was read the article
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"apellidos" => "Luhning" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Cienfuegos-Agustín" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.A." "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Ruiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Carlos Haya de Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital San Agustín de Avilés, Asturias, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Sanatorio Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Centro Médico IPAM, Rosario, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Neumóloga Instituto Médico Humana, Centro Asistencial de Consulta Externa, Córdoba, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad Especializada de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Men and women differ in their smoking behaviour: women smoke fewer cigarettes per day, their consumption is more related to sensory effects, mood and negative emotions, they start smoking later with a lower cumulative consumption and tend to use cigarettes with lower nicotine content, show lower dependency scores than men, become dependent earlier and have greater difficulty quitting smoking experiencing more severe nicotine withdrawal symtoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted an observational, multicenter study of consecutive patients who attended several smoking clinics to stop smoking between October 2014 and October 2015. We wanted to know if there were differences between men and women in terms of tobacco consumption. To investigate this we included qualitative variables (questionnaires to measure motivation to quit and nicotine dependence) and quantitative variables (age, tobacco consumption, number of years smoking, cumulative consumption, previous attempts to quit, number of attempts in the last year, and motivation to quit and nicotine dependence questionnaires). The statistical analysis was descriptive. A <0.05 value was considered as statistically significant. The study was authorized by the different ethics committees of the participating hospitals.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included 314 patients [162 women, (51.59%)]. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the average values of the quantitative variables and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> the percentage values of the qualitative variables. We found statistically significant differences between men and women in the amount of cigarettes consumption per day and in the “cumulative consumption of tobacco” variable. Men smoked on average 3.3 cigarettes/day more than women (95% CI: 0.9–5.6 cigarettes/day, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.006), and the cumulative consumption of men was higher than women by 7.8 pack-years (95% CI: 2.1–13.5 pack-years, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.007). We did not find any significant differences between sexes in the rest of the variables analyzed,</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find any differences between men and women in terms of the degree of nicotine dependence or motivation to stop smoking, which has already been written about by other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> We are aware that although our sample included 314 smokers, it may not have sufficient statistical strength to identify differences between sexes, which is a possible limitation of our study. Other possible limitations would be that the findings were collected from smokers, who voluntarily attended smoking cessation clinics, and the survey was carried out in different scenarios and geographical locations which might not reflect what would happen if the tests had been administered to the general population. Another limitation could be related to the use of questionnaires in patients because results obtained are not always accurate. This variability could lead to different results.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differences between men and women have been previously reported suggesting women are less likely to show nicotine dependence than men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The behaviour of woman who smoke is influenced to a greater extent by conditioning factors related to mood and negative emotions, while for men it is more related to pharmacological signals regulated by nicotine consumption. It is worth noting that women metabolize nicotine more quickly than men and have a higher prevalence to depression, which may be related to a greater addiction. In addition, women present a more severe and different withdrawal symptoms than men<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> which makes it more difficult for them to quit smoking. Although women make the same number of attempts to quit smoking as men, they are less likely to maintain abstinence. All of the above suggests that although women's dependence on tobacco is lower, there may be other factors that make quitting more difficult.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Komiyama et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in a study intended to examine the interactions of factors related to tobacco consumption, found that men smoked more cigarettes per day, with a greater cumulative consumption of tobacco and had a longer time of tobacco consumption than women, but they did not find differences between men and women regarding nicotine dependence assessed by the Fagerström Nicotine Questionnaire. Women did show a higher tendency to depression and only here was a high dependency value correlated with a greater depression scale, findings that could reflect existing differences in response to psychological stress.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gender differences have been demonstrated in terms of reinforcement and reward for nicotine, reflecting dissimilarities in dopaminergic neurotransmission regulation. It has been demonstrated that the availability as a binding potential of dopamine receptors (D2-type) is lower in the caudate nucleus and putamen of male smokers compared to non-smokers, however, this was not observed in women,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> who responded by releasing dopamine consistently in the ventral striatum and faster than men in the dorsal putamen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Okita et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> found gender differences in how dopamine receptors in the midbrain influence nicotine dependence, which may explain why women would benefit less from nicotine replacement therapy, because the release of dopamine would be limited by the high density in the middle brain of D2 dopamine receptors.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curry et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> evaluated a model of both intrinsic motivation (related to health, self-control) and extrinsic motivation (immediate reinforcement and social influence) to stop smoking, and found that motivation in woman was related to immediate reinforcement which could explain their greater difficulty in quitting, because according to this model those smokers with high levels of intrinsic motivation would have better chances of stopping smoking than those with greater extrinsic motivation. The consumption of tobacco in women express higher levels of negative expectancy smoking reinforcement,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> which indicates that reduction in negative emotions could constitute an important motivational factor that governs the consumption of tobacco in women, so treatment for women should focus more on cognitive-behavioural techniques oriented towards coping with negative emotions without smoking.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding individual sex differences in smoking behaviour and nicotine dependence could increase knowledge and help in the development of more effective treatment regimens.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The project was funded by an unrestricted grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">The Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery</span> 2013.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD: standard deviation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Global series mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Males mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Woman mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.3 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.8 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.9 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.227 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cigarettes per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.1 (10.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.8 (11.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.5 (9.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Number of years smoking \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.8 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.5 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.2 (10.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.314 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Packs-years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.0 (24.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.1 (26.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.3 (21.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Number of previous quit attempts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.7 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.7 (1.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.7 (1.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.897 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Number of previous quit attempts in the last year \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.2 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.2 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.272 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Richmond test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.9 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.9 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.8 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.706 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Henri Mondor Hospital motivacional test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.1 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.2 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.0 (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.589 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Khimji–Watts test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.4 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3 (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.836 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Motivation visual analogue scale \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.9 (2.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.0 (2.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.8 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fagerström test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.1 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.1 (2.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.1 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.986 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1972938.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>: degree of significance of the comparison of means between men and women.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-Student test or the Welch test for the comparison of mean values, or, if a normal distribution was not reached, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-Mann–Whitney test was used. The assumption of homogeneity of the variances was proven by the Levene test. An <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">α</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 value was considered as statistically significant.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean values of the quantitative variables for the global series and by sex, and comparison between men and women.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the boxes of the column “Global series” the absolute value is indicated and between () the percentage. In the columns “Males” and “Females” it is indicated in this order: absolute value; () indicates the percentage within the sex, that is, read the table by columns.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Global series AV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Males AV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Woman AV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fagerström test</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Low dependence (≤3)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Moderate dependence (4–7)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">124 (39.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58 (38.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66 (41–0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High dependence (>7)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">186 (59.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92 (60.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94 (58.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.897 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Richmond test</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Low motivation (≤4)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medium motivation (5–6)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 (16.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (13.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 (18.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High motivation (≥7)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">254 (81.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">127 (84.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">127 (78.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.431 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Henri Mondor Hospital motivacional test</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">It's the moment? (≤6)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Real opportunities but difficult to take into account (7–12)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">105 (36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 (37.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 (34.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enough possibilities (13–15)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">121 (41.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 (35.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71 (46.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Many possibilities (≥16)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 (20.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 (25.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 (15.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Khimji–Watts test</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weak motivationl (3–6)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (3.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medium motivation (7–11)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">178 (56.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86 (57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92 (56.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strong motivation (12–15)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">128 (40.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 (41.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65 (40.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.567 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1972937.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>: degree of significance of the comparison of means between men and women.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-Student test or the Welch test for the comparison of mean values, or, if a normal distribution was not reached, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-Mann–Whitney test was used. The assumption of homogeneity of the variances was proven by the Levene test. An <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">α</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 value was considered as statistically significant.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency distribution of qualitative variables for the global series and by sex, and comparison between men and women.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Women and smoking: risks, impacts, and challenges" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "E.M. 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 10 | 6 | 16 |
2024 October | 86 | 46 | 132 |
2024 September | 125 | 45 | 170 |
2024 August | 132 | 50 | 182 |
2024 July | 147 | 38 | 185 |
2024 June | 131 | 30 | 161 |
2024 May | 144 | 40 | 184 |
2024 April | 110 | 31 | 141 |
2024 March | 79 | 26 | 105 |
2024 February | 31 | 25 | 56 |
2024 January | 53 | 38 | 91 |
2023 December | 33 | 24 | 57 |
2023 November | 60 | 47 | 107 |
2023 October | 42 | 33 | 75 |
2023 September | 49 | 32 | 81 |
2023 August | 44 | 27 | 71 |
2023 July | 56 | 31 | 87 |
2023 June | 40 | 13 | 53 |
2023 May | 67 | 35 | 102 |
2023 April | 53 | 18 | 71 |
2023 March | 123 | 33 | 156 |
2023 February | 70 | 24 | 94 |
2023 January | 32 | 22 | 54 |
2022 December | 63 | 21 | 84 |
2022 November | 56 | 35 | 91 |
2022 October | 70 | 42 | 112 |
2022 September | 47 | 40 | 87 |
2022 August | 78 | 35 | 113 |
2022 July | 74 | 65 | 139 |
2022 June | 31 | 35 | 66 |
2022 May | 23 | 42 | 65 |
2022 April | 34 | 35 | 69 |
2022 March | 36 | 43 | 79 |
2022 February | 26 | 32 | 58 |
2022 January | 36 | 53 | 89 |
2021 December | 29 | 48 | 77 |
2021 November | 19 | 39 | 58 |
2021 October | 39 | 60 | 99 |
2021 September | 23 | 40 | 63 |
2021 August | 24 | 35 | 59 |
2021 July | 21 | 30 | 51 |
2021 June | 19 | 33 | 52 |
2021 May | 37 | 47 | 84 |
2021 April | 72 | 82 | 154 |
2021 March | 58 | 39 | 97 |
2021 February | 40 | 21 | 61 |
2021 January | 44 | 29 | 73 |
2020 December | 27 | 18 | 45 |
2020 November | 47 | 13 | 60 |
2020 October | 41 | 38 | 79 |
2020 September | 46 | 41 | 87 |
2020 August | 42 | 31 | 73 |
2020 July | 40 | 25 | 65 |
2020 June | 38 | 25 | 63 |
2020 May | 41 | 25 | 66 |
2020 April | 35 | 8 | 43 |
2020 March | 34 | 23 | 57 |
2020 February | 44 | 24 | 68 |
2020 January | 45 | 31 | 76 |
2019 December | 51 | 24 | 75 |
2019 November | 47 | 15 | 62 |
2019 October | 49 | 16 | 65 |
2019 September | 58 | 21 | 79 |
2019 August | 51 | 19 | 70 |
2019 July | 44 | 25 | 69 |
2019 June | 41 | 34 | 75 |
2019 May | 46 | 24 | 70 |
2019 April | 65 | 44 | 109 |
2019 March | 132 | 58 | 190 |
2019 February | 48 | 27 | 75 |
2019 January | 48 | 37 | 85 |
2018 December | 16 | 8 | 24 |