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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma affects the lives of several hundred million people around the World&#44; across all age groups and Portugal is not an exception&#44; with an asthma lifetime prevalence of 10&#46;5&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Patients&#44; their families and the society face high direct and indirect costs&#44; due to healthcare resources use&#44; loss of productivity&#44; absenteeism and presenteeism of patients&#46; Asthma strongly influences the wellbeing and quality of life of patients&#46; With no established curative treatment&#44; guidelines for asthma management have identified that the primary goal of management is to achieve asthma control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In asthma&#44; pharmacological treatments mainly consist of inhaled drugs&#44; which allow efficacy and significantly reduce systemic side effects&#44; being the most efficacious treatments&#46; However&#44; lack of adherence to treatment in asthma occurs in more than half of all medical prescriptions&#46; Furthermore&#44; reduced adherence to treatment frequently allies with an incorrect inhalation technique&#44; both considered major issues significantly impairing pharmacologic treatments effectiveness&#46; Therefore&#44; despite the efficacy of the available drugs&#44; a high percentage of asthmatics are uncontrolled and have frequent exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Difficulties in using inhalation methods are well-known problems that have been consistently maintained in recent decades&#44; with the occurrence of several errors that affect treatment results with the use of both dry powder inhalers &#40;DPIs&#41; and pressurized metered-dose inhalers &#40;pMDIs&#41;&#46; Results from the Critikal study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> analyses of the inhaler technique assessment initiative Helping Asthma in Real-life Patients &#40;iHARP&#41; database have helped to identify the prevalence of critical inhaler errors &#40;those that have a definite detrimental impact on the delivery of drug to the lungs&#41; with different devices in patients with asthma&#46; The most common critical errors included failure to coordinate device actuation and inhalation with pMDIs&#44; and lack of a forceful inhalation with DPIs&#59; overall&#44; 89&#37; of patients made at least one potentially critical handling error and 67&#37; made multiple potentially critical errors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breath-actuated inhalers &#40;BAIs&#41; represented an evolution in inhalers&#8217; design aiming to improve the management of asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> BAIs are aerosol devices&#44; like pMDIs&#44; but rather than being activated manually&#44; they automatically release a dose of drug when the patient inhales with a sufficient inhalation flow rate&#46; In the past&#44; BAIs had a major limitation when chlorofluorocarbon propellants &#40;CFCs&#41; were used and the speed of emission of the aerosol was so high that the impact of inhaled droplets in the upper airways was still very significant&#59; nowadays&#44; with hydrofluoroalkane propellants &#40;HFAs&#41;&#44; the speed of emission is considerably lower and the aerosol may be inhaled slowly being deposited more peripherally in the airways&#46; These new devices may offer several advantages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; and were developed to overcome the most commonly seen critical errors with other inhalers&#44; as follows&#58; there is no need to coordinate actuation and inhalation &#40;which is necessary for pMDIs&#41;&#59; as active devices&#44; BAIs emit a propelled aerosol and patients do not need to inhale forcibly to generate respirable particles &#40;which is required for DPIs&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BAIs are intended to simplify the inhaler technique&#44; leading to improved inhaler use by the patients and less health care professional &#40;HCP&#41; time spent training patients to use the devices correctly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Indeed&#44; several studies have shown that patients find BAIs easier to use and HCP find it easier to train patients in their correct use in relation to other devices&#46; The ease of use of BAIs may offer particular advantages in certain patient groups&#44; such as children&#44; the elderly or those with limited manual dexterity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> BAIs that are triggered by a low inspiratory force may offer additional advantage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An ergonomically designed breath-triggered inhaler &#40;BTI&#41;&#44; k-haler&#174;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> was recently available&#46; Its successful use involves only a few steps and&#44; as an &#8216;active&#8217; aerosol inhaler&#44; it automatically releases a dose of the drug in a respirable form when a patient inhales&#44; even at a low inspiratory flow &#40;the device is triggered at an inspiratory flow rate of approximately 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;min&#41;&#46; A high fine particle fraction and a plume that is less forceful than that of previous pMDIs can decrease drug impaction at the back of the throat and improve delivery to the lungs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> As such&#44; k-haler&#174; represents an added-value to improve asthma control by addressing current patients&#8217; needs and overcoming the most common lasting critical errors referred with other inhalers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The simplicity of use&#44; better inhaler handling and patient preference for BAIs are advantages that may translate into improved treatment compliance with the prescribed therapy&#44; leading to improved lung function and asthma control compared with other devices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> Several controlled studies comparing the efficacy of drugs at equivalent nominal doses administered with different devices had demonstrated equivalence in the main clinical outcomes &#40;mostly symptoms and exacerbations&#41; of asthma &#40;or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#41;&#44; but this may be justified by&#44; 1&#46; the large number of variables affecting the clinical response to inhaled drugs&#44; besides the inhalation technique and 2&#46; the gap between the patients in clinical trial conditions in referral centers with specific characteristics and close monitoring&#44; being aware that they are being evaluated&#44; and those patients in the real world&#44; where poor inhalation technique and low adherence to therapy are known to be more common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If correctly and effectively used&#44; inhalers are excellent&#44; safe and effective in controlling asthma&#44; as in other chronic respiratory diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Improving inhalers correct and effective use is therefore a global issue to overcome current known difficulties and to move forward into achieving higher rates of asthma control&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None to declare&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Advantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Disadvantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Portable and compact&#8226; Multi-dose device&#8226; High reproducibility in the amount of drug delivered&#8226; Closed canister&#44; so contents cannot be contaminated<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Benefits over conventional pMDIs</span>&#8211; No need to coordinate inhalation and actuationBenefits over DPIs&#8211; Releases drug at low inspiratory force&#44; so no need to inhale forcibly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Available for a limited range of drugs&#8226; Suspension formulations need to be shaken before each use&#8226; Important to prime before first use&#44; if not used for some time or if the inhaler has been exposed to cold temperatures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General design</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Minimal inhalation force is required to trigger the device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Ensures that a dose is released even if the patient has limited lung capacity and gives a &#8216;nice feel&#8217; upon actuation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Shape&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Retains the classic &#8216;pMDI&#8217; shape familiar to patients&#59; the size and shape of DPIs vary considerably&#44; which can lead to patient confusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Orange translucent cap and silver detailing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Helps patients to orientate the inhaler correctly and to identify the mouthpiece correctly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Small&#44; compact size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Easy to store and carry&#44; and fits nicely in the hand &#40;even small hands&#41;&#8226; Can be used discreetly and has a comfortable fit in the mouth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Closed system&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Prevents dirt and dust from accumulating in the inhaler that could clog the device and irritate patients&#8217; airways&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Usability</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Open&#8211;breathe&#8211;close operation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Few simplified steps are required to prime and operate the device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cap is connected to the device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; The cap cannot be lost and can be repositioned easily when priming&#47;closing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dose feedback</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Easy-to-read dose counter in font designed specifically by the UK Royal National Institute for the Blind&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Ensures that patients know how many doses are left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Audible &#8216;clicks&#8217; when dosing and when closing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Feedback that the device is primed and ready for use and also when the cap has been closed securely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Automatic release of dose when the mouthpiece cap is closed if a primed dose is not taken&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Alerts the patient that a dose has not been taken&#8226; Prevents double or multiple-dosing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Letter to the Editor
Strengths of breath-triggered inhalers in asthma management
M. Morais-Almeidaa,1,
Corresponding author
mmoraisalmeida@netcabo.pt

Corresponding author.
, H. Pitéb,c,1, J. Cardosod,e, R. Costaf,g, C. Robalo Cordeiroh,i, E. Silvaj,k, A. Todo-Boml,i, C. Vicentem,n, J. Agostinho Marqueso,p
a Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
b Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital and CUF Infante Santo Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
c CEDOC (Chronic Diseases Research Center), NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
d Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
e NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
f Family Medicine, Porto, Portugal
g Coordinator of GRESP (Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Respiratórias da APMGF), Portugal
h Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
i Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
j Family Medicine USF João Semana, Ovar, Aveiro, Portugal
k Coordinator of GRESP Inhalers and Technical Devices Working Group, Portugal
l Immunoallergology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
m Family Medicine UCSP Soure, Coimbra, Portugal
n Secretary of GRESP (Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Respiratórias da APMGF), Portugal
o Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
p Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma affects the lives of several hundred million people around the World&#44; across all age groups and Portugal is not an exception&#44; with an asthma lifetime prevalence of 10&#46;5&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Patients&#44; their families and the society face high direct and indirect costs&#44; due to healthcare resources use&#44; loss of productivity&#44; absenteeism and presenteeism of patients&#46; Asthma strongly influences the wellbeing and quality of life of patients&#46; With no established curative treatment&#44; guidelines for asthma management have identified that the primary goal of management is to achieve asthma control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In asthma&#44; pharmacological treatments mainly consist of inhaled drugs&#44; which allow efficacy and significantly reduce systemic side effects&#44; being the most efficacious treatments&#46; However&#44; lack of adherence to treatment in asthma occurs in more than half of all medical prescriptions&#46; Furthermore&#44; reduced adherence to treatment frequently allies with an incorrect inhalation technique&#44; both considered major issues significantly impairing pharmacologic treatments effectiveness&#46; Therefore&#44; despite the efficacy of the available drugs&#44; a high percentage of asthmatics are uncontrolled and have frequent exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Difficulties in using inhalation methods are well-known problems that have been consistently maintained in recent decades&#44; with the occurrence of several errors that affect treatment results with the use of both dry powder inhalers &#40;DPIs&#41; and pressurized metered-dose inhalers &#40;pMDIs&#41;&#46; Results from the Critikal study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> analyses of the inhaler technique assessment initiative Helping Asthma in Real-life Patients &#40;iHARP&#41; database have helped to identify the prevalence of critical inhaler errors &#40;those that have a definite detrimental impact on the delivery of drug to the lungs&#41; with different devices in patients with asthma&#46; The most common critical errors included failure to coordinate device actuation and inhalation with pMDIs&#44; and lack of a forceful inhalation with DPIs&#59; overall&#44; 89&#37; of patients made at least one potentially critical handling error and 67&#37; made multiple potentially critical errors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breath-actuated inhalers &#40;BAIs&#41; represented an evolution in inhalers&#8217; design aiming to improve the management of asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> BAIs are aerosol devices&#44; like pMDIs&#44; but rather than being activated manually&#44; they automatically release a dose of drug when the patient inhales with a sufficient inhalation flow rate&#46; In the past&#44; BAIs had a major limitation when chlorofluorocarbon propellants &#40;CFCs&#41; were used and the speed of emission of the aerosol was so high that the impact of inhaled droplets in the upper airways was still very significant&#59; nowadays&#44; with hydrofluoroalkane propellants &#40;HFAs&#41;&#44; the speed of emission is considerably lower and the aerosol may be inhaled slowly being deposited more peripherally in the airways&#46; These new devices may offer several advantages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; and were developed to overcome the most commonly seen critical errors with other inhalers&#44; as follows&#58; there is no need to coordinate actuation and inhalation &#40;which is necessary for pMDIs&#41;&#59; as active devices&#44; BAIs emit a propelled aerosol and patients do not need to inhale forcibly to generate respirable particles &#40;which is required for DPIs&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BAIs are intended to simplify the inhaler technique&#44; leading to improved inhaler use by the patients and less health care professional &#40;HCP&#41; time spent training patients to use the devices correctly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Indeed&#44; several studies have shown that patients find BAIs easier to use and HCP find it easier to train patients in their correct use in relation to other devices&#46; The ease of use of BAIs may offer particular advantages in certain patient groups&#44; such as children&#44; the elderly or those with limited manual dexterity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> BAIs that are triggered by a low inspiratory force may offer additional advantage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An ergonomically designed breath-triggered inhaler &#40;BTI&#41;&#44; k-haler&#174;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> was recently available&#46; Its successful use involves only a few steps and&#44; as an &#8216;active&#8217; aerosol inhaler&#44; it automatically releases a dose of the drug in a respirable form when a patient inhales&#44; even at a low inspiratory flow &#40;the device is triggered at an inspiratory flow rate of approximately 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;min&#41;&#46; A high fine particle fraction and a plume that is less forceful than that of previous pMDIs can decrease drug impaction at the back of the throat and improve delivery to the lungs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> As such&#44; k-haler&#174; represents an added-value to improve asthma control by addressing current patients&#8217; needs and overcoming the most common lasting critical errors referred with other inhalers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The simplicity of use&#44; better inhaler handling and patient preference for BAIs are advantages that may translate into improved treatment compliance with the prescribed therapy&#44; leading to improved lung function and asthma control compared with other devices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> Several controlled studies comparing the efficacy of drugs at equivalent nominal doses administered with different devices had demonstrated equivalence in the main clinical outcomes &#40;mostly symptoms and exacerbations&#41; of asthma &#40;or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#41;&#44; but this may be justified by&#44; 1&#46; the large number of variables affecting the clinical response to inhaled drugs&#44; besides the inhalation technique and 2&#46; the gap between the patients in clinical trial conditions in referral centers with specific characteristics and close monitoring&#44; being aware that they are being evaluated&#44; and those patients in the real world&#44; where poor inhalation technique and low adherence to therapy are known to be more common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If correctly and effectively used&#44; inhalers are excellent&#44; safe and effective in controlling asthma&#44; as in other chronic respiratory diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Improving inhalers correct and effective use is therefore a global issue to overcome current known difficulties and to move forward into achieving higher rates of asthma control&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None to declare&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Advantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Disadvantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Portable and compact&#8226; Multi-dose device&#8226; High reproducibility in the amount of drug delivered&#8226; Closed canister&#44; so contents cannot be contaminated<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Benefits over conventional pMDIs</span>&#8211; No need to coordinate inhalation and actuationBenefits over DPIs&#8211; Releases drug at low inspiratory force&#44; so no need to inhale forcibly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Available for a limited range of drugs&#8226; Suspension formulations need to be shaken before each use&#8226; Important to prime before first use&#44; if not used for some time or if the inhaler has been exposed to cold temperatures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General design</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Minimal inhalation force is required to trigger the device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Ensures that a dose is released even if the patient has limited lung capacity and gives a &#8216;nice feel&#8217; upon actuation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Shape&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Retains the classic &#8216;pMDI&#8217; shape familiar to patients&#59; the size and shape of DPIs vary considerably&#44; which can lead to patient confusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Orange translucent cap and silver detailing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Helps patients to orientate the inhaler correctly and to identify the mouthpiece correctly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Small&#44; compact size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Easy to store and carry&#44; and fits nicely in the hand &#40;even small hands&#41;&#8226; Can be used discreetly and has a comfortable fit in the mouth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Closed system&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Prevents dirt and dust from accumulating in the inhaler that could clog the device and irritate patients&#8217; airways&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Usability</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Open&#8211;breathe&#8211;close operation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Few simplified steps are required to prime and operate the device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cap is connected to the device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; The cap cannot be lost and can be repositioned easily when priming&#47;closing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dose feedback</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Easy-to-read dose counter in font designed specifically by the UK Royal National Institute for the Blind&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Ensures that patients know how many doses are left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Audible &#8216;clicks&#8217; when dosing and when closing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Feedback that the device is primed and ready for use and also when the cap has been closed securely&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Automatic release of dose when the mouthpiece cap is closed if a primed dose is not taken&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Alerts the patient that a dose has not been taken&#8226; Prevents double or multiple-dosing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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Article information
ISSN: 25310437
Original language: English
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