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Vol. 17. Issue 1.
Pages 20-26 (January - February 2011)
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Vol. 17. Issue 1.
Pages 20-26 (January - February 2011)
Open Access
Exposição ao fumo do tabaco (EFT) e morbilidade respiratória em crianças em idade escolar
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and respiratory morbidity in school age children
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6706
C. Constanta,
Corresponding author
carolinaconstant@sapo.pt

Autor para correspondência.
, I. Sampaioa, F. Negreirob, P. Aguiarb, A.M. Silvac, M. Salgueiroc, T. Bandeirac
a Serviço de Pediatria, Departamento da Criança e da Família, Clínica Universitária de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
b Departamento de Bioestatística, Eurotrials - Consultores Científicos, S.A., Lisboa, Portugal
c Serviço de Pediatria, Núcleo de Estudos da Função Respiratória, Sono e Ventilação do Departamento da Criança e da Família, Clínica Universitária de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
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Resumo
Introdução

A exposição ao fumo do tabaco (EFT) é factor de risco para Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica e um problema major de saúde pública. A EFT pré e/ou pós-natal determina redução precoce da função pulmonar e aumento da morbilidade respiratória, dependente da dose. Tem sido sugerido que a EFT domiciliária é influenciada por factores socioeconómicos.

Métodos

Estudo de rastreio epidemiológico transversal de dados de 313 crianças (52% rapazes) de 4 Escolas Básicas de Lisboa [1.° ano (54%) e 4.° ano]. A EFT e sintomatologia respiratória foram avaliadas a partir de questionário auto-preenchido pelos pais. Todas as crianças efectuaram espirometria na escola e 54% foram consideradas aceitáveis de acordo com critérios ATS/ERS. Efectuou-se análise descritiva e bivariada das variáveis com maior interesse e análise de regressão logística múltipla ajustada para as variáveis com significado clínico/estatístico.

Resultados

Em 41% dos casos a criança convivia com fumadores no domicílio (EFT na gravidez 18%, mãe fumadora 32%, pai fumador 38%). Os pais fumadores tinham escolaridade inferior e ocupações menos qualificadas. Tosse foi mais frequente nas crianças com mãe fumadora (OR ajustado = 2,1 95%CI 1,1–4,0) e sibilância nas crianças com EFT na gravidez e com mãe/pai fumadores. Todas as diferenças foram significativas (p< 0,05). Não se encontrou associação entre educação parental e sintomatologia respiratória ou ETF e infecções respiratórias/asma/diminuição de valores espirométricos.

Conclusão

A EFT é frequente em crianças em idade escolar em Lisboa e condiciona morbilidade respiratória significativa. Intervenções dirigidas devem ter em conta condições sociais. Neste estudo a espirometria de campo foi pouco útil na detecção precoce de diminuição da função pulmonar em crianças associada à EFT.

Palavras-chave:
Exposição ao fumo do tabaco (EFT)
Questionário
Sibilância
Função respiratória
Crianças
Abstract
Introduction

Tobacco smoke is a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and a major public health problem. Prenatal maternal smoking and post-natal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) lead to dose-dependent decrease in lung function and respiratory morbidity. Influence of different socioeconomic indicators and ETS in the home has also been suggested.

Methods

Data on 313 children (52% male) from 4 public schools in Lisbon was analyzed [1st (46%) and 4th graders]. ETS assessment and respiratory symptoms were based on a self-answered questionnaire. All children performed standard spirometry in the school setting and 54% were acceptable according to ATS/ERS criteria. Descriptive and bivariate analysis of the most relevant variables was done, followed by multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted to the variables with clinical/statistical relevance.

Results

ETS in the home was found in 41% (maternal smoking during pregnancy 18%, smoking mother 32%, smoking father 38%). Smoking fathers had lower education and less qualified occupation. Cough was more frequent in children with a smoking mother (adjusted OR = 2.1 95CI 1.1–4.0) and wheezing in children with maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking parents. All differences were significant (p<0.05). No association was found between parental education and cough/wheeze or ETS and respiratory infections/asthma/decreased spirometric values.

Conclusions

Children in Lisbon are frequently exposed to ETS which results in significant respiratory morbidity. Targeted interventions must have social conditions in consideration. In this study, field spirometry was not helpful in early detection of lung function disability in children associated with ETS.

Keywords:
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Questionnaire
Wheezing
Pulmonary function testing
Children
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