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We present a patient with pulmonary toxicity due to MMF&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 72-year-old woman came to the Emergency Department after seven days of fever&#44; asthenia and dyspnoea&#46; In 2008&#44; she had received a kidney transplant due to chronic renal failure secondary to Polycystic kidney disease and had begun treatment with corticosteroids&#44; sirolimus and MMF &#40;640<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#41;&#46; In 2014&#44; a chest computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan revealed an extended micronodular interstitial lung disease that disappeared after withdrawal of sirolimus&#46; It was interpreted as a pulmonary toxicity and was replaced by tacrolimus&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Upon arrival to the Emergency Room she had a fever &#40;37&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; with diminished respiratory sounds and crackles in the middle of the left hemithorax&#46; The patient had never smoked&#44; had no close contact with animals and had not engaged in any potentially harmful professional&#44; recreational or domestic activities&#46; Blood test results showed hemoglobin 11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; leukocytes 5&#44;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> with lymphopenia &#40;650&#47;mm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#59; 13&#37;&#41;&#44; urea 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine 1&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL and C-reactive protein 1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Arterial blood gases evidenced hypoxemia &#40;pO2 49&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; and chest CT demonstrated multifocal pulmonary lesions with areas of ground-glass and small bilateral pleural effusion of left predominance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; The cultures in different biological samples &#40;blood&#44; sputum&#44; bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid&#41; for bacteria&#44; tuberculosis&#44; virus &#40;cytomegalovirus&#44; influenza&#44; parainfluenza&#44; herpes&#44; chickenpox&#44; syncytial&#44; HIV&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; aspergillus-galactomannan and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pneumocystis jirovecii</span> were all negatives&#46; Serology against Coxiella&#44; Legionella&#44; Chlamydia&#44; Toxoplasma and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was negative&#46; Macroscopically&#44; bronchofibroscopy was normal&#46; Bronchoalveolar lavage showed a lymphocyte predominance &#40;50&#37;&#41; with a CD4&#47;CD8 T-lymphocyte ratio of 4&#46;35&#46; There were relevant alterations in the smear findings&#46; The pleural fluid had biochemical exudate characteristics with 100&#37; mononuclear cells and an adenosine deaminase of 14 IU&#47;L&#46; Echocardiography ruled out endocarditis&#46; Neither pulmonary function tests nor any type of lung biopsy were performed due to the patient&#39;s clinical situation and the presumably limited collaboration&#46; During the first days of admission&#44; treatment with MMF and tacrolimus were maintained&#44; and different antibiotic cycles were performed &#40;levofloxacin&#44; ceftriaxone&#44; piperacillin&#47;tazobactam&#44; voriconazole&#44; amikacin and linezolid&#41;&#44; without improvement&#46; The fact that all cultures were negative and the lack of response obtained led to rejection of the hypothesis of an infectious cause in an immunocompromised patient and to considering the possibility of pulmonary toxicity&#46; Antibiotics and MMF were discontinued and tacrolimus was maintained&#46; Since then&#44; the clinical and radiological improvement was progressive&#44; with resolution of fever&#44; respiratory failure and radiological alterations&#44; including pleural effusion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Once clinical improvement was observed&#44; the oral corticosteroid dose of methylprednisolone was increased to 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#46; After nine months of follow-up&#44; the patient is asymptomatic&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MMF is used as a first or second immunosuppressant line in solid organ transplant protocols since it inhibits the purine biosynthesis of T and B lymphocytes through the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme&#44; limiting the proliferation of lymphocytes&#46; In this way&#44; there is a reduction in the generation of effector lymphocytes for T cell-mediated immunity and the production of antibodies&#46; Its profile of adverse effects is acceptable&#46; In all cases published to date&#44; the appearance of interstitial lung disease induced by MMF manifested in the short-medium term &#40;maximum 18 months&#41; after the introduction of the drug<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; However&#44; this is the first case described in which lung disease appears after the use of MMF in the long term &#40;9 years&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of interstitial lung disease with MMF is an unusual side effect of immunosuppression&#46; The main difficulty in establishing a link between any immunosuppressive agent and a lung disease is that it is a diagnosis of exclusion&#46; In this case&#44; the temporal relationship&#44; the clinical and CT characteristics of the thorax&#44; the negative cultures and the symptomatic and radiological improvement after the removal of MMF suggest interstitial lung disease induced by MMF&#44; although an atypical infection cannot be safely excluded&#46; Cryptogenetic organizing pneumonia and pulmonary eosinophilia were ruled out when presenting clinical-radiological improvement with a minimum dose of corticosteroids and eosinophils were not demonstrated in bronchoalveolar lavage&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; what can be learned from this case is that MMF is a drug that must be taken into account as a potential cause of interstitial lung disease&#46; Although rare&#44; this is a serious adverse effect&#46; Therefore&#44; in the presence of fever&#44; dyspnoea and diffuse pulmonary involvement in chest CT&#44; this possibility should be considered&#46; An empirical test of MMF suspension and observation of symptomatic improvement could be enough to identify the drug as the probable cause of the disease&#46;</p></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Reversible diffuse lung disease after mycophenolate mofetil withdrawal
Romina Abelleiraa,
Corresponding author
, María Elena Toubesa, Juan Suárez-Anteloa, Luis Valdésa,b
a Pneumology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
b Interdisciplinary Pneumology Research Group, Santiago de Compostela Health Research Institutions (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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We present a patient with pulmonary toxicity due to MMF&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 72-year-old woman came to the Emergency Department after seven days of fever&#44; asthenia and dyspnoea&#46; In 2008&#44; she had received a kidney transplant due to chronic renal failure secondary to Polycystic kidney disease and had begun treatment with corticosteroids&#44; sirolimus and MMF &#40;640<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#41;&#46; In 2014&#44; a chest computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan revealed an extended micronodular interstitial lung disease that disappeared after withdrawal of sirolimus&#46; It was interpreted as a pulmonary toxicity and was replaced by tacrolimus&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Upon arrival to the Emergency Room she had a fever &#40;37&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; with diminished respiratory sounds and crackles in the middle of the left hemithorax&#46; The patient had never smoked&#44; had no close contact with animals and had not engaged in any potentially harmful professional&#44; recreational or domestic activities&#46; Blood test results showed hemoglobin 11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; leukocytes 5&#44;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> with lymphopenia &#40;650&#47;mm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#59; 13&#37;&#41;&#44; urea 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine 1&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL and C-reactive protein 1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Arterial blood gases evidenced hypoxemia &#40;pO2 49&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; and chest CT demonstrated multifocal pulmonary lesions with areas of ground-glass and small bilateral pleural effusion of left predominance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; The cultures in different biological samples &#40;blood&#44; sputum&#44; bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid&#41; for bacteria&#44; tuberculosis&#44; virus &#40;cytomegalovirus&#44; influenza&#44; parainfluenza&#44; herpes&#44; chickenpox&#44; syncytial&#44; HIV&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; aspergillus-galactomannan and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pneumocystis jirovecii</span> were all negatives&#46; Serology against Coxiella&#44; Legionella&#44; Chlamydia&#44; Toxoplasma and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was negative&#46; Macroscopically&#44; bronchofibroscopy was normal&#46; Bronchoalveolar lavage showed a lymphocyte predominance &#40;50&#37;&#41; with a CD4&#47;CD8 T-lymphocyte ratio of 4&#46;35&#46; There were relevant alterations in the smear findings&#46; The pleural fluid had biochemical exudate characteristics with 100&#37; mononuclear cells and an adenosine deaminase of 14 IU&#47;L&#46; Echocardiography ruled out endocarditis&#46; Neither pulmonary function tests nor any type of lung biopsy were performed due to the patient&#39;s clinical situation and the presumably limited collaboration&#46; During the first days of admission&#44; treatment with MMF and tacrolimus were maintained&#44; and different antibiotic cycles were performed &#40;levofloxacin&#44; ceftriaxone&#44; piperacillin&#47;tazobactam&#44; voriconazole&#44; amikacin and linezolid&#41;&#44; without improvement&#46; The fact that all cultures were negative and the lack of response obtained led to rejection of the hypothesis of an infectious cause in an immunocompromised patient and to considering the possibility of pulmonary toxicity&#46; Antibiotics and MMF were discontinued and tacrolimus was maintained&#46; Since then&#44; the clinical and radiological improvement was progressive&#44; with resolution of fever&#44; respiratory failure and radiological alterations&#44; including pleural effusion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Once clinical improvement was observed&#44; the oral corticosteroid dose of methylprednisolone was increased to 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#46; After nine months of follow-up&#44; the patient is asymptomatic&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MMF is used as a first or second immunosuppressant line in solid organ transplant protocols since it inhibits the purine biosynthesis of T and B lymphocytes through the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme&#44; limiting the proliferation of lymphocytes&#46; In this way&#44; there is a reduction in the generation of effector lymphocytes for T cell-mediated immunity and the production of antibodies&#46; Its profile of adverse effects is acceptable&#46; In all cases published to date&#44; the appearance of interstitial lung disease induced by MMF manifested in the short-medium term &#40;maximum 18 months&#41; after the introduction of the drug<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; However&#44; this is the first case described in which lung disease appears after the use of MMF in the long term &#40;9 years&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of interstitial lung disease with MMF is an unusual side effect of immunosuppression&#46; The main difficulty in establishing a link between any immunosuppressive agent and a lung disease is that it is a diagnosis of exclusion&#46; In this case&#44; the temporal relationship&#44; the clinical and CT characteristics of the thorax&#44; the negative cultures and the symptomatic and radiological improvement after the removal of MMF suggest interstitial lung disease induced by MMF&#44; although an atypical infection cannot be safely excluded&#46; Cryptogenetic organizing pneumonia and pulmonary eosinophilia were ruled out when presenting clinical-radiological improvement with a minimum dose of corticosteroids and eosinophils were not demonstrated in bronchoalveolar lavage&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; what can be learned from this case is that MMF is a drug that must be taken into account as a potential cause of interstitial lung disease&#46; Although rare&#44; this is a serious adverse effect&#46; Therefore&#44; in the presence of fever&#44; dyspnoea and diffuse pulmonary involvement in chest CT&#44; this possibility should be considered&#46; An empirical test of MMF suspension and observation of symptomatic improvement could be enough to identify the drug as the probable cause of the disease&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 25310437
Original language: English
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