Journal Information
Vol. 17. Issue 1.
Pages 20-26 (January - February 2011)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 17. Issue 1.
Pages 20-26 (January - February 2011)
Open Access
Exposição ao fumo do tabaco (EFT) e morbilidade respiratória em crianças em idade escolar
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and respiratory morbidity in school age children
Visits
6775
C. Constanta,
Corresponding author
carolinaconstant@sapo.pt

Autor para correspondência.
, I. Sampaioa, F. Negreirob, P. Aguiarb, A.M. Silvac, M. Salgueiroc, T. Bandeirac
a Serviço de Pediatria, Departamento da Criança e da Família, Clínica Universitária de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
b Departamento de Bioestatística, Eurotrials - Consultores Científicos, S.A., Lisboa, Portugal
c Serviço de Pediatria, Núcleo de Estudos da Função Respiratória, Sono e Ventilação do Departamento da Criança e da Família, Clínica Universitária de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Resumo
Introdução

A exposição ao fumo do tabaco (EFT) é factor de risco para Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica e um problema major de saúde pública. A EFT pré e/ou pós-natal determina redução precoce da função pulmonar e aumento da morbilidade respiratória, dependente da dose. Tem sido sugerido que a EFT domiciliária é influenciada por factores socioeconómicos.

Métodos

Estudo de rastreio epidemiológico transversal de dados de 313 crianças (52% rapazes) de 4 Escolas Básicas de Lisboa [1.° ano (54%) e 4.° ano]. A EFT e sintomatologia respiratória foram avaliadas a partir de questionário auto-preenchido pelos pais. Todas as crianças efectuaram espirometria na escola e 54% foram consideradas aceitáveis de acordo com critérios ATS/ERS. Efectuou-se análise descritiva e bivariada das variáveis com maior interesse e análise de regressão logística múltipla ajustada para as variáveis com significado clínico/estatístico.

Resultados

Em 41% dos casos a criança convivia com fumadores no domicílio (EFT na gravidez 18%, mãe fumadora 32%, pai fumador 38%). Os pais fumadores tinham escolaridade inferior e ocupações menos qualificadas. Tosse foi mais frequente nas crianças com mãe fumadora (OR ajustado = 2,1 95%CI 1,1–4,0) e sibilância nas crianças com EFT na gravidez e com mãe/pai fumadores. Todas as diferenças foram significativas (p< 0,05). Não se encontrou associação entre educação parental e sintomatologia respiratória ou ETF e infecções respiratórias/asma/diminuição de valores espirométricos.

Conclusão

A EFT é frequente em crianças em idade escolar em Lisboa e condiciona morbilidade respiratória significativa. Intervenções dirigidas devem ter em conta condições sociais. Neste estudo a espirometria de campo foi pouco útil na detecção precoce de diminuição da função pulmonar em crianças associada à EFT.

Palavras-chave:
Exposição ao fumo do tabaco (EFT)
Questionário
Sibilância
Função respiratória
Crianças
Abstract
Introduction

Tobacco smoke is a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and a major public health problem. Prenatal maternal smoking and post-natal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) lead to dose-dependent decrease in lung function and respiratory morbidity. Influence of different socioeconomic indicators and ETS in the home has also been suggested.

Methods

Data on 313 children (52% male) from 4 public schools in Lisbon was analyzed [1st (46%) and 4th graders]. ETS assessment and respiratory symptoms were based on a self-answered questionnaire. All children performed standard spirometry in the school setting and 54% were acceptable according to ATS/ERS criteria. Descriptive and bivariate analysis of the most relevant variables was done, followed by multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted to the variables with clinical/statistical relevance.

Results

ETS in the home was found in 41% (maternal smoking during pregnancy 18%, smoking mother 32%, smoking father 38%). Smoking fathers had lower education and less qualified occupation. Cough was more frequent in children with a smoking mother (adjusted OR = 2.1 95CI 1.1–4.0) and wheezing in children with maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking parents. All differences were significant (p<0.05). No association was found between parental education and cough/wheeze or ETS and respiratory infections/asthma/decreased spirometric values.

Conclusions

Children in Lisbon are frequently exposed to ETS which results in significant respiratory morbidity. Targeted interventions must have social conditions in consideration. In this study, field spirometry was not helpful in early detection of lung function disability in children associated with ETS.

Keywords:
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Questionnaire
Wheezing
Pulmonary function testing
Children
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografia
[1.]
2008 update: Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. www.goldcopd.org
[2.]
P.M. Matricardi, S. Illi, C. Grüber, et al.
Wheezing in childhood: incidence, longitudinal patterns and factors predicting persistence.
Eur Respir J, 32 (2008), pp. 585-592
[3.]
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in Children 5 Years and Younger, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2009. www.ginasthma.org
[4.]
2008 Update. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. www. ginasthma.org
[5.]
P.G.J. Burney, C. Luczynska, S. Chinn, For the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
The European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
Eur Respir J, 7 (1994), pp. 954-960
[6.]
M.I. Asher, U. Keil, H.R. Anderson, et al.
International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 483-491
[7.]
P.D. Phelan, C.F. Robertson, A. Olinsky.
The Melbourne asthma study: 1964–1999.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 109 (2002), pp. 189-194
[8.]
M.R. Sears, J.M. Greene, A.R. Willan, et al.
A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood.
N Engl J Med, 349 (2003), pp. 1414-1422
[9.]
L.M. Taussig, A.L. Wright, C.J. Holberg, et al.
Tucson Children's Respiratory Study: 1980 to present.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 111 (2003), pp. 661-675
[10.]
R.T. Stein, D. Sherrill, W.J. Morgan, et al.
Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years.
[11.]
A. Bush.
COPD: a pediatric disease.
[12.]
D.P. Strachan, D.G. Cook.
Health effects of passive smoking. 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 905-914
[13.]
D.G. Cook, D.P. Strachan.
Health effects of passive smoking. 3. Parental smoking and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in school age children.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 1081-1094
[14.]
D.G. Cook, D.P. Strachan, I.M. Carey.
Health effects of passive smoking. 9. Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 884-893
[15.]
D.P. Strachan, D.G. Cook.
Health effects of passive smoking. 6 Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 204-212
[16.]
F.D. Gilliland, Y.F. Li, J.M. Peters.
Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 429-436
[17.]
J.J. Jaakkola, M.S. Jaakkola.
Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of children.
Scand J Work Environ Health., 28 (2002), pp. 71-83
[18.]
J.R. DiFranza, C.A. Aligne, M. Weitzman.
Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 1007-1015
[19.]
T. Bandeira, J.C. Trindade.
Origem na idade pediátrica da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica do adulto. Parte 1: indicadores de risco na evolução.
Acta Pediatr Port, 35 (2004), pp. 225-231
[20.]
CDC.
Disparities in secondhand smoke exposure - United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004.
MMWR, 57 (2008), pp. 744-747
[21.]
M.K. Rayens, E.J. Hahn, R.E. Langley, et al.
Public opinion and smoke-free laws.
Policy Polit Nurs Pract, 8 (2007), pp. 262
[22.]
D.G. Cook, D.P. Strachan.
Health effects of passive smoking.6 Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research.
Thorax, 54 (1999), pp. 357-366
[23.]
M.J. Ashley, R. Ferrence.
Reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in homes: issues and strategies.
Tobacco Control, 7 (1998), pp. 61-65
[24.]
G. Whitlock, S. MacMahon, S. Vander Hoorn, et al.
Association of environmental tobacco smoke exposure with socioeconomic status in a population of 7725 New Zealanders.
Tob Control, 7 (1998), pp. 276-280
[25.]
N. Jaakkola, R. Ruotsalainen, J.J. Jaakkola.
What are the determinants of children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home?.
Scand J Soc Med, 22 (1994), pp. 107-112
[26.]
B.G. Ferris.
Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society).
Am Rev Respir Dis, 118 (1978), pp. 1-120
[28.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disponível em http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts (disponível em www.obesidade.online.pt).
[29.]
M.R. Miller, J. Hankinson, V. Brusasco, et al.
ATS/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry.
Eur Respir J, 26 (2005), pp. 319-338
[30.]
S. Stanojevic, A. Wade, J. Stocks, et al.
Reference ranges for spirometry across all ages: a new approach.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177 (2008), pp. 253-260
[31.]
P.J. Gergen, J.A. Fowler, K.R. Maurer, et al.
The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994.
Pediatrics, 101 (1998), pp. e8
[32.]
R. Zlotkowska, J.E. Zejda.
Fetal and postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke and respiratory health in children.
European Journal of Epidemiology, 20 (2005), pp. 719-727
[33.]
J. Precioso, C. Samorinha, J.M. Calheiros, et al.
Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in children. An evaluation of a preventative measure.
Rev Port Pneumol, 16 (2010), pp. 57-72
[34.]
F.D. Gilliland, K. Berhane, R. McConnell, et al.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function.
Thorax, 55 (2000), pp. 271-276
[35.]
P.M. Gustafsson, P.A. De Jong, H.A. Tiddens, et al.
Multiple-breath inert gas washout and spirometry versus structural lung disease in cystic fibrosis.
Thorax, 63 (2008), pp. 129-134
[36.]
A. Machado, R. Nicolau, C. Matias Dias.
Tobacco consumption by the portuguese population. Data from the 2005-2006 National Health Survey.
Rev Port Pneumol, 15 (2009), pp. 1005-1027
[37.]
K.E. Lund, A.R. Helgason.
Environmental tobacco smoke in Norwegian homes, 1995 and 2001: changes in children's exposure and parents attitudes and health risk awareness.
Eur J Public Health, 15 (2005), pp. 123-127
[38.]
S. Thomas, D. Fayter, K. Misso, et al.
Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: systematic review.
Tob Control, 17 (2008), pp. 230-237
Copyright © 2011. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?