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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis &#40;AIS&#41; is a lateral deviation of the spine&#46; It is defined as a lateral curvature greater than 10 degrees of unknown cause that progressively distorts the anatomy of the thorax&#44; and with vertebral rotation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> It affects 2&#8211;4&#37; of children between 10 and 16 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The prevalence of curves greater than 30 degrees is approximately 0&#46;2&#37;&#44; and of curves greater than 40 degrees is approximately 1&#37; of the children between 10 and 16 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> It corresponds to about 80&#37; of the scoliotic deformities of the spine in the adolescent population&#44; and over 50&#37; of the patients present a thoracic curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> A number of different factors&#44; isolated or combined&#44; have been associated to AIS&#44; such as a deviation in the growth pattern of the spine&#44; neuromuscular or connective tissue abnormalities&#44; asymmetrical growth or lateralization of the sagittal configuration of the spine&#44; as well as hereditary factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> It is thought to be a multigene dominant condition&#44; with variable phenotypic expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Distortion of the three thoracic dimensions in patients with AIS results in a syndrome with pulmonary function abnormalities&#44; pain and physical deformity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Pulmonary function testing &#40;PFT&#41; in these patients shows a reduced vital capacity&#44; combining a drop in total pulmonary capacity&#44; reduced arterial oxygenation&#44; and alveolar hypoventilation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The pulmonary abnormalities may cause ventilatory restrictions and lead to exercise intolerance&#44; mostly due to a decreased capacity to offer oxygen to the muscles undergoing greater demand&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are a number of tests designed to assess the inability to perform physical activities&#46; The 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41; has been used to assess physical and cardiorespiratory status of patients presenting with moderate to severe pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities submitted to medical procedures&#44; allowing correlations with morbidity and mortality of specific diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Assessment of the distance walked is an expressive measurement of physiological function and an important component of overall quality of life&#44; since walking is directly related to daily life activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The 6MWT presents a stronger correlation with heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#44; peripheral blood saturation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; and dyspnea than other physical exertion tests&#44; such as the stationary bicycle and treadmill&#44; both in healthy individuals and in patients with functional respiratory and pulmonary abnormalities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6MWT significantly correlated to forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV1&#41; in a study of healthy adolescents aged 12&#8211;16 years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and in children aged 3&#8211;16 years it successfully determined submaximal functional capacity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Patients with AIS usually present with reduced aerobic capacity that is possibly related to the ventilatory restriction observed in the reduced forced volume of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> In the first phase of the current study the authors used the 6MWT to evaluate the results of a physical therapy protocol on the pre-operative cardiopulmonary performance of a group of surgical candidates with AIS comparing them to matched controls that did not receive physical rehabilitation&#44; finding that patients submitted to the protocol presented significant reduction in all vital signs and a significant increase in the distance walked when compared to baseline parameters and to controls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the improved performance in the 6MWT of patients with AIS submitted to the abovementioned pre-operative rehabilitation protocol&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> the current study was designed to evaluate the long-term results of this regimen following surgical correction of the spinal deformity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods and materials</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Study design and ethics</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out at a tertiary teaching hospital from January 2008 to January 2009&#46; All participants diagnosed with AIS at the Orthopedics Department of the Institution who consented to participate in the study after careful clarification of the objectives and techniques involved&#44; and those who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included&#46; The Institutional Review Board for Ethics in Clinical Studies approved this study &#40;protocol &#35; 235&#47;09&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were&#58; a diagnosis of AIS with a thoracic curve greater than 45 degrees&#59; being a candidate for surgery&#59; aged between 10 and 18 years&#59; able to complete the 6MWT&#46; Exclusion criteria were&#58; present or past history of pulmonary&#44; cardiac&#44; myo-articular or neurological diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were randomized by opaque&#44; sealed envelopes&#44; into one of the two groups&#58; Group I &#8211; patients with AIS who were submitted to the physical rehabilitation protocol&#44; and Group II &#8211; patients with AIS who were not submitted to the rehabilitation protocol &#40;controls&#41;&#46; A total of 50 patients were included&#44; 25 in each group&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size was calculated for simple random sampling&#44; using a confidence interval of 95 &#40;95&#37;&#41; and 5&#37; error for infinite sample&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Exercising protocol</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients in Group I underwent a 4-month pre-operative physical rehabilitation program&#44; modified from Bouchard and Shepard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and Covey et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Sessions were three times a week &#40;every other day&#41; and 60-min long&#44; consisting of a 10-min warm-up &#40;stretching and low grade aerobic exercises&#44; such as&#44; slow and progressive walks&#41;&#59; 40-min aerobic work-out on the treadmill or stationary bicycle working at 60&#8211;80&#37; of the maximum heart rate&#59; and a final 10-min cool-down with relaxation &#40;stretching and low energy aerobic exercises followed by relaxation techniques&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This protocol was chosen because it had been found to be effective in patients with pulmonary diseases before&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and it was already tested by our team&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The participants were closely supervised by the same physical therapist&#44; who was not present during the 6MWT evaluation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Surgery</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All AIS participants in this study&#44; in both groups&#44; had indication for and underwent surgical correction of the spine&#46; Vertebral arthrodesis was performed with the same instrumentation techniques for all of them&#44; with a posterior longitudinal approach and iliac autologous graft&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Clinical and 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41; evaluations</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spinal curves were assessed by plain standing radiographs in the antero-posterior &#40;AP&#41; and lateral views using Cobb&#39;s method to determine the angle of the spinal deformity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Clinical evaluation of the hump was performed with the Adam&#39;s test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6MWT was carried out according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society &#40;ATS&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> before and after the period encompassing the rehabilitation program&#44; 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all the participants&#41;&#44; pre-operatively &#40;study group after 4-month re-habilitation and controls at the same period&#41;&#44; and post-operatively at 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months &#40;all the participants&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables is presented in tables with summary measures of mean profiles&#46; Initially&#44; demographic and angular variables &#40;obtained from the radiographic evaluation&#41; were compared using the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#46; Comparison of variables between groups over time was performed by means of model analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; with repeated measures&#46; In some situations &#40;if the interaction between group and time effect was statistically significant&#41;&#44; 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a mean scoliosis angle of 64&#46;28 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;62&#41;&#44; ranging from 45 to 115 degrees&#59; a mean kyphosis angle of 35&#46;96 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;36&#41;&#44; ranging from 10 to 72 degrees&#59; and a mean Adam&#39;s score of 42&#46;04 &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;40&#41;&#46; Group II &#40;control&#41; also had 25 patients&#44; with a mean age of 13&#46;56 years &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;02&#41;&#44; a mean scoliosis of 65&#46;56 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;68&#41;&#44; ranging from 46 to 110 degrees&#59; a mean kyphosis of 35&#46;52 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;52&#41;&#44; ranging from 8 to 62 degrees&#59; and a mean Adam&#39;s score of 41&#46;92 &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;56&#41; ranging from 8 to 67&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At baseline&#44; there were no significant differences between groups for the variables age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31&#41;&#44; scoliosis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29&#41;&#44; kyphosis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;90&#41;&#44; and Adam&#39;s score &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;97&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparisons between Groups I and II showed no statistically significant differences on baseline 6MWT results&#44; evidencing homogeneity between groups&#46; There were no statistical differences between baseline and immediate pre-operative 6MWT results in this group of control individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four months after physical rehabilitation&#44; comparison between baseline and post physical rehabilitation 6MWT results for Group I showed a statistically significant increase in the distance walked &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1&#8211;7</a> depict the ANOVA multivariate analysis of the repeat measures and confidence intervals of the 6MWT variables&#58; distance walked&#44; heart and respiratory rate&#44; systolic and diastolic blood pressure&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation and Borg scale&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is possible to observe that the pressures SBP and DBP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>&#41; behave in a similar way between groups and over time &#40;no interaction effect&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;750 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;349&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Incidentally&#44; there is no effect of time &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;340 and 0&#46;085&#44; respectively&#41; and no significant difference between groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;340 and 0&#46;903&#41;&#46; For SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#44; the average behavior of the groups over time is equal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;191&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; when comparing the groups&#44; we see that there is no difference between them &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;472&#41;&#46; There is a time effect &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#44; i&#46;e&#46; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> varies over time&#44; but it is similar in both groups&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the other variables evaluated in the 6MWT &#40;HR&#44; RR&#44; distance and Borg&#41;&#44; the interaction between group and time is significant &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1&#8211;7</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When checking at which moments the groups are different&#44; we observe that&#44; for all variables described above&#44; on average&#44; the study group has lower values than the control group from the preoperative period on&#44; except for the distance walked&#44; which increases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis &#40;AIS&#41; frequently evolve with reduced vital capacity&#44; and a drop in total pulmonary capacity associated to deficient arterial oxygenation and alveolar hypoventilation as a consequence of the tridimensional physical deformities of the spine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;13</span></a> This was also observed in the present study&#44; in which the patients with AIS had much lower baseline evaluations than would be expected for their age&#46; This reduced respiratory capacity influences the final distance walked in 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Such deficiencies increase morbidity and are directly related to the severity of the curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Volume changes are also a direct consequence of the decrease in blood oxygen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and interfere with the capacity to adapt to greater physical challenge&#44; such as that required for walking fast&#44; leading to a progression in restriction to physical activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> The respiratory changes&#44; however&#44; do not seem to be directly related to the severity of the spinal curve but most likely a consequence of a combination of factors&#44; such as the morphology&#44; the site and the number of vertebra involved in the curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the first phase of the current study no correlation could be established between the angle of the scoliosis and the distance walked on 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitored physical activities in patients with respiratory restrictions have been shown to improve physical performance&#44; endurance and cardiopulmonary function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;22</span></a> The pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol proposed here revealed a significant drop in RR&#44; HR&#44; and Borg scores&#44; associated to an increase in SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and in the distance walked on the 6MWT that persisted after corrective surgery&#46; Inversely&#44; patients with AIS who did not undergo physical rehabilitation &#40;control group&#41; had an increase in RR&#44; HR and Borg scores&#44; and a drop in SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An increase in tolerance to dynamic exercise&#44; expressed both by increments in maximum performance and endurance&#44; can be explained by a number of factors&#44; one of which is the real improvement in aerobic power offered by training&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Unlike other functional tests that are performed during rest the 6MWT does not underestimate the patient&#39;s capacity to perform physical activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Thus&#44; by quantifying physiological responses&#44; physical testing via the 6MWT facilitates the design of a personalized physical activity program&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pre-operative physical therapy protocol proposed in the current study promoted significant progressive improvement in heart and respiratory rate&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation&#44; distance walked in the 6MWT&#44; and level of effort assessed by the BORG scale after surgical correction of AIS&#46; The study group also performed better than controls throughout the post-operative period&#46; Our results suggest an interesting hypothesis to be evaluated&#58; assuming that treated patients have had good performance even after one year after surgery&#44; it is possible that they have felt able to exercise during this year&#44; and this was reflected in the difference compared to controls&#44; which could only walk shorter distances&#46; It is reasonable to assume that the benefit that was obtained by the study group with a four-month exercising protocol before surgery would increase if the exercising was applied also after recovering from surgery &#8211; but this would be the subject of another study&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients submitted to a pre-operative rehabilitation protocol recovered baseline respiratory and cardiac parameters faster than controls&#44; achieving the same values on the 6MWT one year after surgery as those at completion of the protocol&#44; before surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by a grant from the S&#227;o Paulo State Research Foundation &#91;FAPESP&#35; 07&#47;54024-7&#93;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Background"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        3 => array:3 [
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          "titulo" => "Methods and materials"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study design and ethics"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Exercising protocol"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Surgery"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Clinical and 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41; evaluations"
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            4 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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          "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures"
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              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
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          ]
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-09-11"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-08-27"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Scoliosis"
            1 => "Exercise"
            2 => "Exercise movement techniques"
            3 => "Exercise therapy"
            4 => "Exercise test"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monitored physical activities in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis &#40;AIS&#41; have been shown to improve physical performance&#44; endurance and cardiopulmonary function and may be assessed by the 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#46; We aimed to evaluate the long-term results of the 6MWT after a rehabilitation protocol employed before surgical correction for AIS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This prospective randomized clinical trial studied the impact of a 4-month pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol on post-operative cardiopulmonary function and physical endurance&#44; by using the 6MWT&#44; in patients with AIS submitted to surgical correction&#44; comparing them to matched controls without physical rehabilitation&#46; Studied variables were heart and respiratory rate&#44; systolic and diastolic blood pressure&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation&#44; Borg score&#44; and distance walked&#46; Patients were assessed at baseline&#44; after 4 months of rehabilitation&#44; and 3&#44; 6 and 12 months post-operatively&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 50 patients with AIS were included in the study and allocated blindly&#44; by simple randomization&#44; into either one of the two groups&#44; with 25 patients each&#58; study group &#40;pre-operative physical rehabilitation&#41; and control group&#46; The physical rehabilitation protocol promoted significant progressive improvement in heart and respiratory rate&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation&#44; distance walked&#44; and level of effort assessed by the Borg scale after surgery&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post-surgical recovery&#44; evaluated by 6MWT&#44; was significantly better in patients who underwent a 4-month pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">bpm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beats per minute&#59; SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;bpm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;853</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">114&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">117&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">111&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">123&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">106&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">120&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">105&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">120&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab792839.png"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean heart rate &#40;HR&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">rpm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>respiration per minute&#59; SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;rpm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;362</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean respiratory rate &#40;RR&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">113&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">111&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">113&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">113&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab792834.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab792835.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean peripheral blood oxygenation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;809</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab792837.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean Borg effort scale &#40;Borg&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">399&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;926</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">398&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">513&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">390&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">407&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original article
Long-term impact of pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol on the 6-min walk test of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A randomized clinical trial
V.L. dos Santos Alvesa,
Corresponding author
fisioterapiasc@uol.com.br

Corresponding author.
, R. Stirbulovb, O. Avanzic
a Physical Therapy Department, Hospital Santa Isabel, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
b Pneumology Department, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
c Orthopedics Department, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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pain and physical deformity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Pulmonary function testing &#40;PFT&#41; in these patients shows a reduced vital capacity&#44; combining a drop in total pulmonary capacity&#44; reduced arterial oxygenation&#44; and alveolar hypoventilation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The pulmonary abnormalities may cause ventilatory restrictions and lead to exercise intolerance&#44; mostly due to a decreased capacity to offer oxygen to the muscles undergoing greater demand&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are a number of tests designed to assess the inability to perform physical activities&#46; The 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41; has been used to assess physical and cardiorespiratory status of patients presenting with moderate to severe pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities submitted to medical procedures&#44; allowing correlations with morbidity and mortality of specific diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Assessment of the distance walked is an expressive measurement of physiological function and an important component of overall quality of life&#44; since walking is directly related to daily life activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The 6MWT presents a stronger correlation with heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#44; peripheral blood saturation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; and dyspnea than other physical exertion tests&#44; such as the stationary bicycle and treadmill&#44; both in healthy individuals and in patients with functional respiratory and pulmonary abnormalities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6MWT significantly correlated to forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV1&#41; in a study of healthy adolescents aged 12&#8211;16 years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and in children aged 3&#8211;16 years it successfully determined submaximal functional capacity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Patients with AIS usually present with reduced aerobic capacity that is possibly related to the ventilatory restriction observed in the reduced forced volume of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> In the first phase of the current study the authors used the 6MWT to evaluate the results of a physical therapy protocol on the pre-operative cardiopulmonary performance of a group of surgical candidates with AIS comparing them to matched controls that did not receive physical rehabilitation&#44; finding that patients submitted to the protocol presented significant reduction in all vital signs and a significant increase in the distance walked when compared to baseline parameters and to controls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the improved performance in the 6MWT of patients with AIS submitted to the abovementioned pre-operative rehabilitation protocol&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> the current study was designed to evaluate the long-term results of this regimen following surgical correction of the spinal deformity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods and materials</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Study design and ethics</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out at a tertiary teaching hospital from January 2008 to January 2009&#46; All participants diagnosed with AIS at the Orthopedics Department of the Institution who consented to participate in the study after careful clarification of the objectives and techniques involved&#44; and those who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included&#46; The Institutional Review Board for Ethics in Clinical Studies approved this study &#40;protocol &#35; 235&#47;09&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were&#58; a diagnosis of AIS with a thoracic curve greater than 45 degrees&#59; being a candidate for surgery&#59; aged between 10 and 18 years&#59; able to complete the 6MWT&#46; Exclusion criteria were&#58; present or past history of pulmonary&#44; cardiac&#44; myo-articular or neurological diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were randomized by opaque&#44; sealed envelopes&#44; into one of the two groups&#58; Group I &#8211; patients with AIS who were submitted to the physical rehabilitation protocol&#44; and Group II &#8211; patients with AIS who were not submitted to the rehabilitation protocol &#40;controls&#41;&#46; A total of 50 patients were included&#44; 25 in each group&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size was calculated for simple random sampling&#44; using a confidence interval of 95 &#40;95&#37;&#41; and 5&#37; error for infinite sample&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Exercising protocol</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients in Group I underwent a 4-month pre-operative physical rehabilitation program&#44; modified from Bouchard and Shepard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and Covey et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Sessions were three times a week &#40;every other day&#41; and 60-min long&#44; consisting of a 10-min warm-up &#40;stretching and low grade aerobic exercises&#44; such as&#44; slow and progressive walks&#41;&#59; 40-min aerobic work-out on the treadmill or stationary bicycle working at 60&#8211;80&#37; of the maximum heart rate&#59; and a final 10-min cool-down with relaxation &#40;stretching and low energy aerobic exercises followed by relaxation techniques&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This protocol was chosen because it had been found to be effective in patients with pulmonary diseases before&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and it was already tested by our team&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The participants were closely supervised by the same physical therapist&#44; who was not present during the 6MWT evaluation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Surgery</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All AIS participants in this study&#44; in both groups&#44; had indication for and underwent surgical correction of the spine&#46; Vertebral arthrodesis was performed with the same instrumentation techniques for all of them&#44; with a posterior longitudinal approach and iliac autologous graft&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Clinical and 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41; evaluations</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spinal curves were assessed by plain standing radiographs in the antero-posterior &#40;AP&#41; and lateral views using Cobb&#39;s method to determine the angle of the spinal deformity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Clinical evaluation of the hump was performed with the Adam&#39;s test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6MWT was carried out according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society &#40;ATS&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> before and after the period encompassing the rehabilitation program&#44; as well as 3&#44; 6 and 12 months after surgical correction of the spinal deformity in both groups&#46; The 6MWT consists of a free walk during 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min as fast as possible across a flat surfaced 30-m long corridor graded by the meter&#46; Baseline &#40;pre-test&#41; monitoring of arterial blood pressure &#40;BP&#41;&#44; heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#44; respiratory rate &#40;RR&#41;&#44; peripheral oxygen saturation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; and level of effort based on the Borg scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> were obtained for all participants&#46; At completion of the 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; the total distance walked was recorded and the same parameters were re-assessed&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; participants were assessed at five different periods&#58; baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#44; all the participants&#41;&#44; pre-operatively &#40;study group after 4-month re-habilitation and controls at the same period&#41;&#44; and post-operatively at 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months &#40;all the participants&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables is presented in tables with summary measures of mean profiles&#46; Initially&#44; demographic and angular variables &#40;obtained from the radiographic evaluation&#41; were compared using the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#46; Comparison of variables between groups over time was performed by means of model analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; with repeated measures&#46; In some situations &#40;if the interaction between group and time effect was statistically significant&#41;&#44; post hoc tests &#40;multiple comparisons by Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> tests with Bonferroni correction&#41; were used to compare groups at each time period&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significance level is 5&#37;&#44; except in the analysis of multiple comparisons &#40;post hoc&#41; in which the significance level adjusted to be used is 1&#37;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All recruited participants were followed up until the end of this study &#40;there was no loss in follow-up&#41;&#46; No patient needed any change in the rehabilitation protocol during the study period&#46; Group I &#40;study&#41; was comprised of 25 patients&#44; with a mean age of 14&#46;12 years &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;83&#41;&#44; a mean scoliosis angle of 64&#46;28 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;62&#41;&#44; ranging from 45 to 115 degrees&#59; a mean kyphosis angle of 35&#46;96 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;36&#41;&#44; ranging from 10 to 72 degrees&#59; and a mean Adam&#39;s score of 42&#46;04 &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;40&#41;&#46; Group II &#40;control&#41; also had 25 patients&#44; with a mean age of 13&#46;56 years &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;02&#41;&#44; a mean scoliosis of 65&#46;56 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;68&#41;&#44; ranging from 46 to 110 degrees&#59; a mean kyphosis of 35&#46;52 degrees &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;52&#41;&#44; ranging from 8 to 62 degrees&#59; and a mean Adam&#39;s score of 41&#46;92 &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;56&#41; ranging from 8 to 67&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At baseline&#44; there were no significant differences between groups for the variables age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31&#41;&#44; scoliosis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29&#41;&#44; kyphosis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;90&#41;&#44; and Adam&#39;s score &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;97&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparisons between Groups I and II showed no statistically significant differences on baseline 6MWT results&#44; evidencing homogeneity between groups&#46; There were no statistical differences between baseline and immediate pre-operative 6MWT results in this group of control individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four months after physical rehabilitation&#44; comparison between baseline and post physical rehabilitation 6MWT results for Group I showed a statistically significant increase in the distance walked &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1&#8211;7</a> depict the ANOVA multivariate analysis of the repeat measures and confidence intervals of the 6MWT variables&#58; distance walked&#44; heart and respiratory rate&#44; systolic and diastolic blood pressure&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation and Borg scale&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is possible to observe that the pressures SBP and DBP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>&#41; behave in a similar way between groups and over time &#40;no interaction effect&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;750 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;349&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Incidentally&#44; there is no effect of time &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;340 and 0&#46;085&#44; respectively&#41; and no significant difference between groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;340 and 0&#46;903&#41;&#46; For SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#44; the average behavior of the groups over time is equal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;191&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; when comparing the groups&#44; we see that there is no difference between them &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;472&#41;&#46; There is a time effect &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#44; i&#46;e&#46; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> varies over time&#44; but it is similar in both groups&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the other variables evaluated in the 6MWT &#40;HR&#44; RR&#44; distance and Borg&#41;&#44; the interaction between group and time is significant &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1&#8211;7</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When checking at which moments the groups are different&#44; we observe that&#44; for all variables described above&#44; on average&#44; the study group has lower values than the control group from the preoperative period on&#44; except for the distance walked&#44; which increases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis &#40;AIS&#41; frequently evolve with reduced vital capacity&#44; and a drop in total pulmonary capacity associated to deficient arterial oxygenation and alveolar hypoventilation as a consequence of the tridimensional physical deformities of the spine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;13</span></a> This was also observed in the present study&#44; in which the patients with AIS had much lower baseline evaluations than would be expected for their age&#46; This reduced respiratory capacity influences the final distance walked in 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Such deficiencies increase morbidity and are directly related to the severity of the curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Volume changes are also a direct consequence of the decrease in blood oxygen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and interfere with the capacity to adapt to greater physical challenge&#44; such as that required for walking fast&#44; leading to a progression in restriction to physical activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> The respiratory changes&#44; however&#44; do not seem to be directly related to the severity of the spinal curve but most likely a consequence of a combination of factors&#44; such as the morphology&#44; the site and the number of vertebra involved in the curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the first phase of the current study no correlation could be established between the angle of the scoliosis and the distance walked on 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitored physical activities in patients with respiratory restrictions have been shown to improve physical performance&#44; endurance and cardiopulmonary function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;22</span></a> The pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol proposed here revealed a significant drop in RR&#44; HR&#44; and Borg scores&#44; associated to an increase in SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and in the distance walked on the 6MWT that persisted after corrective surgery&#46; Inversely&#44; patients with AIS who did not undergo physical rehabilitation &#40;control group&#41; had an increase in RR&#44; HR and Borg scores&#44; and a drop in SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An increase in tolerance to dynamic exercise&#44; expressed both by increments in maximum performance and endurance&#44; can be explained by a number of factors&#44; one of which is the real improvement in aerobic power offered by training&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Unlike other functional tests that are performed during rest the 6MWT does not underestimate the patient&#39;s capacity to perform physical activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Thus&#44; by quantifying physiological responses&#44; physical testing via the 6MWT facilitates the design of a personalized physical activity program&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pre-operative physical therapy protocol proposed in the current study promoted significant progressive improvement in heart and respiratory rate&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation&#44; distance walked in the 6MWT&#44; and level of effort assessed by the BORG scale after surgical correction of AIS&#46; The study group also performed better than controls throughout the post-operative period&#46; Our results suggest an interesting hypothesis to be evaluated&#58; assuming that treated patients have had good performance even after one year after surgery&#44; it is possible that they have felt able to exercise during this year&#44; and this was reflected in the difference compared to controls&#44; which could only walk shorter distances&#46; It is reasonable to assume that the benefit that was obtained by the study group with a four-month exercising protocol before surgery would increase if the exercising was applied also after recovering from surgery &#8211; but this would be the subject of another study&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients submitted to a pre-operative rehabilitation protocol recovered baseline respiratory and cardiac parameters faster than controls&#44; achieving the same values on the 6MWT one year after surgery as those at completion of the protocol&#44; before surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by a grant from the S&#227;o Paulo State Research Foundation &#91;FAPESP&#35; 07&#47;54024-7&#93;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-09-11"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monitored physical activities in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis &#40;AIS&#41; have been shown to improve physical performance&#44; endurance and cardiopulmonary function and may be assessed by the 6-min walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#46; We aimed to evaluate the long-term results of the 6MWT after a rehabilitation protocol employed before surgical correction for AIS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This prospective randomized clinical trial studied the impact of a 4-month pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol on post-operative cardiopulmonary function and physical endurance&#44; by using the 6MWT&#44; in patients with AIS submitted to surgical correction&#44; comparing them to matched controls without physical rehabilitation&#46; Studied variables were heart and respiratory rate&#44; systolic and diastolic blood pressure&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation&#44; Borg score&#44; and distance walked&#46; Patients were assessed at baseline&#44; after 4 months of rehabilitation&#44; and 3&#44; 6 and 12 months post-operatively&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 50 patients with AIS were included in the study and allocated blindly&#44; by simple randomization&#44; into either one of the two groups&#44; with 25 patients each&#58; study group &#40;pre-operative physical rehabilitation&#41; and control group&#46; The physical rehabilitation protocol promoted significant progressive improvement in heart and respiratory rate&#44; peripheral blood oxygen saturation&#44; distance walked&#44; and level of effort assessed by the Borg scale after surgery&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post-surgical recovery&#44; evaluated by 6MWT&#44; was significantly better in patients who underwent a 4-month pre-operative physical rehabilitation protocol&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
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        ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">bpm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beats per minute&#59; SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;bpm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;853</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">114&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">117&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">111&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">123&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">106&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">120&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">105&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">120&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean heart rate &#40;HR&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;rpm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;362</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean respiratory rate &#40;RR&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">113&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">111&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">113&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">113&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab792836.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab792834.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab792835.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean peripheral blood oxygenation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Baseline</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;809</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pre-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">3 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">6 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">12 months post-operative</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean Borg effort scale &#40;Borg&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">390&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">292&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">337&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">504&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">367&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean distance walked in meters &#40;m&#41; during 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;6MWT&#41; of patients with AIS submitted to surgical repair comparing the study group &#40;submitted to pre-operative rehabilitation&#41; to controls at baseline &#40;upon entering the study&#41;&#44; pre-operatively&#44; after 4 months &#40;post-rehabilitation for the study group&#41;&#44; and 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months post-operatively &#40;all participants&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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            1 => array:3 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thoracoscopic spinal fusion compared with posterior spinal fusion for the treatment of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "B&#46;S&#46; Lonner"
                            1 => "D&#46; Kondrachov"
                            2 => "F&#46; Saddiqi"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "fecha" => "2006"
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                ]
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            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Results of preoperative pulmonary function testing of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis&#46; A study of six hundred and thirty-one patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46;O&#46; Newton"
                            1 => "F&#46;D&#46; Faro"
                            2 => "S&#46; Gollogly"
                            3 => "R&#46;R&#46; Betz"
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                            5 => "T&#46;G&#46; Lowe"
                          ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2106/JBJS.D.02209"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Bone Joint Surg Am"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "B&#46;V&#46; Reamy"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Slakey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "64"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11456428"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Objective assessment of the cardiorespiratory function of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis through the six-minute walk test"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46;L&#46; Alves"
                            1 => "O&#46; Avanzi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E926"
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                      ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "ATS statement&#58; guidelines for the six-minute walk test"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function&#44; Laboratories"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "166"
                        "paginaInicial" => "111"
                        "paginaFinal" => "117"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46;L&#46; Enright"
                            1 => "D&#46;L&#46; Sherrill"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9710086"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "158"
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Pulmonology

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