array:23 [
  "pii" => "S2173511507703718"
  "issn" => "21735115"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5115(07)70371-8"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2007-11-01"
  "aid" => "70371"
  "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2007"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2007;13:763-74"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 3215
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 221
      "HTML" => 1925
      "PDF" => 1069
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S217351150770372X"
    "issn" => "21735115"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5115(07)70372-X"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2007-11-01"
    "aid" => "70372"
    "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Port Pneumol. 2007;13:775-87"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 3112
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 215
        "HTML" => 1782
        "PDF" => 1115
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Pulmonary embolism and difficult-to-treat asthma"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "pt"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "775"
          "paginaFinal" => "787"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "pt" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Tromboembolismo pulmonar e asma de difícil controlo"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "pt" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Catarina Teles Martins, Carlos Lopes, Alda Manique, Dolores Moniz, Renato Sotto-Mayor, A Bugalho de Almeida"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Catarina"
              "apellidos" => "Teles Martins"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "Lopes"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alda"
              "apellidos" => "Manique"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Dolores"
              "apellidos" => "Moniz"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Renato"
              "apellidos" => "Sotto-Mayor"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "A"
              "apellidos" => "Bugalho de Almeida"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217351150770372X?idApp=UINPBA00004E"
    "url" => "/21735115/0000001300000006/v1_201305151447/S217351150770372X/v1_201305151447/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "The importance of diffusing capacity as a complementary study to plethysmography in smokers"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "763"
        "paginaFinal" => "774"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "António Paes Cardoso, José Manuel Reis Ferreira, Álvaro Moreira da Silva"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "António"
            "apellidos" => "Paes Cardoso"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Manuel"
            "apellidos" => "Reis Ferreira"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "&#193;lvaro Moreira"
            "apellidos" => "da Silva"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Pneumologista e Professor auxiliar convidado da Cadeira de Fisiologia Humana &#8211; Universidade do Porto &#8211; ICBAS &#40;Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas de Abel Salazar&#41;&#46; Consultor de fisiopatologia respirat&#243;ria do Hospital Geral de Santo Ant&#243;nio &#47; Pulmonologist and guest professor&#44; Human Physiology &#8211; Porto University &#8211; ICBAS &#40;Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas de Abel Salazar&#41;&#46; Consultant in Respiratory Physiopathology&#44; Santo Ant&#243;nio Hospital"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Pneumologista e chefe de Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Hospital da For&#231;a A&#233;rea&#44; respons&#225;vel pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar&#46; Director Cl&#237;nico da Cl&#237;nica de Doentes Pulmonares&#44; Lisboa &#47; Pulmonologist and head of the Pulmonology unit of the Portuguese Air Force Hospital&#46; Head of the Pulmonary Function Laboratory&#46; Clinical Director of the Pulmonary Clinic&#44; Lisbon"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Chefe de Servi&#231;o do Servi&#231;o de Cuidados Intensivos do Hospital Geral de Santo Ant&#243;nio&#46; Assistente Convidado de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica II &#40;Pneumologia&#41;&#46; Respons&#225;vel pelo laborat&#243;rio de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar do Hospital Geral de Santo Ant&#243;nio&#47; Head of the ICU at Santo Ant&#243;nio Hospital&#46; Guest professor&#44; Medical Clinic II &#40;Pulmonology&#41;&#46; Head of the Pulmonary Function Laboratory&#44; Santo Ant&#243;nio Hospital"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "A import&#226;ncia do estudo da difus&#227;o alv&#233;olo-capilar&#44; como complemento da pletismografia&#44; na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional de fumadores"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2007-06-27"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2007-09-12"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key-words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec159296"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Alveolar-capillary transfer"
            1 => "single breath"
            2 => "plethysmography"
            3 => "smokers"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec159295"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Transfer&#234;ncia alv&#233;olo-capilar"
            1 => "single breath"
            2 => "pletismografia"
            3 => "fumadores"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study comprised 194 male and female heavy smokers or ex-smokers &#40;&#8805; 1 pack-year&#41; aged between 20 and 82&#44; whose symptoms varied&#46; Cases were only selected from patients with normal whole-body plethysmography&#46; Subjects with any significant pathology and occupational risk factors were excluded from the study&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Varying degrees of symptoms were found and a range of results from normal plethysmography examination&#44; with abnormal levels of alveolar-capillary transfer&#44; determined by the single-breath method to analyse CO &#40;TL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> and TL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>-VA&#41; coefficients&#46; Using the chi-square test for statistical analysis of the sample revealed a significant variation in sensitivity between both parameters &#40;p&#61;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Possible limitations of using the single-breath method&#44; of were reduced in this study &#40;ventilatory restriction withVital Capacity &#60;1&#46;5 litres&#41; by the routine plethysmography results seen&#46; Likewise&#44; the presence of alterations in ventilatory distribution was&#44; in principle&#44; minimised by the absence of TLCsb&#47;TLCplet values below 0&#46;85&#37;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Normal plethysmography results in heavy or ex-smokers are not enough to confirm normal respiratory function&#44; as a large percentage of cases present abnormalities in the alveolar-capillary transfer factor for CO&#46; Alveolar limitation was considered not only anatomically&#44; but also from a functional perspective&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram estudados 194 casos de fumadores e ex-fumadores &#40;&#8805; 1 UMA&#41;&#44; de ambos os sexos e idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 82 anos&#44; tendo sido exclu&#237;dos doentes detentores de patologias ou antecedentes profissionais de risco&#46; Apresentavam grau variado de sintomatologia e exame pletismogr&#225;fico normal&#44; mas com valores anormais do factor de transfer&#234;ncia alv&#233;olo-capilar&#44; determinados pelo m&#233;todo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">single breath</span> com CO &#40;TL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> SB e TL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>&#47;VA&#41;&#46; Dos 194 casos avaliados&#44; 136 &#40;70&#44;1&#37;&#41; tinham valores anormais de um ou dos dois par&#226;metros referidos&#46; No tratamento estat&#237;stico da amostra &#40;teste do qui-quadrado&#41;&#44; a diferen&#231;a da sensibilidade entre ambos os par&#226;metros foi significativa &#40;p&#61;0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; As eventuais limita&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o usado &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">single breath</span>&#41; foram&#44; no presente estudo&#44; minimizadas &#40;restri&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria com capacidade vital &#60; 1&#44;5 litros&#41;&#44; pela normalidade referida do exame pletismogr&#225;fico&#46; De igual modo&#44; a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es da distribui&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria foi&#44; em princ&#237;pio&#44; exclu&#237;da pela aus&#234;ncia de valores da rela&#231;&#227;o CPT-sb&#47;CPTplet inferiores a 0&#44;85&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A normalidade do exame pletismogr&#225;fico em grandes fumadores ou ex-fumadores n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para afirmar uma normalidade da fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria&#44; visto que grande percentagem de casos apresenta anormalidades do factor de transfer&#234;ncia alv&#233;olo-capilar pelo CO&#46; A limita&#231;&#227;o alveolar considerada foi&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; a anat&#243;mica&#44; mas&#44; igualmente&#44; a de car&#225;cter funcional&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliography&#47;Bibliografia"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ventilation inhomogeneity in &#945;1-antitrypsin-deficient emphysema"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Fregonese"
                            1 => "H&#46;P&#46;A&#46;A&#46; Van Veen"
                            2 => "P&#46;J&#46; Sterk"
                            3 => "J&#46; Stolk"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.06.00122505"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "European Respiratory Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "323"
                        "paginaFinal" => "329"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16571611"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predictors of longitudinal change in diffusing capacity over 8 years"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "D&#46;L&#46; Sherrill"
                            1 => "P&#46;L&#46; Enright"
                            2 => "W&#46;T&#46; Kaltenborn"
                            3 => "M&#46;D&#46; Lebowitz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9812072"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "160"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1883"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1887"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588601"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nonuniformity of diffusing capacity from small alveolar gas samples is increased in smokers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "D&#46;J&#46; Cotton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Canadian Respiratory Journal"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "101"
                        "paginaFinal" => "108"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9707452"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The determinants of pulmonary diffusing capacity in a national sample of U&#46;S&#46; adults"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "L&#46;M&#46; Neas"
                            1 => "J&#46; Schwartz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564114"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "153"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "656"
                        "paginaFinal" => "664"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8564114"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "CO diffusing capacity in a general population sample&#58; Relationships with cigarette smoking and airflow obstruction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:9 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Viegi"
                            1 => "P&#46; Paoletti"
                            2 => "L&#46; Carrozzi"
                            3 => "S&#46; Baldacci"
                            4 => "P&#46; Modena"
                            5 => "M&#46; Pedreschi"
                            6 => "F&#46; Di Pede"
                            7 => "U&#46; Mammini"
                            8 => "C&#46; Giuntini"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respiration"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "155"
                        "paginaFinal" => "161"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8210720"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Rizzi"
                            1 => "M&#46; Sergi"
                            2 => "A&#46; Andreoli"
                            3 => "M&#46; Pecis"
                            4 => "C&#46; Bruschi"
                            5 => "F&#46; Fanfulla"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "125"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1387"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1393"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078750"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of cigarette smoking on pulmonary diffusing capacity in asymptomatic smokers &#91;Utjecaj pusenja cigareta na difuzijski kapacitet plu&#230;a u asimptomatskih pusaca&#46;&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Popovi&#230;-Grle"
                            1 => "F&#46; Pavici&#230;"
                            2 => "V&#46; Bicani&#230;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lijecnicki Vjesnik"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "114"
                        "numero" => "5&#8211;8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "118"
                        "paginaFinal" => "121"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1343040"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pedersen OF e Wanger J&#46; Interpretative strategies for lung function tests&#46; S&#233;rie ATS&#47;ERS TASK FORCE&#58; STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:15 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Pellegrino"
                            1 => "G&#46; Viegi"
                            2 => "V&#46; Brusasco"
                            3 => "R&#46;O&#46; Crapo"
                            4 => "F&#46; Burgos"
                            5 => "R&#46; Casaburi"
                            6 => "A&#46; Coates"
                            7 => "C&#46;P&#46;M&#46; van der Grinten"
                            8 => "P&#46; Gustafsson"
                            9 => "J&#46; Hankinson"
                            10 => "R&#46; Jensen"
                            11 => "N&#46; MacIntyre"
                            12 => "R&#46; McKay"
                            13 => "M&#46;R&#46; Miller"
                            14 => "D&#46; Navajas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Da s&#233;rie Eur Respir J"
                        "paginaInicial" => "948"
                        "paginaFinal" => "968"
                        "serieFecha" => "2005"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung&#46; S&#233;rie ATS&#47;ERS TASK FORCE&#58; STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING&#46; Editada por V&#46; Brusasco&#44; R&#46; Crapo e G"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:19 [
                            0 => "N&#46; MacIntyre"
                            1 => "R&#46;O&#46; Crapo"
                            2 => "G&#46; Viegi"
                            3 => "D&#46;C&#46; Johnson"
                            4 => "C&#46;P&#46;M&#46; van der Grinten"
                            5 => "V&#46; Brusasco"
                            6 => "F&#46; Burgos"
                            7 => "R&#46; Casaburi"
                            8 => "A&#46; Coates"
                            9 => "P&#46; Enright"
                            10 => "P&#46; Gustafsson"
                            11 => "J&#46; Hankinson"
                            12 => "R&#46; Jensen"
                            13 => "R&#46; McKay"
                            14 => "M&#46;R&#46; Miller"
                            15 => "D&#46; Navajas"
                            16 => "O&#46;F&#46; Pedersen"
                            17 => "R&#46; Pellegrino"
                            18 => "J&#46; e Wanger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Viegi Numero 4 da s&#233;rie Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "720"
                        "paginaFinal" => "735"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The diffusion of gases through the lungs of man"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Krogh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Physiol &#40;Lond&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1914"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "271"
                        "paginaFinal" => "300"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transfer factor for carbon monoxide"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Horstman"
                            1 => "F&#46; Mertens"
                            2 => "H&#46; Stam"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir Mon"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "127"
                        "paginaFinal" => "145"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Standardization of the measurement of transfer factor &#40;diffusing capacity&#41;&#46; Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests&#44; European Community for Steel and Coal&#46; Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;E&#46; Cotes"
                            1 => "D&#46;J&#46; Chinn"
                            2 => "Quanjer PhH"
                            3 => "J&#46; Roca"
                            4 => "J&#46;C&#46; Yernault"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "41"
                        "paginaFinal" => "52"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Increased circulating levels of &#945;1-antitrypsin and calprotectin are associated with reduced gas diffusion in the lungs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Welle"
                            1 => "P&#46;S&#46; Bakke"
                            2 => "G&#46;E&#46; Eide"
                            3 => "M&#46;K&#46; Fagerhol"
                            4 => "E&#46; Omenaas"
                            5 => "A&#46; Gulsvik"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "European Respiratory Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1105"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1111"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11491151"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The influence of silicosis on deteriorating lung function in gold miners"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;L&#46; Cowie"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "113"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "340"
                        "paginaFinal" => "343"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9498949"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiological study of the lung function of workers at a factory manufacturing Polyvinylchloride"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;H&#46; Lloyd"
                            1 => "S&#46; Gauld"
                            2 => "L&#46; Copland"
                            3 => "C&#46;A&#46; Soutar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "British Journal of Industrial Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "328"
                        "paginaFinal" => "333"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6743579"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Decreased single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in cocaine freebase smokers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;D&#46; Weiss"
                            1 => "D&#46;S&#46; Tilles"
                            2 => "P&#46;D&#46; Goldenheim"
                            3 => "S&#46;M&#46; Mirin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Drug and Alcohol Dependence"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "271"
                        "paginaFinal" => "276"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3595450"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What is the meaning of an isolated reduction in single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide&#63; Results of record analysis and literature review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46;E Wright"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Sheller"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respiratory Care"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "333"
                        "paginaFinal" => "340"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Retrospective study of pulmonary function tests in patients presenting with isolated reduction in single-breath diffusion capacity&#58; Implications for the diagnosis of combined obstructive and restrictive lung disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "J&#46;F&#46; Aduen"
                            1 => "D&#46;A&#46; Zisman"
                            2 => "S&#46;I&#46; Mobin"
                            3 => "C&#46; Venegas"
                            4 => "F&#46; Alvarez"
                            5 => "M&#46; Biewend"
                            6 => "H&#46;I&#46; Jolles"
                            7 => "C&#46;A&#46; Keller"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4065/82.1.48"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mayo Clinic Proceedings"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "82"
                        "numero" => "1&#46;"
                        "paginaInicial" => "48"
                        "paginaFinal" => "54"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285785"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Total lung capacity&#58; Single breath methane dilution versus plethysmography in Normals"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "G&#46;R&#46; Pesola"
                            1 => "R&#46;T&#46; Magari"
                            2 => "S&#46; Dartey-Hayford"
                            3 => "V&#46; Coelho- -D&#8217;Costa"
                            4 => "V&#46;M&#46; Chinchilli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.01040.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respirology"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "291"
                        "paginaFinal" => "294"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17298466"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reference values for lung function tests III&#46; Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity &#40;transfer factor&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;A&#46; Neder"
                            1 => "S&#46; Andreoni"
                            2 => "C&#46; Peres"
                            3 => "L&#46;E&#46; Nery"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "729"
                        "paginaFinal" => "737"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412551"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide&#58; Effects of adjustment for inspired volume dead space&#44; carbon dioxide&#44; hemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Viegi"
                            1 => "S&#46; Baldi"
                            2 => "E&#46; Begliomini"
                            3 => "E&#46;M&#46; Ferdeghini"
                            4 => "F&#46; Pistelli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respiration"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "56"
                        "paginaFinal" => "62"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9523369"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of increasing carboxyhemoglobin on the single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "B&#46;L&#46; Graham"
                            1 => "J&#46;T&#46; Mink"
                            2 => "D&#46;J&#46; Cotton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.2108071"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "165"
                        "numero" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1504"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1510"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045124"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide in an asymptomatic population of never smokers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Gulsvik"
                            1 => "P&#46; Bakke"
                            2 => "S&#46; Humerfelt"
                            3 => "E&#46; Omenaas"
                            4 => "T&#46; Tosteson"
                            5 => "S&#46;T&#46; Weiss"
                            6 => "F&#46;E&#46; Speizer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "167"
                        "paginaFinal" => "173"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1519193"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Single Breath Carbon Monoxide Diffusion Capacity &#40;Transfer Factor&#41; Recommendation for a Standard Technique"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "ATS"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "152"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2815"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2898"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Improved Accuracy and Precision of Single Breath CO Diffusion Capacity Measurements"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "B&#46;L&#46; Graham"
                            1 => "J&#46;T&#46; Mink"
                            2 => "D&#46;J&#46; Cotton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1306"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1313"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7298468"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary diffusing capacity in normal smoking Chinese"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46;C&#46; Yang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of the Formosan Medical Association &#40;Taiwan yi zhi&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "92"
                        "numero" => "Supl 2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S61"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S68"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Influence of smoking habits on change in carbon monoxide transfer factor over 10 years in middle aged men"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Watson"
                            1 => "H&#46; Joyce"
                            2 => "L&#46; Hopper"
                            3 => "N&#46;B&#46; Pride"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "48"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "124"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493623"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary diffusion capacity measured at multiple intervals during a single exhalation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46;J&#46; Newth"
                            1 => "D&#46;J&#46; Cotton"
                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Nadel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1977"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "617"
                        "paginaFinal" => "625"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/908675"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of ventilation inhomogeneity on &#8220;intrabreath&#8221; measurements of diffusion capacity in normal subjects"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "D&#46;J&#46; Cotton"
                            1 => "M&#46;B&#46; Prabhu"
                            2 => "J&#46;T&#46; Mink"
                            3 => "D&#46;L&#46; Graham"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "paginaInicial" => "927"
                        "paginaFinal" => "932"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8226498"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib30"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Intrabreath diffusion capacity of the lung in healthy individuals at rest and during exercise"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Y&#46;C&#46;T&#46; Huang"
                            1 => "S&#46;R&#46; O&#8217;Brien"
                            2 => "N&#46;R&#46; MacIntyre"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "122"
                        "paginaInicial" => "177"
                        "paginaFinal" => "185"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114355"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib31"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Lung disease in reformed drug addicts&#58; diagnostic and physiologic correlations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Thomashow"
                            1 => "W&#46;R&#46; Summer"
                            2 => "J&#46; Soin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Johns Hopkins Medical Journal"
                        "fecha" => "1977"
                        "volumen" => "141"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/875258"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/21735115/0000001300000006/v1_201305151447/S2173511507703718/v1_201305151447/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "9552"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Original Article&#47;Artigo Original"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735115/0000001300000006/v1_201305151447/S2173511507703718/v1_201305151447/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://journalpulmonology.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173511507703718?idApp=UINPBA00004E"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 13. Issue 6.
Pages 763-774 (November - December 2007)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 13. Issue 6.
Pages 763-774 (November - December 2007)
Full text access
The importance of diffusing capacity as a complementary study to plethysmography in smokers
A importância do estudo da difusão alvéolo-capilar, como complemento da pletismografia, na avaliação funcional de fumadores
Visits
864
António Paes Cardoso1, José Manuel Reis Ferreira2, Álvaro Moreira da Silva3
1 Pneumologista e Professor auxiliar convidado da Cadeira de Fisiologia Humana – Universidade do Porto – ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar). Consultor de fisiopatologia respiratória do Hospital Geral de Santo António / Pulmonologist and guest professor, Human Physiology – Porto University – ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar). Consultant in Respiratory Physiopathology, Santo António Hospital
2 Pneumologista e chefe de Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital da Força Aérea, responsável pelo Laboratório de Função Pulmonar. Director Clínico da Clínica de Doentes Pulmonares, Lisboa / Pulmonologist and head of the Pulmonology unit of the Portuguese Air Force Hospital. Head of the Pulmonary Function Laboratory. Clinical Director of the Pulmonary Clinic, Lisbon
3 Chefe de Serviço do Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos do Hospital Geral de Santo António. Assistente Convidado de Clínica Médica II (Pneumologia). Responsável pelo laboratório de Função Pulmonar do Hospital Geral de Santo António/ Head of the ICU at Santo António Hospital. Guest professor, Medical Clinic II (Pulmonology). Head of the Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Santo António Hospital
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract

This study comprised 194 male and female heavy smokers or ex-smokers (≥ 1 pack-year) aged between 20 and 82, whose symptoms varied. Cases were only selected from patients with normal whole-body plethysmography. Subjects with any significant pathology and occupational risk factors were excluded from the study.

Varying degrees of symptoms were found and a range of results from normal plethysmography examination, with abnormal levels of alveolar-capillary transfer, determined by the single-breath method to analyse CO (TLCO and TLCO-VA) coefficients. Using the chi-square test for statistical analysis of the sample revealed a significant variation in sensitivity between both parameters (p=0.0001).

Possible limitations of using the single-breath method, of were reduced in this study (ventilatory restriction withVital Capacity <1.5 litres) by the routine plethysmography results seen. Likewise, the presence of alterations in ventilatory distribution was, in principle, minimised by the absence of TLCsb/TLCplet values below 0.85%

Conclusions

Normal plethysmography results in heavy or ex-smokers are not enough to confirm normal respiratory function, as a large percentage of cases present abnormalities in the alveolar-capillary transfer factor for CO. Alveolar limitation was considered not only anatomically, but also from a functional perspective.

Key-words:
Alveolar-capillary transfer
single breath
plethysmography
smokers
Resumo

Foram estudados 194 casos de fumadores e ex-fumadores (≥ 1 UMA), de ambos os sexos e idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 82 anos, tendo sido excluídos doentes detentores de patologias ou antecedentes profissionais de risco. Apresentavam grau variado de sintomatologia e exame pletismográfico normal, mas com valores anormais do factor de transferência alvéolo-capilar, determinados pelo método de single breath com CO (TLCO SB e TLCO/VA). Dos 194 casos avaliados, 136 (70,1%) tinham valores anormais de um ou dos dois parâmetros referidos. No tratamento estatístico da amostra (teste do qui-quadrado), a diferença da sensibilidade entre ambos os parâmetros foi significativa (p=0,0001). As eventuais limitações do método de avaliação usado (single breath) foram, no presente estudo, minimizadas (restrição ventilatória com capacidade vital < 1,5 litros), pela normalidade referida do exame pletismográfico. De igual modo, a presença de alterações da distribuição ventilatória foi, em princípio, excluída pela ausência de valores da relação CPT-sb/CPTplet inferiores a 0,85.

Conclusões

A normalidade do exame pletismográfico em grandes fumadores ou ex-fumadores não é suficiente para afirmar uma normalidade da função respiratória, visto que grande percentagem de casos apresenta anormalidades do factor de transferência alvéolo-capilar pelo CO. A limitação alveolar considerada foi, não só a anatómica, mas, igualmente, a de carácter funcional.

Palavras-chave:
Transferência alvéolo-capilar
single breath
pletismografia
fumadores
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliography/Bibliografia
[1.]
L. Fregonese, H.P.A.A. Van Veen, P.J. Sterk, J. Stolk.
Ventilation inhomogeneity in α1-antitrypsin-deficient emphysema.
European Respiratory Journal, 28 (2006), pp. 323-329
[2.]
D.L. Sherrill, P.L. Enright, W.T. Kaltenborn, M.D. Lebowitz.
Predictors of longitudinal change in diffusing capacity over 8 years.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 160 (1999), pp. 1883-1887
[3.]
D.J. Cotton.
Nonuniformity of diffusing capacity from small alveolar gas samples is increased in smokers.
Canadian Respiratory Journal, 5 (1998), pp. 101-108
[4.]
L.M. Neas, J. Schwartz.
The determinants of pulmonary diffusing capacity in a national sample of U.S. adults.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 153 (1996), pp. 656-664
[5.]
G. Viegi, P. Paoletti, L. Carrozzi, S. Baldacci, P. Modena, M. Pedreschi, F. Di Pede, U. Mammini, C. Giuntini.
CO diffusing capacity in a general population sample: Relationships with cigarette smoking and airflow obstruction.
Respiration, 60 (1993), pp. 155-161
[6.]
M. Rizzi, M. Sergi, A. Andreoli, M. Pecis, C. Bruschi, F. Fanfulla.
Environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents.
Chest, 125 (2004), pp. 1387-1393
[7.]
S. Popoviæ-Grle, F. Paviciæ, V. Bicaniæ.
The effect of cigarette smoking on pulmonary diffusing capacity in asymptomatic smokers [Utjecaj pusenja cigareta na difuzijski kapacitet pluæa u asimptomatskih pusaca.].
Lijecnicki Vjesnik, 114 (1992), pp. 118-121
[8.]
R. Pellegrino, G. Viegi, V. Brusasco, R.O. Crapo, F. Burgos, R. Casaburi, A. Coates, C.P.M. van der Grinten, P. Gustafsson, J. Hankinson, R. Jensen, N. MacIntyre, R. McKay, M.R. Miller, D. Navajas.
Pedersen OF e Wanger J. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Série ATS/ERS TASK FORCE: STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING.
Da série Eur Respir J, pp. 948-968
[9.]
N. MacIntyre, R.O. Crapo, G. Viegi, D.C. Johnson, C.P.M. van der Grinten, V. Brusasco, F. Burgos, R. Casaburi, A. Coates, P. Enright, P. Gustafsson, J. Hankinson, R. Jensen, R. McKay, M.R. Miller, D. Navajas, O.F. Pedersen, R. Pellegrino, J. e Wanger.
Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Série ATS/ERS TASK FORCE: STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING. Editada por V. Brusasco, R. Crapo e G.
Viegi Numero 4 da série Eur Respir J, 26 (2005), pp. 720-735
[10.]
M. Krogh.
The diffusion of gases through the lungs of man.
J Physiol (Lond), 49 (1914), pp. 271-300
[11.]
M. Horstman, F. Mertens, H. Stam.
Transfer factor for carbon monoxide.
Eur Respir Mon, 31 (2005), pp. 127-145
[12.]
J.E. Cotes, D.J. Chinn, Quanjer PhH, J. Roca, J.C. Yernault.
Standardization of the measurement of transfer factor (diffusing capacity). Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society.
Eur Respir J, 6 (1993), pp. 41-52
[13.]
I. Welle, P.S. Bakke, G.E. Eide, M.K. Fagerhol, E. Omenaas, A. Gulsvik.
Increased circulating levels of α1-antitrypsin and calprotectin are associated with reduced gas diffusion in the lungs.
European Respiratory Journal, 17 (2001), pp. 1105-1111
[14.]
R.L. Cowie.
The influence of silicosis on deteriorating lung function in gold miners.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 340-343
[15.]
M.H. Lloyd, S. Gauld, L. Copland, C.A. Soutar.
Epidemiological study of the lung function of workers at a factory manufacturing Polyvinylchloride.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 41 (1984), pp. 328-333
[16.]
R.D. Weiss, D.S. Tilles, P.D. Goldenheim, S.M. Mirin.
Decreased single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in cocaine freebase smokers.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 19 (1987), pp. 271-276
[17.]
P.E Wright, J.R. Sheller.
What is the meaning of an isolated reduction in single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide? Results of record analysis and literature review.
Respiratory Care, 33 (1988), pp. 333-340
[18.]
J.F. Aduen, D.A. Zisman, S.I. Mobin, C. Venegas, F. Alvarez, M. Biewend, H.I. Jolles, C.A. Keller.
Retrospective study of pulmonary function tests in patients presenting with isolated reduction in single-breath diffusion capacity: Implications for the diagnosis of combined obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82 (2007), pp. 48-54
[19.]
G.R. Pesola, R.T. Magari, S. Dartey-Hayford, V. Coelho- -D’Costa, V.M. Chinchilli.
Total lung capacity: Single breath methane dilution versus plethysmography in Normals.
Respirology, 12 (2007), pp. 291-294
[20.]
J.A. Neder, S. Andreoni, C. Peres, L.E. Nery.
Reference values for lung function tests III. Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (transfer factor).
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 32 (1999), pp. 729-737
[21.]
G. Viegi, S. Baldi, E. Begliomini, E.M. Ferdeghini, F. Pistelli.
Single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide: Effects of adjustment for inspired volume dead space, carbon dioxide, hemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin.
Respiration, 65 (1998), pp. 56-62
[22.]
B.L. Graham, J.T. Mink, D.J. Cotton.
Effects of increasing carboxyhemoglobin on the single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 165 (2002), pp. 1504-1510
[23.]
A. Gulsvik, P. Bakke, S. Humerfelt, E. Omenaas, T. Tosteson, S.T. Weiss, F.E. Speizer.
Single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide in an asymptomatic population of never smokers.
Thorax, 47 (1992), pp. 167-173
[24.]
ATS.
Single Breath Carbon Monoxide Diffusion Capacity (Transfer Factor) Recommendation for a Standard Technique.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 152 (1995), pp. 2815-2898
[25.]
B.L. Graham, J.T. Mink, D.J. Cotton.
Improved Accuracy and Precision of Single Breath CO Diffusion Capacity Measurements.
J Appl Physiol, 51 (1981), pp. 1306-1313
[26.]
S.C. Yang.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity in normal smoking Chinese.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association (Taiwan yi zhi), 92 (1993), pp. S61-S68
[27.]
A. Watson, H. Joyce, L. Hopper, N.B. Pride.
Influence of smoking habits on change in carbon monoxide transfer factor over 10 years in middle aged men.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 119-124
[28.]
C.J. Newth, D.J. Cotton, J.A. Nadel.
Pulmonary diffusion capacity measured at multiple intervals during a single exhalation.
J Appl Physiol, 43 (1977), pp. 617-625
[29.]
D.J. Cotton, M.B. Prabhu, J.T. Mink, D.L. Graham.
Effect of ventilation inhomogeneity on “intrabreath” measurements of diffusion capacity in normal subjects.
J Appl Physiol, 75 (1993), pp. 927-932
[30.]
Y.C.T. Huang, S.R. O’Brien, N.R. MacIntyre.
Intrabreath diffusion capacity of the lung in healthy individuals at rest and during exercise.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 177-185
[31.]
D. Thomashow, W.R. Summer, J. Soin.
Lung disease in reformed drug addicts: diagnostic and physiologic correlations.
Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 141 (1977), pp. 1-8
Copyright © 2007. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?