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Vol. 7. Issue 1.
Pages 33-43 (January - February 2001)
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Vol. 7. Issue 1.
Pages 33-43 (January - February 2001)
ARTIGO ORIGINAL/ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access
Importância da história familiar na gravidade e evolução clínica da asma brônquica infantil
Parental risk factors in severity and clinical outcome of childhood asthma
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Ângela Gaspar*, Mário Morais de Almeida**, Graça Pires**, Sara Prates**, José Rosado Pinto***
* Interna do Internato Complementar de Imunoalergologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia
** Assistente Hospitalar de Imunoalergologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia
*** Director do Serviço de Imunoalergologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia
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RESUMO

A asma brônquica é uma entidade multifactorial dependendo da interacção entre factores genéticos e ambientais complexos. O carácter familiar da asma é conhecido desde há longo tempo, embora pouco se saiba sobre a localização genética subjacente a esta maior penetração familiar.

Objectivo: Os autores apresentam dois estudos, pretendendo avaliar a importância da história familiar de asma como factor de gravidade relacionado com o internamento hospitalar e como factor de prognóstico associado a persistência de sintomas na asma brônquica infantil.

Métodos: Estudo 1 - Foram estudadas 128 crianças hospitalizadas por asma (idade média: 4.3 anos), durante um período de dois anos, correlacionando os dados obtidos com os de um grupo controlo (amostra de crianças observadas em consulta, emparelhada por idade, sexo e meio socioeconómico-cultural). Estudo 2 - Foi efectuado um estudo prospectivo com 3 anos de duração, avaliando a evolução clínica de 287 crianças asmáticas com idade6 anos, observadas em Consulta de Imunoalergologia.

Resultados: Estudo 1 - A existência de história parental de asma brônquica foi identificada como factor de risco para internamento hospitalar (p=0.0004; OR=2.6, IC95%=1.5-4.2). O risco para hospitalização associado a asma materna (p<0.0001; OR=2.8, IC95%=1.5-5.2) foi 2 vezes superior ao risco associado a asma paterna (p=0.26; OR=1.4, IC95%=0.8-2.5). A gravidade dos sintomas não se relacionou com a presença de antecedentes familiares de outras doenças alérgicas, tais como rinite alérgica (p=0.52) ou eczema atópico (p=0.68). Estudo 2 - A existência de história familiar de asma brônquica (p=0.41) e de outras doenças alérgicas (p>0.49) não foram identificadas como factores de risco relacionados com a persistência da sintomatologia respiratória.

Conclusões: A presença de asma parental, particularmente materna, foi identificada como factor de risco significativo e independente para internamento hospitalar na criança asmática. A história familiar não foi identificada como factor de prognóstico relacionado com a persistência da sintomatologia, salientando a influência preponderante dos factores ambientais na evolução clínica da asma brônquica infantil. Estes resultados suportam que a transmissão genética materna/paterna se faz de um modo assimétrico, tal como tem sido proposto por outros autores.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2001; VII (1):

Palavras-chave:
História familiar
Asma Brônquica
Criança
Internamento
Prognóstico
Factores de risco
ABSTRACT

Bronchial asthma is a multifactorial entity, due to the interaction of genetic and environmental complex factors. The presence of an inherited predisposition in bronchial asthma is long-time known, although mechanisms underlying the inheritance are poorly understood.

Aim: The authors present two studies, with the purpose of evaluate the importance of family history of asthma as severity risk factor related to hospital admission and as prognostic factor related to the persistence of symptoms in childhood asthma.

Methods: Study 1 - We studied 128 children admitted for asthma (mean age: 4.3 years), during a period of two years, correlating the obtained data with a control group (matched sample of asthmatic outpatients). Study 2 - We performed a 3 years prospective study, to correlate clinical outcome of 287 outpatients with childhood asthma, aged6 years. Results: Study 1 - Parental history of asthma was identified as significant risk factor for hospital admission (p=0.0004; OR=2.6, 95%CI=1.5-4.2). The risk associated with maternal asthma (p<0.0001; OR=2.8, 95%CI=1.5-5.2) was 2 times greater than the risk associated with paternal asthma (p=0.26; OR=1.4, 95%CI=0.8-2.5). The severity of symptoms was not related with family history of other allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis (p=0.52) or eczema (p=0.68). Study 2 - The persistence of respiratory symptoms was not related with family history of asthma (p=0.41) and other allergic diseases (p>0.49).

Conclusions: Parental asthma, mainly maternal asthma, was identified as an independent significant risk factor for the severity of childhood asthma. It was not identified as a prognostic risk factor related to the persistence of symptoms, stressing the influence of environmental factors in the clinical outcome. This results supports evidence for preferential inheritance of childhood asthma along maternal line, as proposed by other authors.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2001; VII (1):

Key-words:
Family history
Bronchial asthma
Children
Admission
Prognosis
Risk factors
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