Journal Information
Vol. 13. Issue 4.
Pages 553-585 (July - August 2007)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 13. Issue 4.
Pages 553-585 (July - August 2007)
Full text access
Malignant thymomas – The experience of the Portuguese Oncological Institute, Porto, and literature review
Timomas malignos – A experiência do IPO do Porto e revisão da literatura
Visits
1586
Berta Sousa1, António Araújo2,
, Teresina Amaro3, Isabel Azevedo5, Marta Soares5, Olga Sousa4
1 Interna complementar de Oncologia Médica no IPOPFG-EPE / Medical Oncology Resident, IPOPFG-EPE
2 Assistente Hospitalar Graduado de Oncologia Médica no IPOPFG-EPE / Specialist Medical Oncology Consultant , IPOPFG-EPE
3 Assistente Hospitalar de Anatomia Patológica no IPOPFG-EPE / Anatomic Pathology Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
4 Assistente Hospitalar de Oncologia Médica no IPOPFG-EPE / Medical Oncology Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
5 Assistente Hospitalar de Radioterapia no IPOPFG-EPE / Radiotherapy Consultant, IPOPFG-EPE
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Introduction

Epithelial thymic tumours (ETT), which comprise the majority of thymomas, are neoplasias developed from the epithelial cells of the thymus and constitute around 30% of anterior mediastinal masses in adults. Thymomas consist of cells with no cytological characteristics of malignity; malignant behaviour is determined by invasion of the capsule and adjacent structures. These tumours present a broad spectrum of clinical and morphological characteristics and the small series of known patients makes establishing a standard treatment difficult.

Material and methods

A retrospective study was made into thymoma diagnosed patients admitted to the Portuguese Oncology Institute in Porto (IPOPorto) from 1983 to 2004. Clinical characteristics were analysed and a histological classification made in accordance with World Health Organization criteria, Masaoka staging, and their relation to treatment methods. A review of the clinical records of these patients was then made, as well as a review of histological material for classification in line with 1999 WHO criteria.

Results

Twenty-eight ETT patients were treated at the IPO-Porto between 1983 and 2004. Of these, 21 had invasive thymomas and these are the subject of this study. Eleven subjects were male and 10 female, with a median age of 55 years (24-79 years). The WHO histological classification was as follows: 2 patients (9.5%) type A, 6 (28.6%) type AB, 4 (19%) type B1, 2 (9.5%) type B2, 7 (33.4%) type B3. Masaoka staging was 9 patients (42.8%) with stage II, 6 (28.6%) with stage III and 6 (28.6%) with stage IVa. The majority of patients had local symptoms, with only one subject diagnosed with erythrocyte aplasia and five with Myasthenia Gravis (MG).

The 6 patients who were given complete surgical resection only showed no evidence of disease recurrence (2 type A-II, 2 type AB-II, 1 type B1-II, 1 type B2- IVa), with follow-up from 8-144 months. Ten patients with complete resection received adjuvant treatment; 6 radiotherapy (4 B3-II patients, 2 B3-III patients), 2 chemotherapy (AB-IVa) and 2 chemo and radiotherapy (B1-IVa, B2-III). Only the 2 patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy relapsed, at 168 and 46 months, dying at 168 and 49 months, respectively. The remaining patients who were given adjuvant treatment did not present signs of disease. Of the 5 subjects having incomplete resection followed by complementary treatment (2 AB-III patients, 2 B1-IVa patients, 1 B3-III patient), 3 died, at 11 months (B3-III), 12 months (B1-IVa) and 241 months (AB-III), the latter with MG.

Conclusions

Predictive factors of bad prognosis here were incomplete resection, advanced staging and B3 histological subtype, the smallness of this series notwithstanding. It is necessary to investigate the role of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment in a group of subjects with advanced disease of the B3 histological subtype.

Key-words:
Epithelial thymic tumours
thymomas
Myasthenia gravis
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
Resumo
Introdução

Os tumores epiteliais tímicos (TET), a maioria timomas, são neoplasias desenvolvidas a partir das células epiteliais do timo e constituem cerca de 30% das massas do mediastino anterior em adultos. Os timomas são constituídos por células sem características citológicas de malignidade, sendo o comportamento maligno determinado pela invasão da cápsula e estruturas adjacentes. Estes tumores apresentam um amplo espectro de características clínicas e morfológicas, e as pequenas séries de doentes conhecidas tornam difícil o estabelecimento de um tratamento standard.

Material e métodos

Efectuou-se um estudo retrospectivo dos doentes admitidos com diagnóstico de timoma no Instituto Português de Oncologia - Centro do Porto (IPO-Porto), de 1983 a 2004. Foram analisadas as suas características clínicas, classificação histológica segundo a OMS, o estadiamento de Masaoka, e a sua relação com as modalidades de tratamento. Procedeuse à revisão dos registos clínicos destes doentes e revisão do material histológico para a classificação segundo critérios da OMS de 1999.

Resultados

No IPO-Porto, entre 1983 e 2004, foram tratados 28 doentes com TET. Destes, 21 eram timomas invasivos, sendo estes o objecto deste estudo. Dos dados demográficos salienta-se que eram 11 homens, 10 mulheres, com uma idade mediana de 55 anos (24-79 anos). A classificação histológica da OMS foi a seguinte: 2 doentes (9,5%) Tipo A, 6 (28,6%) tipo AB, 4 (19%) tipo B1, 2 (9,5%) tipo B2, 7 (33,4%) tipo B3. O estadiamento segundo Masaoka foi 9 doentes (42,8%) com estádio II, 6 (28,6%) com estádio III e 6 (28,6%) com estádio IVa. A maioria dos doentes apresentava sintomas locais à apresentação, com apenas 1 doente com diagnóstico de aplasia eritrocitária e 5 com Mastenia gravis (MG).

Os 6 doentes submetidos apenas a ressecção cirúrgica completa não tiveram evidência de recorrência da doença (2 tipo A-II, 2 tipo AB-II, 1 tipo B1-II, 1 tipo B2-IVa), com follow-up variando entre 8 e 144 meses. 10 doentes com ressecção completa receberam tratamento adjuvante, 6 radioterapia (4 doentes B3-II, 2 doentes B3-III), 2 quimioterapia (AB-IVa) e 2 radioterapia e quimioterapia (B1-IVa, B2-III). Apenas os 2 doentes que efectuaram quimioterapia adjuvante recidivaram, aos 168 e 46 meses, e morreram aos 168 e 49 meses. Os restantes doentes que efectuaram tratamento adjuvante encontram-se sem evidência de doença. Dos 5 doentes com ressecção incompleta seguido de tratamento complementar (2 doentes AB-III, 2 B1- IVa, 1 B3-III), 3 morreram aos 11 meses (B3-III), aos 12 meses (B1-IVa) e aos 241 meses (AB-III), este último por MG.

Conclusões

Apesar de se tratar de uma pequena série, os factores preditivos de mau prognóstico foram a ressecção incompleta, estádio avançado e o subtipo histológico B3. É necessário investigar o papel do tratamento adjuvante e neoadjuvante no grupo de doentes com doença avançada e subtipo histológico B3.

Palavras-chave:
Tumores epiteliais tímicos
timomas
Miastenia gravis
quimioterapia
radioterapia
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliography/Bibliografia
[1.]
B. Mullen, J. Richardson.
Primary anterior mediastinal tumors in children and adults.
Ann Thorac Surg, 42 (1986), pp. 338-345
[2.]
J. Rosai, L. Sobin.
Histological typing of tumors of the thymus Em World Health Organization international histological classification of tumors.
2nd, NY: Springer-Verlag, (1999),
[3.]
K. Yagi, T. Hirata, T. Fukuse, et al.
Surgical treatment for invasive thymoma, especially when the superior vena cava is invaded.
Ann Thorac Surg, 61 (1996), pp. 521-524
[4.]
B. Johnson, T. Eng, G. Giaccone, C. Thomas.
Thymoma: Update for the new milleniun.
The Oncologist, 6 (2001), pp. 239
[5.]
N. Goldel, L. Boning, A. Fredrik, D. Holzel, R. Hartenstein, W. Wilmanns.
Chemotherapy of invasive thymoma. A retrospective study of 22 cases.
Cancer, 63 (1989), pp. 1493-1500
[6.]
W. Evans, D. Thompson, W. Simpson, R. Feld, et al.
Combination chemotherapy in invasive thymoma.
Cancer, 46 (1980), pp. 1523-1527
[7.]
P. Loehrer, K. Kim, C. Aisner, R. Livingstone, L. Einhorn, et al.
Cisplatin plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in metastatic or recurrent thymoma: final results of an intergroup trial.
J Clin Oncol, 12 (1994), pp. 1164
[8.]
P.J.S.R Loehrer, M. Chen, K.M. Kim, et al.
Cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide plus thoracic radiation therapy for limited-stage unresectable thymoma: an intergroup trial.
J Clin Oncol, 15 (1997), pp. 3093
[9.]
E. Kim, J. Putnam, R. Komaki, G. Walsh, J. Ro, H. Shin, M. Truong, et al.
Phase II study of a multidisciplinary approach with induction chemotherapy, followed by surgical ressection, radiation therapy, and consolidation chemotherapy for unresectable malignat thymoma: final report.
Lung Cancer, 44 (2004), pp. 369-379
[10.]
S. Bretti, A. Berruti, C. Loddo, P. Sperone, C. Casadio, et al.
Multimodal management of stages III-IVa malignat thymoma.
Lung Cancer, 44 (2004), pp. 69-77
[11.]
R.D. Davis, H.N. Oldham, D.C. Sabiston.
Primary cysts and neoplasm of the mediastinum: recent changes in clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, management, and results.
Ann Thorac Surg, 44 (1987), pp. 229
[12.]
K.S. Azarow, R.H. Pearl, R. Zurcher, F.H. Edwards, A.J. Cohen.
Primary mediastinal masses: a comparison of adult and pediatric populations.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 106 (1993), pp. 67
[13.]
C.R. Thomas Jr., C.D. Wright, P.J. Loeher Sr..
Thymoma: state of the art.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 2280
[14.]
I. Simpson, P.E. Campbell.
Mediastinal masses in childhood: a review from a pediatric pathologist's point of view.
Prog Pediatr Surg, 27 (1991), pp. 93
[15.]
E.A. Engels, R.M. Pfeifer.
Malignant thymoma in the United States: demographic patterns in incidence and associations with subsequent malignancies.
Int J Cancer, 105 (2003), pp. 546
[16.]
G.A. Patterson.
Thymomas.
Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 4 (1992), pp. 39
[17.]
J.E. Lewis, M.R. Wick, B.W. Scheithauer, P.E. Bernatz, W.F. Taylor.
Thymoma A clinicophatologic review.
Cancer, 60 (1987), pp. 2727-2743
[18.]
P.E. Bernatz, E.G. Harrison, O.T. Clagett.
Thymoma: a clinicopathologic study.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 42 (1961), pp. 424-444
[19.]
G. Maggi, G. Giaccone, M. Donadio, L. Ciuffreda, O. Dalesio, G. Leria, et al.
A review of 169 cases, with particular reference to results of surgical treatment.
Cancer, 58 (1968), pp. 765-776
[20.]
M.R. Wick.
Assessing the prognosis of thymomas.
Ann Thorac Surg, 50 (1990), pp. 521-522
[21.]
K. Wilkins, E. Sheikh, R. Green, M. Patel, S. George, et al.
Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in patients with thymoma.
Ann Surgery, 230 (1999), pp. 562-574
[22.]
M. Marino, H.K. Muller-Hermelink.
Thymoma and thymic carcinoma: relation of thymoma epithelial cells to the cortical and medullary differentiation of the thymus.
Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol, 407 (1985), pp. 119
[23.]
E. Pescarmona, E.A. Rendima, F. Venuta.
Analyis of prognostic factors and clinicopathologic staging of thymomas.
Ann Thorac Surg, 50 (1990), pp. 534-538
[24.]
L. Quintanilla- Martinez, E.W. Wilkins Jr., N. Choi, J. Efird, E. Hug, N.L. Harris.
Thymoma. Histologic subclassification is an independent prognostic factor.
Cancer, 74 (1994), pp. 606-617
[25.]
D. Lardinois, R. Rechsteiner.
Prognostic relevance of Masaoka and Muller- Hermelink classification in patients with thymic tumors.
Ann Thorac Surg, 69 (2000), pp. 1550-1555
[26.]
M.J. Kornstein, W.J. Curran Jr., A.T. Turrisi 3rd., J.J. Brooks.
Cortical versus medullary thymomas: a useful morphologic distinction?.
Hum Pathol, 19 (1988), pp. 1335-1339
[27.]
C.C. Pan, H.P. Wu, C.F. Yang, W.Y. Chen, H. Chiang.
The clinicopathologial correlation of epithelial subtyping in thmoma: a study of 112 consecutive cases.
Hum Pathol, 25 (1994), pp. 893-899
[28.]
G. Chen, A. Marx, C. Wen-Hu, et al.
New WHO histologic classification predicts prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors: A clinicopathologic study of 200 thymoma cases from China.
Cancer, 95 (2002), pp. 420-429
[29.]
M. Okumura, M. Ohta, S. Miyoshi, et al.
Oncological significance of WHO histological thymoma classification. A clinical study based on 286 patients.
Jpn Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 50 (2002), pp. 189-194
[30.]
M. Okumura, S. Miyoshi, et al.
Clinical and Functional Significance of WHO Classification on Human Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms. A study of 146 Consecutive Tumors.
Am J Surg Pathol, 25 (2001), pp. 103-110
[31.]
M. Okumura, M. Ohta, H. Tateyama, et al.
The World Health Organization Histologic Classification System Reflects the Oncologic Behavior of Thymoma. A clinical study of 273 patients.
Cancer, 94 (2002), pp. 624-632
[32.]
O. Reno, E. Papalia, G. Maggi, A. Oliaro, E. Ruffini, et al.
World Organization histologic classification: an independent prognostic factor in resected thymomas.
Lung Cancer, 50 (2005), pp. 59-66
[33.]
L. Chalabreysse, P. Roy, J. Cordier, R. Loire, J. Gamondes, et al.
Correlation of the WHO Schema for the classification of Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms With Prog- nosis. A retrospective Study of 90 Tumors.
Am J Surg Pathol, 26 (2002), pp. 1605-1611
[34.]
K. Nakagawa, H. Asamura, Y. Matsuno.
Thymoma: A clinicopathologic study based on the new World Health Organization classification.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 126 (2003), pp. 1134-1140
[35.]
A. Masaoka, Y. Monden, K. Nakahara, T. Tanioka.
Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages.
Cancer, 48 (1981), pp. 2485
[36.]
D. Blumberg, P. Jeffrey, B. Weksler, R. Delgado, J. Rosai, M. Bains, et al.
Thymoma: a multivariate analysis of factors predicting survival.
Ann Thorac Surg, 60 (1995), pp. 903-913
[37.]
K. Kondo, Y. Monden.
Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: A clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan.
Ann Thorac Surg, 76 (2003), pp. 878-885
[38.]
J.P. Gamondes, A. Balawi, T. Greenland, et al.
Seventeen years of surgical treatment of thymoma: Factors influencing survival.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 5 (1991), pp. 124-131
[39.]
D. Cowen, P. Richaud, F. Mortex, et al.
Thymoma: Results of a multicentric retrospective series of 149 non-metastatic irradiated patients and review of the literature.
Radiother Oncol, 34 (1995), pp. 9-16
[40.]
P. Strobel, A. Bauer, B. Puppe, T. Kraushaar, A. Krein, et al.
Tumor recurrence and Survival in Patients Treated for Thymomas and Thymic Squamous Cell carcinomas: A Retrospective Analysis.
J Clin Oncol, 22 (2004), pp. 1501-1509
[41.]
B. Sperling, J. Marschall, R. Kennedy, et al.
A review of the clinical pathological findings in 65 cases.
Can J Surg, 46 (2003), pp. 37-42
[42.]
B.P. Whooley, J.D. Urschel, J.G. Antkowiak, et al.
A 25- -year thymoma treatment review.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 19 (2000), pp. 3-5
[43.]
G. Maggi, C. Casadio, A. Cavallo, et al.
Thymoma: results of 241 operated cases.
Ann Thorac Surg, 51 (1991), pp. 152
[44.]
I.F. Ciernik, U. Meier, U.M. Lutolf.
Prognostic factors and outcome of incompletely resecte invasive thymoma following radiation therapy.
J Clin Oncol, 12 (1994), pp. 1484
[45.]
H. Liu, Y. Chen, C. Tzen, C. Huang, C. Chang, et al.
Debulking surgery for advanced thymoma.
European Journal Surgical Oncology, 32 (2006), pp. 1000-1005
[46.]
P.A. Kirschner.
Reoperation for thymoma: report of 23 cases.
Ann Thorac Surg, 49 (1990), pp. 550
[47.]
A. Urgesi, U. Monetti, G. Rossi, et al.
Agressive treatmentof intrathoracic recurrrences of thymoma.
Radiother Oncol, 2 (1992), pp. 221
[48.]
A. Pollack, R. Komaki, J.D. Cox, et al.
Thymoma: treatment and prognosis.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Ohys, 23 (1992), pp. 1037
[49.]
D. Blumberg, J. Port, B. Webster, et al.
Thymoma: a multivariate analysis of factors predicting survival.
Ann Thorac Surg, 60 (1995), pp. 908-914
[50.]
Robert D. Cameron, J. Patrick, S.R. Loehrer, R. Charles, J.R. Thomas.
Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology.
7th, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, (2005),
[51.]
K. Ogawa, T. Toita, Y. Kakinohana, et al.
Posoperative radiation therapy for completed resected invasive thymoma: prognostic value of pleural invasión for intrathoracic control.
J Clin Oncol, 29 (1999), pp. 474-478
[52.]
M. Myojin, N.C. Choi, C.D. Wright, et al.
Stage III thymoma: pattern of failure after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy and its implication for future study.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 46 (2000), pp. 927-933
[53.]
A. Arakawa, T. Yasunaga, Y. Saitoh, et al.
Radiation therapy of invasive thymoma.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 18 (1990), pp. 529-534
[54.]
A.P. Chachinian, S. Bhardwaj, R.J. Meyer, et al.
Treatment of invasive or metastatic thymoma.
Report of eleven cases. Cancer, 47 (1981), pp. 1752
[55.]
J. Bogart, R.H. Sagerman.
High-dose hemithorax irradiation in a patient with recurrent thymoma: a study of pulmonary and cardiac radiation tolerance.
Am J Clin Oncol, 22 (1999), pp. 441
[56.]
P. Bonomi, D. Finkelstein, S. Aisner, et al.
EST 2582 phase II trial of cisplatin in metastatic or recurrent thymoma.
Am J Clin Onco, 16 (1993), pp. 342-345
[57.]
P. Harper, M. Highly, E. Rankin, et al.
The treatment of malignant thymoma with single agent ifosfamide.
Br J Cancer, 63 (1991), pp. 7
[58.]
E.M. Tomiak, W.K. Evans.
The role of chemotherapy in invasive thymoma: a review of the literature and considerations for future clinical trials.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 15 (1993), pp. 113
[59.]
C. Kikove, J. Berghmans, H. Noel, J. Van de Merckt.
Dramatic response of recurrent invasive thymoma to high dose corticosteroids.
Clin Oncol, 4 (1992), pp. 64
[60.]
A. Fornasiero, O. Danilele, C. Ghiotto, et al.
Chemotherapy for invasive thymoma: a 13 year experience.
Cancer, 68 (1991), pp. 30
[61.]
G. Giaccone, A. Ardizzoni, A. Kirkpatrick, et al.
cisplatin and etoposide combination chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic thymoma: a phase II study of the European Organization for research and treatment of lung cancer cooperative group.
J Clin Oncol, 14 (1996), pp. 814-820
[62.]
H.S. Park, D.M. Shin, J.S. Lee, et al.
Thymoma: a retrospective study of 87 cases.
Cancer, 73 (1994), pp. 2491
[63.]
P. Loeher, M. Jiroutek, S. Aisner, et al.
Phase II trial of etoposide (V), ifosfamide (I), plus cisplatin (P) in patients with advanced thymoma (T) or thymic carcinoma (TC): preliminary results from a ECOG coordinated intergroup trial.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 17 (1998),
[64.]
M.G Campbell, R. Pollard, et al.
Complete response in metastatic malignat thymoma to cis-platinum, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide:a case report.
Cancer, 48 (1981), pp. 1315
[65.]
T. Umswasdi, D.F. Chiuten, P. Holoye, et al.
Cytoxan + adriamycin + cisplatin ± prednisone (CAP±prednisone) in treatment of malignant thymic tumors.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 4 (1985), pp. 149
[66.]
C. Dy, F. Calvo, J. Mindan, L. Aparicio, S. Algarra, et al.
Undifferentiated epithelial-rich invasive malignat thymoma: complete response to cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin theapy.
J Clin Oncol, 6 (1988), pp. 536-542
[67.]
F. Rea, F. Sartori, M. Loy, F. Calabro, A. Fornasiero, et al.
Chemotherapy and operation for invasive thymoma.
J Cardiovasc Surg, 106 (1993), pp. 543
[68.]
D. Shin, G. Walsh, R. Komaki, J. Putnam, J. Nesbitt, et al.
A multidisciplinary approach to therapy for unresectable malignat thymoma.
Ann Inter Med, 129 (1998), pp. 100-104
[69.]
H. Park, D. Shin, J. Lee, R. Komaki, A. Pollack, et al.
Thymoma a retrospective study of 87 cases.
Cancer, 73 (1994), pp. 2491-2498
[70.]
M. Highly, C. Underhill, F. Parnis, C. Karapetis, E. Rankin.
Treatment of invasive thymoma with single-agent ifosfamide.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 2737-2744
[71.]
L. Marco, M. Franca, D. Paolo, B. Fulvio, V. Andrea, et al.
Chemotherapy for Stage III and IVA Thymomas: A Single-Institution Experience with a Long Follow-up.
Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 1 (2006), pp. 308-313
[72.]
P. Loehrer, W. Wang, D. Johnson, D. Ettinger.
Octreotide alone or with Prednisone in patients with advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial.
J Clin Oncol, 22 (2004), pp. 293-299
[73.]
G. Palmieri, S. Lastoria, A. Colao, E. Vergara, P. Varrella, E. Biondi, et al.
Successful treatment of a patient with a thymoma and pure red cell aplasia with octreotide plus prednisone.
N Engl J Med, 336 (1997), pp. 263-265
[74.]
K. Lin, B. Nguyen, D. Ettinger, B. Chin.
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and somatostatin therapy in the evaluation and treatment of malignat thymoma.
Clin Nucl Med, 24 (1999), pp. 24-28
[75.]
Y. Iwasaki, S. Ohsugi, Y. Takemura, K. Nagata, H. Harada, et al.
Multidisciplinary Therapy Including High-Dose Chemotherapy Followed by Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Invasive Thymoma.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 2249-2252
[76.]
M.S. Gordon, L.A. Battiato, R. Gonin, B.C. Harrison-Mann, P.J. Loehrer.
A phase II trial of subcutaneously administered recombinant human interleukin-2 in patients with relapse/refractory thymoma.
J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol, 18 (1995), pp. 179-1284
[77.]
I. Schmidt- Wolf, H. Muller-Hermelink, D. Huhn.
Malignant thymoma: current status of classification and multimodality treatment.
Ann Hematol, 82 (2003), pp. 69-76
[78.]
D.B. Drachman.
Medical Progress: Myasthenia gravis.
N Engl J Med, 330 (1994), pp. 1797-1810
[79.]
M. Lopez-Cano, J. Ponseti-Bosch, E. Espin-Basany, J. Sanchez-Garcia, et al.
Clinical and Pathologic Predictors of Outcome in Tymoma-Associated Myasthenia gravis.
Ann Thorac Surg, 76 (2003), pp. 1643-1649
[80.]
M. De Perrot, J. Liu, V. Bril, K. McRae, et al.
Prognostic Significance of thymomas in Patients with Myasthenia gravis.
Ann Thorac Surg, 74 (2002), pp. 658-662
[81.]
V. Bril, J. Kojic, A. Dhanani.
The long term clinical outcome of Myasthenia gravis in patients with thymoma.
Neurology, 51 (1998), pp. 1198-1200

Trabalho realizado no Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, EPE, nos serviços de Oncologia Médica (Director: Dr. José Leal da Silva), e de Anatomia Patológica (Director: Dr. Rui Henrique). / Study undertaken at the Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO) Porto Francisco Gentil, EPE, Medical Oncology (Director: Dr. José Leal da Silva), and Anatomic Pathology (Director: Dr. Rui Henrique) Units.

Copyright © 2007. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?