Journal Information
Vol. 6. Issue 4.
Pages 283-295 (July - August 2000)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 6. Issue 4.
Pages 283-295 (July - August 2000)
PONTO DAS SITUAÇÃO/STATE OF THE ART
Open Access
Lavagem broncoalveolar. O estado da arte*
Bronchoalveolar lavage. State of the art
Visits
5322
Carlos Robalo Cordeiro**
** Assistente Hospitalar Graduado de Pneumologia dos HUC Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
RESUMO

Após uma introdução histórica, com particular referência ao BAL Task Group da Sociedade Respiratória Europeia, abordam-se alguns aspectos de natureza técnica relacionados com a Lavagem Broncoalveolar (LBA), que são, aliás, objecto de analise em recentes relatórios internacionais do citado grupo.

Assim, para além de recomendaçõs sobre a necessidade de estandardização da técnica da LBA, do processamento e da manipulação das amostras assim obtidas, tecemse consideraçães, oeste cootexto, sobre a sua contaminação brônquica (referentes a estudos microbiológicos e ao a conselhamento na utilização de grandes volumes de líquido – 200 a 240ml), sobre a diluição do líquido de revestimento alveolar e sobre a influência da permeabilidade da membrana alveolocapilar (com ênfase nos respectivos marcadores internos e externos de diluição e no interesse em referenciar os doseamentos de produtos não celulares por ml de fluido recolhido e por concentração percentual relativa).

Descrevese, igualmente, o interesse clínico da LBA, quer no âmbito diagnóstico (patologia Infecciosa, neoplásica e em alguns quadros intersticiais), quer no esclarecimento da fisiopatologia, da actividade e da monitorização terapêutica de diversas doençãs. A este respeito apresentam-se também as perspectivas centradas nos estudos por Expectoração Induzida, como método complemeotar (eventualmente substitutivo em circunstâncias particulares) da LBA.

Após breve recordatória das principais complicações e dos imperativos éticos na realização da LBA, resumemse algumas das mais promissoras perspectivas desta técnica, referentes, não apenas às possibilidades de terapêutica génica substitutiva, como também a utilização da lavagem pulmonar total em patologia ocupacional e, ainda, aos estudos de distribuição medicamentosa no aparelho respiratório inferior.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2000; VI (4): 283-295

Palavras-chave:
Lavagem Broncoalvcolar
Broncofibroscopia
Patologia Pulmonar
BAL Task Group
ABSTRACT

After an historical introdution, with particular reference to the BAL Task Group or the European Respiratory Society, the author present some technical aspects related with the Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL), also subject or analysis in international reports or this group.

Therefore, beyond recommendations on standardization of BAL technique, handling and samples processing, some considerations are debated, in this context, about bronchial contamination (namely on microbiological studies and on the need to use a great liquid amount – 200 to 240ml), about dilution of epithelial lining fluid and about influence of lung permeability (with emphasis on internal and external markers of dilution and on the need to report non cellular results per ml fluid retrieved and In relative percentual concentration).

The clinical interest of BAL, not only in diagnosis of infeccious, neoplastic and some interstitial pictures, but also in pathophysiological, activity and therapeutical monitorization studies of several diseases, is discussed. In this context, the author present perspectives on Induced Sputum, as a complementary method to BAL.

After remembering the main complications and ethical aspects, recent perspectives are pointed out, namely on gene therapy, on whole lung lavage in occupational lung diseases and on studies of drug penetration in lower respiratory tract.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2000; VI (4): 283-295

Key-words:
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Bronchofibroscopy
Lung Diseases
BAL Task Group
Full text is only aviable in PDF
BIBLIOGRAFIA
[1.]
S. Ikeda.
Flexible Bronchofiberscope.
Ann Otol Rhinal Laryngol, 79 (1970), pp. 916-924
[2.]
R.J. Ramirez, R.F. Kieffer, W.C. Ball.
Bronchopulmonary lavage in man.
Ann Intern Med, 63 (1965), pp. 819-828
[3.]
J.A. Kylstra, D.C. Rausch, K.D. Hall.
Lung lavage in cystic fibrosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 103 (1971), pp. 651-662
[4.]
R.M. Rogers.
Bronchopulmonary lavage in bronchial asthma.
Chest, 63 (1973), pp. 62-64
[5.]
P.F. Salisbury, J.N. Briggs, N.D. Hamel.
Pulmonary lavage: the use of lung, in situ, as an artficial kidney.
Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs, 5 (1995), pp. 32
[6.]
R.I. Keimowitz.
Immunoglobulins in normal human tracheobronchial washings. A qualitalive and quantitative study.
J Lab Clin Med, 63 (1964), pp. 54-59
[7.]
T.N. Finley, E.W. Swenson, W.S. Curran.
Bronchopulmonary lavage in normal subjects and patients with obstructive lung disease.
Ann Intern Med, 66 (1967), pp. 651-658
[8.]
P.L. Masson, J.F. Heremans, J. Prignot.
Studies on the proteins of human bronchial secretions.
Biochem Biophys Acta, 111 (1965), pp. 466-478
[9.]
J.O. Harris, E.W. Swenson, W.S. Curran.
Bronchopulmonary lavage in normal subjects and patients with obstructive lung disease.
Ann Intern Med, 66 (1967), pp. 651-658
[10.]
H.J. Reynolds, H.H. Newball.
Analysis of proteins and respiratory cells obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage.
J Lab Clin Med, 84 (1974), pp. 559-573
[11.]
Cordelro A.J.A. Robalo.
Tabac et macrophage alvéolaire.
Broncho-Pneumologie, 5 (1980), pp. 394-403
[12.]
Cordeiro A.J.A. Robalo, M.F. Baganha, J.G.A. Carmo, E. Gaspar, M.A.M. Lima, M.A.S. Rosa.
Le lavage broncho-alvéolaire chez des mineurs d’uranium.
Rev Franc Malad Respir, 9 (1981), pp. 241-256
[14.]
Veolar Lavage Bonchoal.
Cytological and clinical applications,
[15.]
Atlas of Bronchoalveolar Lavage.
Ulrich Costabel, Chapman & Hall Medical, (1998),
[16.]
H. Klech, W. Pohl.
Technical recommendations and guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).
Eur Respir J, 2 (1989), pp. 561-585
[17.]
Clinical Guidelines and Indications for Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL).
Report of the European Society of Pneumology Task Group on BAL.
Eur Respir J, 3 (1990), pp. 937-974
[18.]
Clinical Guidelines and Indications for Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL).
H.KlechC.HutterU.Costabel. Eur Repir Rev, 2 (1992), pp. 47-127
[19.]
Guidelines for Measurement of Acellular Components and Recommendations for Standardization of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL).
Report of the European Respiratory Society Task Force.
P.L.HaslamR.P.Baughmann. Eur Respir Ver, 9 (1999), pp. 25-157
[20.]
C. Albera, Cordisiro C. Robalo, F. Crosa, P. Ghio.
New fields in the measurement of acellular components in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Eur Respir Ver, 9 (1999), pp. 145-157
[21.]
P.L. Haslam, R.P. Baughman.
Report of ERS Task Force: guidelines for measurement or acellular components. and standardization of BAL (Editorial).
Eur Respir Journ, 14 (1999), pp. 245-248
[22.]
MEASUREMENT, OF HUMAN AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. Walters H. et al Eds. in press.
[23.]
R.P. Baughman, S.I. Rennard.
Bronchoalvcolar lavage: general approaches to correct for variability of dilution and lung permeability.
Eur Respir Ver, 9 (1999), pp. 66,28-66,31
[24.]
C. Ward, R.M. Effros, E.H. Walters.
Assessment of epithelial lining fluid dilution during bronchoalveolar lavage.
Eur Respir Ver, 9 (1999), pp. 66,32-66,37
[25.]
R.P. Baughman, C.E. Conrado.
Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 219-223
[26.]
L.A. Ruiz, P. Gil, R. Zalacain, V. Cabriada, J. Barrón, A. García-Riego, J.L. Llorente.
Utilidad del Lavado Broncoalvcolar en cl Paciente Trasplantado Renal com Sospecha de Infección Respiratoria.
Arch. Bronconeumol., 34 (1998), pp. 388-393
[27.]
L. Bjermer, M. Rust, N. Heurlin, S. Rennard, H. Klech.
The clinical use of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with pulmonary infections.
Eur Respir Rev, 2 (1992), pp. 8,47-8,127
[28.]
M.F. Baganha, F. Abreu, J.R.G. Almeida, M.L. Teixeira, M.A.M. Lima, E. Gaspar, M.A.T. Marques, M. Macedo, A. Pego, A. Sousa, L. Chieira, I. Leite, M. Rosa, M.A.S. Ferreira, A.M. Teixeira, J.C. Morais, A.J.A. Robalo Cordeiro.
Aplicação de novas técnicas ao diagnóstico da asbestose pulmonar: análise quantitativa por microfiltração; tomodensitometria; estudo do pulmão profunda.
Via Pneumológica, 3 (1990), pp. 53-65
[29.]
Drent Marjolein, Mamf Van Nierop, F.A. Gerritsen, E.F.M. Wouters, P.G.H. Mulder.
A computer program using BALF-analysis results as a diagnostic tool in interstitial lung diseases.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 736-741
[30.]
I. Gartner Ngvl, L.A. Weymouth, C.D. Goodman, P.C. Hopewell, P.C. Hadley.
The use of mucolysed sputum for the identification of pulmonary pathogens associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Arch patol Lab Med, 5 (1989), pp. 488-493
[31.]
Cordeiro C. Robalo.
Fisiopatologia da inflamação neurogénica broncopulmonar - investigação humana e experimental, Tese, (1996),
[32.]
H. Zhang, Q. Li, R. Yao, N. Guo.
Experimental studies on the therapeutic effects of lung lavage with large volume of saline on silicosis.
Wei Sheng Yen Chiu, 2 (1997), pp. 77-79
[33.]
C. Arai, T. Suzuki.
Studies on penetration of Cefipime into respiratory tract using Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Sputum.
JP J Antibiot, 11 (1997), pp. 887-896
[34.]
R. Lopez, L. Pou, I. Andres, V. Monforte, A. Roman, C. Pascual.
Amphotericin B determination in respiratory secretions by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
J Chromatogr A, 812 (1998), pp. 135-139

Desenvolvimento de texto que serviu de base a Conferência proferida durante o XV Congresso de Pneumologia. Ofir. Novembro 1999

Copyright © 2000. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?