Silvestre" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Freitas" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Gonçalves" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Martins" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Mendes" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Tapadinhas" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Póvoa" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511511001059?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000001800000001/v1_201305151555/S2173511511001059/v1_201305151555/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2173511511000881" "issn" => "21735115" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppnen.2011.11.011" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-01-01" "aid" => "49" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2012;18:22-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5117 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 261 "HTML" => 3599 "PDF" => 1257 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome and Acute Coronary Syndrome – An association not to forget" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "22" "paginaFinal" => "28" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síndrome da Apneia-Hipopneia do Sono e Síndrome Coronária Aguda – Uma Associação a Não Esquecer" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 847 "Ancho" => 1576 "Tamanyo" => 88873 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients that performed AL. AL: ApneaLink™; AHI: apnea–hypopnea index.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "V. Areias, J. Romero, K. Cunha, R. Faria, J. Mimoso, V. Gomes, U. Brito" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Areias" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Romero" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Cunha" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Faria" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Mimoso" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Gomes" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "U." "apellidos" => "Brito" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0873215911001036" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.07.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "pt" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0873215911001036?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511511000881?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21735115/0000001800000001/v1_201305151555/S2173511511000881/v1_201305151555/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Efficacy evaluation of educational sessions for patients with asthma and COPD" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "33" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. van Zeller, A.P. Vaz, F. Soares Pires, I. Neves, M. Drummond, A.M. Carvalho, P. Moura Relvas" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "van Zeller" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mafalda_vanzeller@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A.P." "apellidos" => "Vaz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Soares Pires" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Neves" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Drummond" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "Carvalho" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Moura Relvas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidade de Saúde Familiar Nova Via (ACES Espinho/Gaia), Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Avaliação de eficácia de sessões de educação a doentes com asma e DPOC" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1000 "Ancho" => 1444 "Tamanyo" => 86824 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asthma educational session.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma and COPD are respiratory diseases with high incidence in the general population and a tendency to increase is forecasted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Both diseases are associated with high work and/or scholastic absenteeism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–6</span></a> and both have a strong impact on health expenses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a>; they are also associated with bad health habits which could be avoided, hence the efforts being made to control these diseases more effectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have demonstrated that patient education reduces hospital admissions, the number of medical appointments and labor absenteeism and also improves quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a> Other studies demonstrated that benefits in lung function<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> and adherence to treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> are more obvious in asthma patients and that the cost/benefits confirm the advantage of educating both patients with asthma and COPD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient education is currently recommended in several clinical guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,15</span></a> Diverse forms of patient education are presented in different studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–14</span></a> but given the consistency of the results we may consider “access to information” as the determining factor. There is considerable variation in the number, regularity and type of educational sessions, number of participants (individual/group) and the characteristics of the educators (doctors/nurses).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study the authors aim to evaluate the efficacy of a 60-min educational session given by a pulmonologist for patients with asthma and COPD, by measuring the variation in correct answers given before and after each session to a questionnaire.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The “Semana do Pulmão” initiative was organized by the Portuguese Lung Foundation to improve respiratory health knowledge in the population in general and for those suffering from respiratory pathologies in particular. There were subsequently a number of initiatives in partnership with the Unidade de Saúde Familiar Nova Via (ACES Espinho/Gaia) in the North of Portugal in October 2010.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-five randomized patients with each of above mentioned diseases were selected from the health care unit database and invited to participate in educational sessions. The patients had been diagnosed and followed by their General Practitioners, according to clinical guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was an educational session for asthma patients and another for COPD patients. Each session lasted 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Before and after attending a session, each patient completed an electronic anonymous multiple choice questionnaire with 4 or 5 options and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s time limit per question (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) and a demographic questionnaire.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visual support was used in both educational sessions, and definition, prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics and treatment were briefly described. Afterwards, there was a demonstration of inhalation techniques using several devices; at this point the patients were invited to ask questions and clarify any remaining doubts.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demographic characteristics, smoking habits, severity of disease and the length of time since diagnosis were evaluated for each patient. The patients’ ability to correctly name their own disease was also analyzed.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis of the pre- and post-session questionnaires was conducted using SPSS 18 for a demographic evaluation of the patients and using the Wilcoxon test for statistical significance assessment.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the 25 selected patients to take part in each session, 15 participated in the asthma session and 17 in the COPD session.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the asthma educational session the average age of the participants was 36 years (6–72 years); 9 patients were female (60%) and 6 were male. Four patients were smokers, 2 ex-smokers and 9 non-smokers. The median time gap between the diagnosis and the educational session was 10.3 (40–1) years. According to GINA classification of asthma severity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the majority of the patients had mild persistent asthma (61.5%) and intermittent asthma (30.8%). Only 8 patients declared their educational level, 2 had college degrees, 3 had high school level education and the remaining had only primary education (4 years).</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When asked the name of the respiratory disease affecting them 9 patients (60%) answered “asthma”, 3 (20%) answered “bronchitis” and 3 (20%) could not answer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire consisted of 7 questions; the average of initial correct answers was 57% (28.5–90%) and that of the final correct answers was 78% (57.10–100%). There was a statistically significant (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.02) improvement in the answers of the patients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the COPD educational session the average age of the patients was 69 years (53–82 years); 12 patients were male (70%) and 5 female. Five patients were smokers, 6 ex-smokers and 6 non-smokers. The median time gap between the diagnosis and the educational session was 2.8 (6–0.5) years. According to GOLD classification of disease severity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the majority of the patients had stage II COPD (72.7%). Only 2 patients declared their education level and both had only primary education (4 years).</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When asked the name of their respiratory disease, 3 patients (17.6%) answered “COPD”, remarkably 8 patients answered “bronchitis” (47.1%) and 1 (5.9%) answered “emphysema” (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire used had 6 questions and the average of initial correct answers was 21.9% (11–40%) and that of final correct answers was 68.3% (37.5–100%). There was a statistically significant (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.03) improvement in the answers of the patients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance and benefits of educating patients with asthma and COPD is widely accepted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> In these diseases the low compliance, the inability to recognize individual triggers, the impact of risk factors and their avoidance are associated with the inability to control the disease and deaths that could be avoided.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,7,16</span></a> Educational sessions that allow patients to recognize the crucial role they have in controlling their own disease led to improved adherence rates and consequent disease control.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–15</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is limited by the small sample size and single geographic location, and so does not allow result extrapolation to other wider groups such as the Portuguese population. The characteristics of the remaining individuals that had been selected but did not participate in the sessions were not considered. Since the questions with worse performance in the asthma educational session were in a negative format (wrong answer requested), comprehension of the questionnaire could be considered as a confounder in the performance evaluation. Additionally, the diagnoses of respiratory diseases, although performed in accordance to existing regulations, were not made by Specialists.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to the analysis of the demographic data, according to what is described in the literature, there is a higher prevalence of males in the COPD patient group, while the asthma patients were younger. Against expectation, we noted a high prevalence of non-smokers in the COPD group, it may be that their disease is the result of occupational exposure. The average of initially correct answers was higher in the asthma group, which perhaps could be explained by the fact that there was a significantly longer time period between diagnosis and educational session compared to COPD patients and by the fact that the group asthmatic patients were younger, which would facilitate the cognition mechanisms. Although not a factor analyzed, it was found that the patients with asthma were more participative and asked more questions throughout the session. It may be that age and education level are factors that affect the access to and acquisition of information and interest displayed. Unfortunately only a small proportion of the patients gave their educational level so it was not possible to correctly analyze this parameter.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The answers obtained in the initial questionnaire suggest that the patients’ knowledge of their own respiratory diseases was limited. This may be due to the fact that for the majority of patients in both groups the severity of the disease was mild to moderate.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variation of correct answers between pre- and post-session questionnaires showed statistically significant improved knowledge and the authors felt positive about the value of these sessions. These findings would not seem to be exclusive to respiratory patients; similar results have been obtained in several chronic diseases such as hypertension, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus</span> and obesity, where adherence to treatment and patient education is crucial.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17–19</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also interesting that only a small number of COPD patients use this terminology to describe their respiratory pathology. For many years, terms such as bronchitis and emphysema were used to describe this group of patients and maybe this kind of nomenclature is more comprehensible to the general population than an acronym.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we accept that the acquisition of knowledge is crucial, sessions such as those presented in this study appear to be effective and useful. Nevertheless, we should consider that an effective education is a continuous process, so sessions like these should be part of a long term educational plan in order to consolidate patient knowledge and maximize benefits.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The educational sessions for patients with asthma and COPD diagnosis led to an improvement in the patients’ knowledge about their own pathology.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with COPD seemed to know less about their disease than patients with asthma and had greater difficulty in correctly naming their pathology.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres173482" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction" 2 => "Aim" 3 => "Methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec161774" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres173483" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resumo" 1 => "Introdução" 2 => "Objetivo" 3 => "Métodos" 4 => "Resultados" 5 => "Conclusão" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec161775" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-03-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-07-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec161774" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Asthma" 1 => "COPD" 2 => "Educational sessions" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec161775" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Asma" 1 => "DPOC" 2 => "sessões educativas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asthma and COPD are respiratory diseases in which a better knowledge and understanding of the pathology allows the patients to be more involved, which is crucial in their treatment. Holding educational sessions is a good way of imparting information to the patients.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aim</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the efficacy of educational sessions in helping patients with asthma and COPD to acquire a better understanding of their condition.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Following a Portuguese Lung Foundation initiative to improve knowledge about respiratory health, educational sessions for patients suffering from asthma or COPD were organized. 25 randomized patients with each disease were invited to participate. Each session lasted 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Patient knowledge was tested by means of a multiple choice questionnaire before and after the session.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fifteen patients with asthma attended the sessions; they had an average age of 36 years, of which 60% were female. Within the group 60% were able to name their pathology correctly. Seventeen patients with COPD attended the sessions; they had an average age of 69 years, of which 70% were males and only 3 (17.6%) patients were able to correctly name their pathology. In both groups, there was a statistically positive improvement (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) of correct answers to the questionnaire at the end of each educational session.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient knowledge increased in each educational session. Patients with COPD were less well informed about their disease than patients with asthma and they also had more difficulty in correctly naming their disease.</p>" ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdução</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asma e DPOC são patologias respiratórias em que o envolvimento e conhecimento dos doentes é determinante no tratamento. Uma forma de esclarecimento e informação é a realização de sessões de educação para doentes.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a eficácia de sessões de educação para doentes com Asma e DPOC na aquisição de conhecimentos.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A propósito da uma iniciativa da Fundação Portuguesa do Pulmão, com o intuito de promover o conhecimento sobre a saúde respiratória, foram realizadas sessões de educação para doentes com diagnóstico de Asma e DPOC.</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 25 doentes cada um dos diagnósticos referidos e convidados a participar. Cada sessão teve a duração de 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutos. O conhecimento foi avaliado utilizando um questionário de escolha múltipla realizado antes e depois de cada sessão.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participaram 15 doentes com asma, com média de idade de 36 anos, sendo 9 (60%) do sexo feminino; 60% dos doentes sabiam nomear corretamente a sua patologia. Dos doentes com DPOC participaram 17, com média de idade de 69 anos, 12 (70%) eram do sexo masculino e apenas 3 doentes nomearam corretamente a sua patologia respiratória. Em ambos os grupos verificou-se melhoria estatisticamente significativa (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05), das respostas corretas ao questionário após cada sessão de educação.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusão</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Verificou-se um aumento de conhecimento dos doentes em ambas as sessões de educação. Os doentes com DPOC parecem ter menor informação sobre a sua doença e têm maior dificuldade em denominá-la.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: van Zeller M. Avaliação de eficácia de sessões de educação a doentes com asma e DPOC. Rev Port Pneumol. 2012. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="doi:10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.07.005">doi:10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.07.005</span>.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1722 "Ancho" => 2861 "Tamanyo" => 724044 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Questionnaires used before and after the educational sessions.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1000 "Ancho" => 1444 "Tamanyo" => 86824 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asthma educational session.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 979 "Ancho" => 1486 "Tamanyo" => 76356 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">COPD educational session.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">COPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean age (years)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 (6–72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69 (53–82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">♂ 6 (40%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">♂ 12 (70%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">♀ 9 (60%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">♀ 5 (30%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smoking habits</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoker \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (26.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (29.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smoker \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (13.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (35.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-smokers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (60%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (35.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean time between the diagnosis and the questionnaire</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.3 (40–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.8 (6–0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease severity</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intermittent – 30.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage I – 18.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mild persistent – 61.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage II – 72.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate persistent – 7.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage III – 9.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ability to name correctly their pathology</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes 9 (60%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes 3 (17.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No 6 (40%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No 14 (82.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab266534.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient characteristics.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "GINA Report, Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Updated December 2009." ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD, Updated 2009." ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The global burden of asthma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.S. Braman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.130.1_suppl.4S" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "130" "paginaInicial" => "4S" "paginaFinal" => "12S" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840363" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The socio-economic burden of asthma is substantial in Europe" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Accordini" 1 => "A. Corsico" 2 => "I. Cerveri" 3 => "D. Gislason" 4 => "A. Gulsvik" 5 => "C. Janson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01523.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "63" "paginaInicial" => "116" "paginaFinal" => "125" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053021" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The economic burden of COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.D. Sullivan" 1 => "S.D. Ramsey" 2 => "T.A. Lee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "117" "numero" => "2 Suppl." "paginaInicial" => "5S" "paginaFinal" => "9S" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10673466" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "European lung white book. Brussels, Belgium: European Respiratory Society and the European Lung Foundation; 2003." ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "World Health Organization. WHO factsheet 206: bronchial asthma. Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs206/en">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs206/en</a>, accessed January 2011." ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "National Institute of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Morbidity and mortality: 2009 chart book on cardiovascular, lung and blood diseases. Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/2009_ChartBook_508.pdf">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/2009_ChartBook_508.pdf</a>, accessed January 2011." ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of patient education and self-management on morbidity in asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Gallefoss" 1 => "P.S. Bakke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1053/rmed.1999.0749" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "94" "paginaInicial" => "279" "paginaFinal" => "287" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10783940" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cost-effectiveness of self-management in asthmatics: a 1-yr follow-up randomized, controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Gallefoss" 1 => "P.S. Bakke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "206" "paginaFinal" => "213" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334121" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of self-management in patients with COPD—a 1-year follow-up randomized, controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Gallefoss" 1 => "P.S. Bakke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "96" "paginaInicial" => "424" "paginaFinal" => "431" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12117042" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "One-year economic evaluation of intensive vs conventional patient education and supervision for selfmanagement of new asthmatic patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Kauppinen" 1 => "H. Sintonen" 2 => "H. Tukiainen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "92" "paginaInicial" => "300" "paginaFinal" => "307" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616530" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Quality of life assessment after patient education in a randomized controlled study on asthma and COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Gallefoss" 1 => "P.S. Bakke" 2 => "P. Kjærsgaard" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9804047" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Resp Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "159" "paginaInicial" => "812" "paginaFinal" => "817" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10051255" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "How does patient education and self-management among asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect medication?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Gallefoss" 1 => "P.S. Bakke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9901028" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "160" "paginaInicial" => "2000" "paginaFinal" => "2005" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588620" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Asthma education" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L.P. Boulet" 1 => "K.R. Chapman" 2 => "L.W. Green" 3 => "J.M. FitzGerald" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "106" "paginaInicial" => "184S" "paginaFinal" => "196S" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7924543" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A confidential inquiry into asthma deaths in Wales" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.L. Burr" 1 => "B.H. Davies" 2 => "A. Hoare" 3 => "A. Jones" 4 => "I.J. Williamson" 5 => "S.K. Holgate" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "985" "paginaFinal" => "989" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10525556" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A Efficacy of therapeutic patient education in chronic diseases and obesity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Lagger" 1 => "Z. Pataky" 2 => "Golay" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pec.2010.03.015" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Patient Educ Couns" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "79" "paginaInicial" => "283" "paginaFinal" => "286" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413242" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.A. Duke" 1 => "S. Colagiuri" 2 => "R. Colagiuri" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev" "fecha" => "2009, January 21" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Participants’ assessments of the effects of a community health worker intervention on their diabetes self-management and interactions with healthcare providers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Heisler" 1 => "M. Spencer" 2 => "J. Forman" 3 => "C. Robinson" 4 => "C. Shultz" 5 => "G. Palmisano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.amepre.2009.08.016" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "37" "numero" => "6 Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "S270" "paginaFinal" => "S279" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896029" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735115/0000001800000001/v1_201305151555/S2173511511000893/v1_201305151555/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9710" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735115/0000001800000001/v1_201305151555/S2173511511000893/v1_201305151555/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://journalpulmonology.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511511000893?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 9 | 10 | 19 |
| 2024 October | 29 | 39 | 68 |
| 2024 September | 31 | 20 | 51 |
| 2024 August | 47 | 43 | 90 |
| 2024 July | 30 | 37 | 67 |
| 2024 June | 23 | 30 | 53 |
| 2024 May | 45 | 40 | 85 |
| 2024 April | 31 | 31 | 62 |
| 2024 March | 23 | 21 | 44 |
| 2024 February | 22 | 35 | 57 |
| 2024 January | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2023 December | 14 | 20 | 34 |
| 2023 November | 26 | 28 | 54 |
| 2023 October | 13 | 32 | 45 |
| 2023 September | 25 | 35 | 60 |
| 2023 August | 22 | 18 | 40 |
| 2023 July | 16 | 29 | 45 |
| 2023 June | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2023 May | 21 | 24 | 45 |
| 2023 April | 10 | 10 | 20 |
Show all
