Journal Information
Vol. 28. Issue 3.
Pages 203-209 (May - June 2022)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
4960
Vol. 28. Issue 3.
Pages 203-209 (May - June 2022)
Original article
Open Access
Treatment interruption patterns and adverse events among patients on bedaquiline containing regimen under programmatic conditions in India
Visits
4960
Sekar Natarajana, Rupak Singlaa,
Corresponding author
drrupaksingla@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Neeta Singlab, Amitesh Guptaa, Jose A. Camineroc, Amartya Chakrabortya, Vikas Kumara
a Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi 110030, India
b Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi 110030, India
c University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Tables (4)
Table 1. Baseline patient demographic, disease features, resistance pattern and drugs used in OBR of 275 study subjects.
Table 2. Reason for interruptions in various episodes.
Table 3. Classification of adverse drug reactions as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.
Table 4. Type of Adverse event associated with temporary and permanent interruption episodes.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Background

The study aimed to analyze frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) and other reasons for interruption of treatment and loss to follow up (LTFU) during first six months of treatment among tuberculosis patients on bedaquiline containing regimens.

Methods

This pilot exploratory observational study included 275 patients enrolled consecutively over two years who received bedaquiline containing regimen under programmatic conditions in India.

Results

Among 275 patients with median age of 25 years, 86 (31.3%) patients had at least one interruption with 122 total episodes of interruption. Among these 70 were temporary, 35 were permanent interruptions and 17 were LTFU. The AEs due to drugs were the commonest reason for interruption observed in 81.4% of temporary interruption group and 97.1% of permanent interruption group. Among a total 192 adverse event episodes, (49.5%) were minor (grade 1–2) and (50.5%) were serious (grade 3–5). Personal factors were the commonest reason for interruption observed in LTFU (94.1%) group. The most common temporarily interrupted drug was bedaquiline in 8.7% and permanently stopped drug was linezolid in 5% of patients.

Conclusions

Our study observed that drug related AEs are important risk factors associated with treatment interruptions in bedaquiline containing regimens. Bedaquiline is the most common temporarily interrupted drug due to AEs.

Keywords:
Anti-tubercular therapy
Bedaquiline
Adverse events
Full Text
Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem worldwide. As per Global TB report 2019, globally 10 million people developed TB disease and about a quarter of those cases were reported from India in 2018.1 The proportion of cases who are infected with strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, called multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among new and previously treated cases in India, were 2.8% and 14% respectively.1

Adherence to the long course of TB treatment is a complex, dynamic phenomenon with a wide range of factors impacting on treatment taking behavior.2 However, an estimated 50% of patients on long term therapy for chronic diseases, including TB, are non-adherent.3 Non-compliance leading to treatment interruption due to any reason may affect the outcome adversely.4 Multiple number of drugs leading to adverse events (AEs) in drug resistance TB (DR-TB), patients’ personal factors, TB programme related factors and environmental factors may be responsible for the interruptions and loss to follow up (LTFU) during the treatment period.5

Bedaquiline, is a novel drug recently approved for the treatment of tuberculosis. The addition of bedaquiline to an optimized background regimen (OBR) results in faster and significantly more culture conversions leading to higher successful outcome.6 The information about interruptions and AEs, especially with newer drugs and drug combinations, in bedaquiline containing regimen is sparse.7–9

The study aimed to analyze the frequency and severity of AEs and other reasons for interruptions of treatment and loss to follow up (LTFU) during the first six months of treatment among TB patients on bedaquiline containing regimens under programmatic conditions in India.

MethodsSetting

This was a pilot exploratory observational study. All patients, who received bedaquiline containing regimen through conditional access under programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis (PMDT) at a tertiary center in northern India were enrolled prospectively, over a period of two years from October 2016 to October 2018.

Study population

The eligibility criteria for enrollment were adult patients with pulmonary DR-TB who required the addition of bedaquiline with/without other newer/repurposed drugs based on drug resistance pattern to construct an effective regimen as per recommendations of national programme for management of DR-TB.10

Ethical considerations

Ethical and research approval was obtained from Institutional Research and Ethical Committee (office letter no. NITRD/PGEC/2018/6624 letter no. NITRD/RC/2018/5742 respectively).

Definitions

In this study, missed doses of all drugs or part of regimen (one or more drugs) was considered as interruption. The interruption was further classified into:

  • 1

    Temporary – If drug/drugs were restarted after interruption; temporary interruption was further classified as short if the duration of interruption was ≤2 days, and as long if the duration of interruption was >2 days to 30 days.11

  • 2

    Permanent – If drug/drugs were not restarted after interruption

  • 3

    Lost to follow up – If all drugs were discontinued for more than one month.10

The AEs of any drug involved in the treatment regimen were collected. According to the World Health Organization active drug safety monitoring project, serious adverse events (SAEs) include death or a life-threatening event, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, persistent or significant disability, or congenital anomaly. SAEs included grade 3–5 AEs (grade 3: serious; grade 4: life threatening; grade 5: death). Minor AEs included those of grade 1 (mild) and grade 2 (moderate).7,12–14

Treatment regimen

Enrolled patients received a treatment regimen of bedaquiline with companion drugs which were individually constructed based on drug resistance pattern as per recommendations of PMDT for management of DR-TB.10 Bedaquiline was given at 400 mg daily for two weeks and then 200 mg thrice weekly for 22 weeks.

Patient management

After obtaining informed written consent, eligible patients’ case summaries including demographic details, body mass index (BMI), drug susceptibility test report of National Reference Laboratory {available for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, second-line injectable drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin), flouroquinolones both low and high dose, cycloserine, ethionamide, clofazimine, linezolid and p-amino salicylic acid}, radiological profile including presence of cavity and extent of involvement as per National Tuberculosis Association of USA15 were recorded. Relevant blood investigations including serum electrolytes, thyroid function tests, audiometry, and baseline QTc in resting ECG using Fridericia's formula (QTcF) were done at baseline. ECG was repeated every week in first two months followed by monthly for next four months. Patients were monitored during the first six months of treatment period according to recommendations of PMDT for management of DR-TB.10 A designated treatment supporter visited the patient within 24 h of interruption, documented the episode and cause of interruption, and addressed the reason of interruption. Where he/she was unable to convince the patient, medical officer visited the patient’s house. If still unsuccessful, help was requested of district tuberculosis officer (DTO) to convince the patient to continue with treatment. All these issues were documented in patient treatment card. The interruption episodes which occurred during the first six months of treatment were studied for the type of interruption, whether temporary or permanent, duration for which the drug/drugs were interrupted and reason for interruption. The individual drugs which were interrupted, and organ system predominantly affected were also studied.

Data management and analysis

Patient characteristics were summarized using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and median and interquartile ranges (IQRs) for continuous variables. Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between categorical variables. Student t-test was used to test difference between proportions and means between study populations. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) version 21.0. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 275 patients were enrolled. The demographic, radiological, microbiological characteristics, drugs used and number of drugs in the treatment regimen are summarized in Table 1. Among the 275 study subjects, 56.4% were males, median age was 25 (IQR, 21−36) years and median BMI was 18.73 kg/m2 [IQR, 15.5−20.16]. At treatment initiation, 63.6% had cavity in chest x-ray and 73.8% were Pre-XDR (MDR + Fluoroquinolone resistant – 70.2%; MDR + Injectable resistant – 3.6%). Patients having XDR TB {MDR-TB plus resistance to any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three second-line injectable drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin)} were 22.6%.

Table 1.

Baseline patient demographic, disease features, resistance pattern and drugs used in OBR of 275 study subjects.

Patient demographic, disease features, resistance pattern and drugs used in OBR  n (%) 
Age, years - median (range)  25 (21−36) years 
Male  155 (56.4%) 
BMI, kg/m2 - median (range)  18.73 [15.5−20.16] 
BMI - <18.5 kg/m2  122 (44.4%) 
Addiction habits  39 (14.2%) 
Diabetes mellitus  33 (12%) 
Hypertension  5 (1.8%) 
Alcoholic liver disease  3 (1.1%) 
Chronic renal disease  2 (0.7%) 
Hypothyroidism  2 (0.7%) 
Seizure disorder  2 (0.7%) 
HIV-positive  2 (0.7%) 
Other Comorbiditiesa  4 (1.5%) 
Contact with a DR-TB case  39 (14.2%) 
Previously treated with second-line drugs  163 (59.2%) 
Cavities on chest x-ray  175 (63.6%) 
Bilateral disease on chest x-ray  218 (79.3%) 
DST profilePre-XDR-TB resistant to injectablePre-XDR-TB resistant to FQsXDR-TB Poly drug resistant  10 (3.6%) 193 (70.2%) 62 (22.6%) 10 (3.6%) 
Drugs used in OBR Linezolid ClofazimineSecond Line Injectable Ethionamide Cycloserine Pyrazinamide Moxifloxacin -High doseP-amino salicylic acid Amoxicillin-clavulanate Delamanid Imipenem Ethambutol Isoniazid -High dose Moxifloxacin -Normal dose Levofloxacin  260 (94.5%) 242 (88%) 204 (74.2%) 186 (67.6%) 182 (66.2%) 132 (48%) 119 (43.2%) 70 (25.5%) 58 (21.1%) 47 (17.1%) 45 (16.4%) 21 (7.6%) 8 (2.9%) 8 (2.9%) 2 (0.7%) 
Number of drugs in the regimen 5 drugs 6 drugs 7 drugs 8 drugs 9 drugs  14 (5.1%) 80 (29.1%) 146 (53.1%) 31 (11.3%) 4 (1.4%) 

BMI – Body mass index; DR-TB- Drug resistant tuberculosis; DST – Drug sensitivity test; XDR – Extensive drug resistant; FQs- Fluoroquinolones; OBR -optimized background regimen.

a

Other Comorbidities = glaucoma – 2, hearing loss – 1, bronchial asthma – 1.

Type of interruptions

Among the 275 patients, interruption episodes occurred in 86 (31.3%) patients with 122 total episodes of interruption. Out of 86 patients, 21 (24.4%) patients had more than one interruption episode. Out of 275 patients, 17 (6.2%) patients were LTFU, 33 (12%) patients had permanent interruption and 50 (18.2%) had temporary interruption. Among the interruption episodes, 70 (57.4%) were temporary interruptions, out of which 56 (80%) episodes were long interruptions. Among 122 interruption episodes, 78.7% episodes occurred after two weeks of treatment period.

Reasons for interruptions

The various factors analyzed for reasons of interruptions were drug related AEs, personal, provider and environmental related factors and are summarized in Table 2. The AEs due to drugs was the commonest reason in temporary (81.4%) and permanent (97.1%) interruption groups whereas personal factors were the commonest reason in LTFU (94.1%) group. The service provider and environmental related factors were not associated with any interruption episode.

Table 2.

Reason for interruptions in various episodes.

Reasons  Any interruptionn (%)  Temporary interruption of any drug n (%)  Permanent interruption of ≥1 drug n (%)  LTFUn (%) 
Drug related AEs  92 (75.4%)  57 (81.4%)  34 (97.1%)  1 (5.9%) 
Personal factors  30 (24.6%)  13 (18.6%)  1 (2.9%)  16 (94.1%) 
  • a

    Busy schedule

 
1 (0.8%)  1 (5.9%) 
  • b

    Lack of family support

 
18 (14.8%)  13 (18.6%)  5 (29.4%) 
  • c

    Addictions

 
1 (0.8%)  1 (2.9%) 
  • d

    No improvement

 
10 (8.2%)  10 (58.8%) 
Total  122 (100%)  70 (100%)  35 (100%)  17 (100%) 

LTFU – lost to follow up; AEs - adverse events.

A total of 192 episodes of AEs occurred within first six months of treatment in 109 patients (Table 3). Out of these 192 episodes, 95 (49.5%) were classified as minor (grade 1–2) and 97 (50.5%) were classified as serious (grade 3–5). However, only 92 of these episodes of AE were associated with interruption. The type of AEs leading to temporary or permanent interruption episodes is shown in Table 4. The most common AEs in temporary and permanent interruption episodes were QTcF prolongation (45.7%) and nervous system (20.5%) related AEs, respectively.

Table 3.

Classification of adverse drug reactions as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.

Adverse events (%)  Grade  No. of episodes n (%) 
MinorI – Mild  30 (15.6%) 
II - Moderate  65 (33.9%) 
SeriousIII - Severe or medically significant  95 (49.5%) 
IV - Life-threatening consequences  2 (1.0%) 
V - Death related to AEs 
Total    192 
Table 4.

Type of Adverse event associated with temporary and permanent interruption episodes.

AE type  No. of episodes
  Temporary n (%)  Permanently stopped n (%) 
QTcF prolongation  32 (45.7)  7 (17.9) 
Electrolyte abnormalities  9 (12.9)  1 (2.6) 
Gastrointestinal problems  4 (5.7)  3 (7.7) 
Neurological problems  7(10)  8 (20.5) 
Skin problems  1 (2.6) 
Blood count abnormalities  8 (11.4)  7 (17.9) 
Ophthalmological  3 (4.3)  5 (12.8) 
Nephrotoxicity  1 (1.4)  3 (7.7) 
Hearing abnormalities  6 (8.6)  1 (2.6) 
Othersa  3 (7.7) 
Total  70 (100%)  39 (100%) 

AE – Adverse Event; QTcF - QTc in resting ECG using Fridericia's formula.

a

Drug allergy, bradycardia and hyperuricemia.

Drugs associated with interruption

Among the drugs associated with temporary and permanent interruptions, bedaquiline was the most common temporarily interrupted drug (8.7%), the mean duration of stoppage being 5.4 days. Linezolid was the most common permanently stopped drug (5%).

Effect of interruption on interim treatment outcome and mortality

After excluding 17 LTFU patients for interim outcome analysis, the interim successful outcome among non-interrupters and interrupters at the end of six months of treatment were 86.8% and 81.2% respectively. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.260). 33 (12%) patients expired within six months of treatment initiation and more than half (57.6%) of these expired within first three months. As per the assessment by causality assessment committee of the institute none of the deaths was found to be causality related to AEs due to drugs. Also 22 (66.7%) patients among those who died were culture converted before death.

Discussion

This is the first observational study on treatment interruption patterns and various reasons for interruptions during the first six months of treatment among DR-TB patients from a TB endemic country who received a bedaquiline containing regimen under the national TB programme. This study also analyzed the frequency and severity of AEs due to anti-TB drugs in this cohort of patients.

The study observed that among the 275 patients, around one third of patients had treatment interruption episodes, in more than half of these patients the interruptions were temporary, and three-quarters of the interruptions were due to drug related AEs. The commonest drugs associated with temporary and permanent interruption episodes were bedaquiline (8.7%) and linezolid (5%), respectively. A retrospective study done by E. Sanchez-Padilla et al.16 found drug related AEs (11.6%) and need for return to work (24.4%) as the main cause for interruptions.

Personal factors like busy schedule, lack of family support and no improvement with treatment were the major causes (94.1%) for interruption in LTFU group. More than half of the patients (59%) interrupted treatment due to no or slow response, as many of these patients had advanced disease at baseline. Every effort should be made to retrieve these patients at the earliest and restart the treatment in timely manner. It is important that patients be actively counselled by treatment supporter on each visit to continue with the treatment.

In our study, no interruptions were observed due to service delivery and environmental related factors, thus highlighting the relatively good performance of PMDT services in study area. However, in a study by I. Zão et al.17 healthcare system related factors were one of the reasons for delay in diagnosis and management of TB patients although less common than patient related factors.

In our study, QTc prolongation was more frequent than reported in bedaquiline-treated patients in previous studies,14,18–21 possibly because most patients (96.4%) received one or more additional QTc-prolonging drugs such as moxifloxacin (high dose) (43.2%), clofazimine (88%) or delamanid (17.1%). However, majority of the events were associated with dyselectrolytemia and once corrected, bedaquiline could be reintroduced in the majority of patients. Although bedaquiline was associated with temporary treatment interruptions in around 8.7% of patients, it required permanent discontinuation in only 2.9% of patients, indicating bedaquiline may have good safety profile. However, a retrospective study by Lorenzo Guglielmetti et al.22 found that bedaquiline was permanently discontinued in 6.7% patients due to QTc prolongation.

In our study, linezolid required permanent discontinuation in 5% patients out of total 260 patients who received linezolid in their regimen. These observations are similar to studies by N. Ahmad et al.,23 Z. Lan et al.24 and R. Singla et al.25 which found that linezolid was associated with SAEs more often compared to other drugs used in the treatment regimen. Anemia was the significant SAE responsible for permanent interruption of linezolid in our study, similar to findings in systematic review and meta-analysis done by G. Sotgiu et al.26 Therapeutic drug monitoring can be utilized to measure drug levels in patients receiving long term linezolid therapy.

There are concerns regarding the use of bedaquiline and delamanid together in patients having extensive level of drug resistance beyond XDR-TB because of increased propensity for cardiotoxicity. Delamanid was used as one of companion drugs in 17% of such patients in our study, but it required permanent discontinuation in only two patients. This indicates that the addition of delamanid to bedaquiline containing regimen may not lead to significant increase in SAEs. Efficacy of this combination could not be evaluated in this study.

In India as per PMDT guidelines, patients on bedaquiline containing regimen need to be more closely monitored during first two weeks of treatment.10 However, it was observed that almost 80% of interruptions were reported after second week of treatment initiation and these interruptions were mainly due to drug related AEs. Hence, all patients on bedaquiline containing regimen need intense monitoring by the treatment supporters during follow up even after two weeks of treatment. Directly observed treatment (DOT) improves adherence to TB treatment by identifying AEs earlier and manages them appropriately. In a systematic review and meta-analysis by Toczek et al.27 lower default rates for drug-resistant TB were seen with DOT.

Twelve percent of the patients expired within six months of treatment initiation which was very similar to the studies done by Sergey E. Borisov et al.28 (13.4%) and Kathryn Schnippel et al.29 (12.6%). The India TB report 2019, at national level, also shows a death rate of 14%.30 Mortality is higher in patients with advanced or disseminated forms of TB and as found by L. Meira et al31 in their study that 36% of patients who died in first six months of TB treatment had disseminated disease. Similarly, poor general condition and severe form of disease were the main cause for mortality rather than treatment failure in patients who died, thus indicating the good efficacy of these drugs.

The interim successful outcome was 80% at the end of six months of treatment. These results are far better than the previously reported successful outcomes among the severe forms of DRTB patients treated with conventional regimens in India.32 This may indicate that bedaquiline added to a background regimen can improve the rate of successful outcome among severe DRTB patients. The successful outcome was higher in patients among non-interrupters group, although it was not statistically significant.

The strengths of this study are that this is the first study analyzing various reasons of treatment interruptions in the first six months of treatment of bedaquiline containing regimens especially in high TB burden countries, like India, under programmatic conditions. Secondly the safely profile and QTc prolongation effect of bedaquiline given along with other QTc prolonging drugs in a large number of patients was also analyzed. This study also had significant number of patients on bedaquiline with delamanid combination, with or without other QTc prolonging drugs, and showed a reassuring safety profile when used together as part of a multi-drug regimen.

There were some limitations of this study. The patients in this study cohort represented most patients with severe disease with extensive drug resistance pattern. Extrapolation of results to other MDR-TB patients without extensive disease, and extensive resistance patterns may not be appropriate.

To conclude, the study observed that drug related AEs and personal factors are the most important risk factors associated with treatment interruptions. Hence, it is important to identify AEs earlier and manage them appropriately. Although, the treatment outcome among non-interrupters was better, it was not statistically significant. Hence, larger studies may be required to evaluate this.

Conflict of interest

None.

Author contribution

Rupak Singla and Sekar Natarajan conceived this study and supervised all aspects of its implementation. Neeta Singla and Jose A. Caminero collaborated in the inception of the study. Amartya Chakraborty carried out the analysis of the data. Amitesh Gupta and Vikas Kumar collected the data and collaborated in the analysis. All the authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and the proof reading of the manuscript.

Funding/ Grant

None.

References
[1]
World Health Organization, License: CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Available at: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/globalreport/en/, 2019. [Accessed 28 April 2020].
[2]
Sa Munro, Sa Lewin, Hj Smith, Me Engel, A. Fretheim, J. Volmink.
Patient adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review of qualitative research.
[3]
World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Available at: http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_report/en/. [Accessed 28 April 2020].
[4]
H.H. Tola, K. Holakouie-Naieni, M.A. Mansournia, M. Yaseri, E. Tesfaye, Z. Mahamed, et al.
Intermittent treatment interruption and its effect on multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment outcome in Ethiopia.
[5]
E. Pontali, G. Sotgiu, L. D’Ambrosio, R. Centis, G.B. Migliori.
Bedaquiline and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic and critical analysis of the evidence.
Eur Respir J., 47 (2016), pp. 394-402
[6]
A.H. Diacon, A. Pym, M.P. Grobusch, J.M. de los Rios, et al.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and culture conversion with bedaquiline.
N Engl J Med., 371 (2014), pp. 723-732
[7]
S. Borisov, E. Danila, A. Maryandyshev, M. Dalcolmo, S. Miliauskas, L. Kuksa, et al.
Surveillance of adverse events in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: first global report.
Eur Respir J., 54 (2019),
[8]
O. Akkerman, A. Aleksa, J.-W. Alffenaar, N.H. Al-Marzouqi, et al.
Surveillance of adverse events in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: A global feasibility study.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases., 83 (2019), pp. 72-76
[9]
J.A. Caminero, P. Lasserra, A. Piubello, R. Singla.
Adverse anti-tuberculosis drug events and their management.
Tuberculosis, pp. 205-227
[10]
Central TB Division. Guideline for PMDT in India 2017. Available at: https://tbcindia.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1≤vel=2⊂linkid=4780&lid=3306. [Accessed 28 April 2020].
[11]
M. Bastard, E. Sanchez-Padilla, C. Hewison, A. Hayrapetyan, S. Khurkhumal, F. Varaine, et al.
Effects of treatment interruption patterns on treatment success among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Armenia and Abkhazia.
J Infect Dis., 211 (2015), pp. 1607-1615
[12]
World Health Organization (WHO).
Active TB Drug-Safety Monitoring and Management (aDSM). WHO/HTM/ TB/2015.28.
WHO, (2015),
[13]
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCadverse event) Version 5.0, November 2017. Available at: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/CTCAE_v5_ Quick_Reference_8.5x11.pdf. [Accessed 09 June 2020].
[14]
Mbuagbaw L. Review of available evidence on the use of bedaquiline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Data analysis report. :42.
[15]
National Tuberculosis Association, National Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease Association.
Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis.
11th ed, (1961),
[16]
E. Sanchez-Padilla, C. Marquer, S. Kalon, S. Qayyum, A. Hayrapetyan, F. Varaine, et al.
Reasons for defaulting from drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in Armenia: a quantitative and qualitative study.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis., 18 (2014), pp. 160-167
[17]
I. Zão, A.I. Ribeiro, D. Apolinário, R. Duarte.
Why does it take so long? The reasons behind tuberculosis treatment delay in Portugal.
Pulmonology., 25 (2019), pp. 215-222
[18]
A. Maryandyshev, E. Pontali, S. Tiberi, O. Akkerman, S. Ganatra, T.D. Sadutshang, et al.
Bedaquiline and Delamanid Combination Treatment of 5 Patients with Pulmonary Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
Emerging Infect Dis., 23 (2017),
[19]
G. Ferlazzo, E. Mohr, C. Laxmeshwar, C. Hewison, J. Hughes, S. Jonckheere, et al.
Early safety and efficacy of the combination of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Armenia, India, and South Africa: a retrospective cohort study.
Lancet Infect Dis., 18 (2018), pp. 536-544
[20]
L. Guglielmetti, L. Barkane, D. Le Dû, D. Marigot-Outtandy, J. Robert, et al.
Safety and efficacy of exposure to bedaquiline-delamanid in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a case series from France and Latvia.
Eur Respir J., 51 (2018),
[21]
M. Lachâtre, C. Rioux, D. Le Dû, M. Fréchet-Jachym, N. Veziris, et al.
Bedaquiline plus delamanid for XDR tuberculosis.
Lancet Infect Dis., 16 (2016), pp. 294
[22]
L. Guglielmetti, M. Jaspard, D. Le Dû, M. Lachâtre, D. Marigot-Outtandy, et al.
Long-term outcome and safety of prolonged bedaquiline treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Eur Respir J., 49 (2017),
[23]
N. Ahmad, Sd Ahuja, Ow Akkerman, J.-W.C. Alffenaar, Lf Anderson, P. Baghaei, et al.
Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
[24]
Z. Lan, N. Ahmad, P. Baghaei, L. Barkane, A. Benedetti, Sk Brode, et al.
Drug-associated adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
Lancet Respir Med., 8 (2020), pp. 383-394
[25]
R. Singla, J.A. Caminero, A. Jaiswal, N. Singla, S. Gupta, R.K. Bali, et al.
Linezolid: an effective, safe and cheap drug for patients failing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in India.
Eur Respir J., 39 (2012), pp. 956-962
[26]
G. Sotgiu, R. Centis, L. D’Ambrosio, J.-W.C. Alffenaar, H.A. Anger, J.A. Caminero, et al.
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Eur Respir J., 40 (2012), pp. 1430-1442
[27]
H. Zhang, J. Ehiri, H. Yang, S. Tang, Y. Li.
Impact of Community-Based DOT on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
[28]
S.E. Borisov, K. Dheda, M. Enwerem, R. Romero Leyet, L. D’Ambrosio, et al.
Effectiveness and safety of bedaquiline-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB: a multicentre study.
Eur Respir J., 49 (2017),
[29]
K. Schnippel, N. Ndjeka, G. Maartens, G. Meintjes, I. Master, N. Ismail, et al.
Effect of bedaquiline on mortality in South African patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study.
Lancet Respir Med., 6 (2018), pp. 699-706
[30]
Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi. India TB Report 2019. Revised National TB Control Programme. Annual Status Report. Available at: https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf. [Accessed 28 April 2020].
[31]
L. Meira, C. Chaves, D. Araújo, L. Almeida, R. Boaventura, A. Ramos, et al.
Predictors and outcomes of disseminated tuberculosis in an intermediate burden setting.
Pulmonology., 25 (2019), pp. 320-327
[32]
M.M. Parmar, K.S. Sachdeva, P.K. Dewan, K. Rade, S.A. Nair, R. Pant, et al.
Unacceptable treatment outcomes and associated factors among India’s initial cohorts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients under the revised national TB control programme (2007-2011): Evidence leading to policy enhancement.
Copyright © 2020. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?