Journal Information
Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages 899-921 (September - October 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages 899-921 (September - October 2009)
Artigo de Revisão/Review Article
Open Access
Pneumopatias e doença de refluxo gastroesofágico
Lung diseases and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Visits
6143
João Cláudio Barroso Pereira1
1 Médico Tisiologista do Serviço de Atendimento Especializado da SMS-Belford Roxo, Médico do CRA-DIP do Hospital Municipal Nelson de Sá Earp e do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose da SMS – Petrópolis – Rio de Janeiro – Brasil.
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Resumo

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico decorre do refluxo patológico do estômago para o esófago. Quando esse refluxo ocorre fora do esófago denomina-se doença de refluxo extraesofágico.

O autor propõe uma revisão sobre as doenças pulmonares associadas ao refluxo. É avaliado, previamente, de forma resumida o conceito de cada doença e, em seguida, de modo sistemático, são discutidos a prevalência do refluxo sobre as pneumopatias, os mecanis-mo que explicam essas interações e o impacto do tratamento do refluxo gastroesofagiano sobre as doenças pulmonares.

O autor conclui que é inegável a existência de uma conexão entre doença de refluxo gastroesofágico e várias doenças pulmonares, sendo mister estudos complementares para corroborar essa associação.

Rev Port Pneumol 2009; XV (5): 899-921

Palavras-chaves:
Doença de refluxo gastroesofágico
doenças pulmonares
prevalência
mecanismos
Abstract

Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease is a consequence of pathological reflux from stomach to oesophagus. Whenever the refluxed contents extended beyond the oesophagus itself, is called Extraoesophageal Reflux Disease.

The author proposes a review about pulmonary disorders and gastroesophageal reflux. Previously, it is evaluated in an abridged way, the concepts of each diseases and after that, in a systematic form, it is discussed the prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux in lung diseases, all the mechanisms studies and the impact of gastro-oesophageal treatment on lung disorders.

The author concludes that is undeniable the link between Gastro-oesophageal reflux and lung diseases and further reaserch is mandatory in order to corroborate this association.

Rev Port Pneumol 2009; XV (5): 899-921

Key-words:
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
lung disorders
prevalence and mechanisms
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografia
[1.]
Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. A comprehensive review. Lancet 206; 367:2086-2100.
[2.]
S.R. Orenstein, D.M. Orenstein.
Gastroeosophageal reflux and respiratory disease in children.
J Pediatr, 112 (1988), pp. 847-858
[3.]
J. Poelmans, J. Tack.
Extraoesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Recent advances in clinical practice.
Gut, 54 (2005), pp. 1492-1499
[4.]
C.E. Pope.
Respiratory complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Scan J Gastroenterology, 168 (1989), pp. 67-72
[5.]
A.M. Ravelli, M.B. Panarotto.
Pulmonary aspiration shown by scintigraphy in gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease.
Chest, 130 (2006), pp. 1520-1526
[6.]
S.S. Rothenberg, D. Bratton, et al.
Laparoscopic fundoplication to enhance pulmonary function in children with severe reactive airway disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Surgical Endoscopy, 11 (1997), pp. 1088-1090
[7.]
E.R. Gonzales.
Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms: is there an association? Proposed mechanisms and treatment.
DICP– the Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 24 (1990), pp. 1064-1069
[8.]
E.B. Gaynor.
Otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesopahgeal reflux.
Am J Gastroenterology, 86 (1991), pp. 801-808
[9.]
R.C. Orlando.
Diseases of the esophagus.
Cecil Medicine, 23, pp. 1001-1004
[10.]
M.B. Fennerty.
Extraesophageal gastroesophageal re-flux disease.
Presentation and approach to treatment. Gastroenterology Clinic North Am, 28 (1999), pp. 861-873
[11.]
W.J. Hogan, R. Shaker.
Medical treatment of supraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Am J Med, 111 (2001), pp. 197s-201s
[12.]
J. Poelmans, J. Tack.
Extraoesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Gut, 54 (2005), pp. 1492-1499
[13.]
C.J. Westcott, M.B. Hopkins, et al.
Fundoplication for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.
Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199 (2004), pp. 23-30
[14.]
P.B. Terry, S.D. Fuller.
Pulmonary consequences of aspiration.
Dysphagia, 3 (1989), pp. 179-183
[15.]
P.O. Katz.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and extraesophageal disease.
Review in Gastroenterological Disorders, 5 (2005), pp. s31-s38
[16.]
III Consenso brasileiro no manejo da asma.
J Bras Pneumol, 28 (2002), pp. 8-17
[17.]
L.I. Al-Asoom, A. Al-Rubaish.
The association of gastroesophageal reflux with bronchial asthma. Can asthma also trigger reflux?.
Hepato-gastroenterology, 53 (2006), pp. 64-72
[18.]
C.H. Wong, et al.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in “difficult-to-control” asthma: prevalence and response to treatment with acid suppressive therapy.
Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics, 23 (2006), pp. 1321-1327
[19.]
R.J. Hancox.
Associations between respiratory symptons, lung function and oesophageal reflux symptons in a population based birth cohort.
Respiratory Research, 7 (2006), pp. 142-145
[20.]
T.O. Kijander, S.M. Harding.
Effects of esomeprazole 40mg twice a day on asthma: a randomized placebo controlled trial.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173 (2006), pp. 1091-1097
[21.]
G.E. Carpagnano, O. Resta.
Airway inflammation in subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastro-oesophageal reflux related asthma.
J Interne Med, 259 (2006), pp. 323-331
[22.]
K. Stordal, et al.
Acid suppression does not change respiratory symptons in children with asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
Archives Diseases Childhood, 90 (2005), pp. 956-960
[23.]
S.J. Sontag.
The spectrum of pulmonary symptons due to gastroesophageal reflux.
Thoracic Surgery Clinics, 15 (2005), pp. 353-368
[24.]
F. Cibella, G. Cuttitta.
Nocturnal asthma and gastro-esophageal reflux.
Am J Med, 111 (2001), pp. 31S-36S
[25.]
B.J. Canning, S.B. Mazzone.
Reflex mechanisms in gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma.
Am J Med, 115 (2003), pp. 45S-48S
[26.]
S.M. Harding.
Gastroesophageal reflux, asthma and mechanics of interation.
Am J Med, 111 (2001), pp. 8S-12S
[27.]
S.M. Harding.
Acid reflux and asthma.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 9 (2003), pp. 42-45
[28.]
S.P. Jiang, L.W. Huang.
Role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in asthmatic patients.
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 9 (2005), pp. 151-160
[29.]
S.M. Harding.
Gastroesophageal reflux: a potential asthma trigger.
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 25 (2005), pp. 131-148
[30.]
S.M. Harding.
Recent clinical investigations examin-ing the association of asthma and gastroesophageal re-flux.
Am J Med, 115 (2003), pp. 39S-44S
[31.]
S.J. Sontag.
Asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux: long term results of randomized trial of medical and surgical antireflux therapies.
Am J Gastrenterol, 98 (2003), pp. 987-999
[32.]
Ruigómez, et al.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma. A longitudinal study in UK general practice.
Chest, 128 (2005), pp. 85-93
[33.]
P.G. Gibson.
Gastroesophageal reflux treatment for asthma in adults and children.
Cochrane Data-base Syst Rev, (2003),
[34.]
J.J. Leggett.
Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in difficult asthma.
Chest, 127 (2005), pp. 1227-1231
[35.]
M.R. Littner.
Effects of 24 weeks of lansopra-zole therapy on asthma symptons, exacerbations, quality of life, and pulmonary function in adult asthmatic patients with acid reflux symptons.
Chest, 128 (2005), pp. 1128-1135
[36.]
S.M. Harding.
Pulmonary complications of gastroesophageal reflux.
The esophagus, 4, pp. 530-545
[37.]
A.J. Ing.
Chronic persistent cough and gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Thorax, 46 (1991), pp. 479-483
[38.]
J.M. Fitzgerald, et al.
Chronic cough and gastro-esophageal reflux.
Can Med Assoc J, 140 (1989), pp. 520-524
[39.]
R.S. Irwin, J.M. Madison.
Anatomic diagnostic protocol in evaluating chronic cough with specific reference to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Am J Med, 108 (2000), pp. 1265-1305
[40.]
A. D`Urzo, P. Jugovic.
Chronic cough. The most common causes.
Can Farm Physician, 48 (2002), pp. 1311-1316
[41.]
D. Sifrim, L. Dupont.
Acid reflux in patients with chronic unexplained cough during 24 hours ambulatory pressure, pH and impedance monitoring.
[42.]
D.N. Wu, K. Yamanchi.
Effects of esophageal acid perfusion on cough responsiveness in patients with bronchial asthma.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 505-509
[43.]
A.J. Ing, et al.
Pathogenesis of chronic persistent cough associated with gastroesophageal reflux.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1999), pp. 160-167
[44.]
T. Ours, M.S. Kavuru, et al.
A prospective evaluation of esophageal testing and double blind, randomized study of omeprazole in a diagnostic and therapeutic al- gorithm for chronic cough.
Am J Gastroenterol, 94 (1999), pp. 3131-3138
[45.]
R.S. Irwin, J.K. Zawacki.
Accurately diagnosing and successfully treating chronic cough due to gastroesopha-geal reflux disease can be difficult.
Am J Gastroenterol, 94 (1999), pp. 3095-3098
[46.]
R.S. Irwin.
Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.
[47.]
R.H. Poe, M.C. Kallay.
Chronic cough and gastro-esophageal reflux disease: Experience with specific therapy for diagnosis and treatment.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 679-684
[48.]
II Consenso brasileiro sobre doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.
J Bras Pneumol, 30 (2004), pp. 1-42
[49.]
B. Mokhlesi, et al.
Increased prevalence of gastro esophageal reflux symptons in patients with COPD.
Chest, 119 (2001), pp. 1043-1048
[50.]
C. Casanova, et al.
Increased gastro-esophageal reflux disease in patients with severe COPD.
Eur Respir J, 23 (2004), pp. 841-845
[51.]
W.C. Orr, et al.
Esophageal function and gastro-esophageal reflux during sleep and waking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 1521-1525
[52.]
H.B. El Serag, A. Sonnenberg.
Commorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans.
Gastroenterology, 113 (1997), pp. 755-760
[53.]
L.I. Anderson, G. Jensen.
Prevalence of benign esophageal disease in Danish population with special reference to pulmonary disease.
J Intern Med, 225 (1989), pp. 393-401
[54.]
B. Mokhlesi, et al.
Oropharingeal deglutition in stable COPD.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 361-369
[55.]
J. Dent, et al.
Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review.
[56.]
M. Stein.
Cricopharyngeal dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. 347-352
[57.]
R. Shaker.
Coordination of deglutition and phases of respiration: effect on aging, tachypnea, bolus volume, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Physiol, 263 (1992), pp. G 750-G 755
[58.]
L.A. García Rodrigues, A. Ruigómez.
Relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and COPD in UK primare care.
Chest, 134 (2008), pp. 1223-1230
[59.]
B. Mokhlesi, et al.
Increased prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux in symptons with COPD.
Chest, 119 (2001), pp. 1043-1048
[60.]
C. Casanova, et al.
Increased gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with severe COPD.
Eur Respir J, 23 (2004), pp. 841-845
[61.]
I.E. Rascon Aguilar, et al.
Role of gastroesophageal reflux symptons in exacerbations of COPD.
Chest, 130 (2006), pp. 1096-1101
[62.]
E. Cholongitas, et al.
Are upper gastrointestinal symptons associated with exacerbations of COPD?.
Int J Clin Pract, 62 (2008), pp. 967-969
[63.]
A.P. Hungin.
Beyond heartburn: a review of the spectrum of reflux-induced disease.
Farm Pracrt, 22 (2005), pp. 591-603
[64.]
American Thoracic Society &, European Respiratory Society – International Multidisciplinary Consensus.
Classification of the idiopathic intersticial pneumonias.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165 (2002), pp. 277-304
[65.]
G. Patti Marco, Tedesco Pietro.
Idiophatic pulmonary fibrosis: how often is it really idiophatic?.
J Gastrointestinal Surg, 9 (2005), pp. 1053-1056
[66.]
G. Raghu, G. Raghu.
High prevalence of abnormal and gastro-oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Eur Respir J, 27 (2006), pp. 136-142
[67.]
R.W. Tobin, C.E. Pope, et al.
Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, (1998), pp. 1804-1808
[68.]
American Thoracic Society.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosis and treatment: international consensus statement.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 646-664
[69.]
M.P. Sweet.
Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis referred for lung transplantation.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 133 (2007), pp. 1078-1084
[70.]
L.J. Greenfield, R.P. Singleton.
Pulmonary effects of experimental graded aspiration of hydrochloric acid.
Ann Surg, 170 (1969), pp. 74-86
[71.]
F.L. Glauser, J.E. Millen.
Increased alveolar epithelial permeability with acid aspiration: the effects of high-dose steroids.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 120 (1970), pp. 1119-1123
[72.]
S. Salley.
Immediate histopathology of hydro-choloric acid aspiration.
Scan Electron Microsc, 3 (1970), pp. 911-920
[73.]
J.R. Teabeaut.
Aspiration of gastric contents: an experimental study.
Am J Pathol, 28 (1952), pp. 51-62
[74.]
D.J. Schwartz, et al.
The pulmonary consequences of aspiration of gastric contents at pH values greater than 2.5.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 121 (1980), pp. 119-126
[75.]
J.C. Stohert.
Lung albumin content after acid aspiration pulmonary injury.
J Sing Res, 30 (1981), pp. 256-261
[76.]
T. Mitsuhashi, et al.
Experimental pulmonary fibrosis induced by trisodium citrate and acid citrate– dextrose.
Exp Mol Pathol, 42 (1985), pp. 261-270
[77.]
G. Raghu.
Sole treatment of acid gastro-esophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Chest, 129 (2006), pp. 794-800
[78.]
S.A. Jimenez, et al.
Microchimerism and systemic sclerosis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 17 (2005), pp. 86-89
[79.]
A. Fisher, R.T. Meehan.
Unique characteristics of systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma-associated intersticial lung disease.
Chest, 130 (2006), pp. 976-981
[80.]
K. Ntoumazios Stavros.
Esophageal involvement in scleroderma: gastroesophageal reflux, the common problem.
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 36 (2006), pp. 173-181
[81.]
F.M. Wigley.
Scleroderma.
Cecil Medicine, 23, pp. 2032-2041
[82.]
C. Lamblin, C. Bergoin.
Intersticial lung diseases in collagen vascular diseases.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. 69s-80s
[83.]
G. Lock.
Association of esophageal dysfunction and pulmonary function impairment in systemic sclerosis.
Am J Gastroenterol, 93 (2004), pp. 341-345
[84.]
D.A. Johnson, W.E. Drane.
Pulmonary disease in progressive systemic sclerosis. A complication of gas-troesophageal reflux and occult aspiration?.
Arch Intern Med, 149 (1989), pp. 589-593
[85.]
M.B. Troshinsky, G.C. Kane.
Pulmonary function and gastroesophageal reflux in systemic sclerosis.
Ann Intern Med, 121 (1994), pp. 6-10
[86.]
J.H. Ryu.
Classification and approach to bronchiolar diseases.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 12 (2006), pp. 145-151
[87.]
F. D `Ovídio.
Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in end stage lung disease candidates for lung transplan.
Ann Thorac Surg, 80 (2005), pp. 1254-1260
[88.]
Young LR, Hajiliadis D, et cols. Lung transplantation exacerbates gastroesophageal reflux disease.
[89.]
M.G. Hartwig, et al.
Early reflux monitoring following lung transplantation underestimates the incidence of GERD.
Am J Transplant, 4 (2004), pp. 231-288
[90.]
R.D. Davis, C.L. Lau, et al.
Improved lung allograft function after fundoplication in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease undergoing lung transplantation.
J Thorac Cardiovascular Surg, 125 (2002), pp. 533-542
[91.]
S. Arcasoy, R.M. Kotloff.
Lung transplantation.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 1081-1091
[92.]
M. Estenne, et al.
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: an update of the diagnosis of diagnostic criteria.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 21 (2002), pp. 297-310
[92.]
J.H. Ryu.
Bronchiolar disorders. State of art.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168 (2003), pp. 1277-1292
[93.]
G.A. Fortunato, M.M. Machado.
Prevalência de refluxo gastroesofágico em doentes com doença pulmonar avançada em candidatos a transplante pulmonar.
J Bras Pneumol, 34 (2008), pp. 772-778
[94.]
J.C. Winck, J.R. Dias, J.M. dos Santos.
25 perguntas frequentes em pneumologia.
Sono, (2001), pp. 47-56
[95.]
N.J. Douglas.
“Why am I sleepy?" Sorting the somnolent.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 1310-1313
[96.]
S. Teramoto.
Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: Symptom of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in association with impaired swallowing.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 2266-2267
[97.]
T. Penzel, H.F. Becker.
Arousal in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux and sleep apnea.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 1266-1270
[98.]
T. Penzel, H.F. Becker, et al.
Arousal in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux and sleep apnea.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 1266-1270
[99.]
K.I. Graft, M. Karans.
Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with sleep apnea syndrome.
Z Gastroenterol, 33 (1995), pp. 689-693
[100.]
P. Kerr.
Nasal CPAP reduces gastroesophageal reflux in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 1539-1544
[101.]
A.J. Ing, M.C. Ngu, et al.
Obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux.
Am J Med, 108 (2000), pp. 120s-125s
[102.]
Fass R. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep. J Clin Gastroenterol 41(Supl. 2(:5154-5159.
[103.]
P. Kiatchoosakun, et al.
Effects of hypoxia on respiratory neural output and lower esophageal sphincter pressure in piglets.
[104.]
S. Teramoto, E. Sudo.
Impaired swallowing reflex in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Chest, 116 (1999), pp. 17-21
[105.]
S.K. Field.
Is the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux clinically important?.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 1730-1733
[106.]
W.C. Orr, S. Goodrich, et al.
“Silent” gastroesophageal reflux in patients with unexplained sleep complaints.
Am J Gastroenterol, 100 (2005), pp. S50-S51
[107.]
D. Johnson.
Effects of esomeprazole on nighttime heartburn and sleep quality in patients with GERD: a randomized placebo controlled trial.
Am J Gastroenterol, 100 (2005), pp. 1914-1922
[108.]
A.J. Dimarino, K. Banwait.
The Effect of gastro-esophageal reflux and omeprazole on key sleep parameters.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 22 (2005), pp. 325-329
[109.]
S. Kada.
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure and weight loss improve swallowing reflex in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Respiration, 67 (2000), pp. 464-466
[110.]
B.A. Senior, M. Khan.
Gastroesophageal reflux and obstructive sleep apnea.
Laryngoscope, 111 (2001), pp. 2144-2146
[111.]
S. Teramoto.
Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: Symptons of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in association with impaired swallowing.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 2266-2267
[112.]
P. Kerr, et al.
Nasal CPAP reduces gastroesophageal reflux in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 1539-1544
[113)]
M. Zamboni, C.A.C. Pereira.
Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Ed Atheneu, (2007), pp. 193-206
[114.]
P.B. Davis.
Cystic fibrosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 1229-1256
[115.]
J. Brodizicki.
Frequency, consequences and pharmacological treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in children with cystic fibrosis. Medical science monitor. International Medical Journal of Experimental and.
Clinical Research, 8 (2002), pp. 529-537
[116.]
M.J. Ledson.
Prevalence and mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adult cystic fibrosis patients.
J R Soc Med, 91 (1998), pp. 7-9
[117.]
P.C. Gregory.
Gastrointestinal Ph, motility/ transit and permeability in cystic fibrosis.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterol and Nutrition, 23 (1996), pp. 513-523
[118.]
B. Hardoru, et al.
Pancreazymin secretion tests of exocrine pancreatic function in cystic fibrosis and the significance of the results for the pathogenesis of the disease.
Can Med Ass J, 98 (1968), pp. 377-388
[119.]
J. Dent.
Factors that influence induction of gastroesophageal reflux in normal human subjects.
Digest Disease Science, 33 (1988), pp. 270-275
[120.]
R. Olivier Mark, et al.
Factors affecting clinical out-come in gastrostomy fed children with cystic fibrosis.
Pediatric Pulmonology, 37 (2004), pp. 324-329
[121.]
B.M. Button, R. Stuart.
Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 24 (2005), pp. 1522-1529
[122.]
N.A. Metheny, R.E. Clouse.
Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed patients: Frequency, outcomes, and risk factors.
Crit Care Med, 36 (2006), pp. 1007-1014
[123.]
H. Shigemitsu, K. Afshar.
Aspiration pneumonias: under-diagnosed and under treated.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 13 (2007), pp. 192-198
[124.]
J.T. Eluvathingal, et al.
Prevalence of silent gastro-esophageal reflux in association with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.
Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 48 (2003), pp. 476-479
[125.]
A. Bestetti, F. Carola, et al.
99mm TC sulfur colloid gastroesophageal scintigraphy with late imaging to evaluate patients with posterior laryngitis.
J Nucl Med, 41 (2000), pp. 1597-1602
[126.]
A. Wilmer, J. Tack, et al.
Duodenal gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal mucosal injury in mechanically ventilated patients.
Gastroenterology, 116 (1999), pp. 1293-1299
[127.]
P.W. Plaisier, et al.
An analysis of upper GI endoscopy done for patients in surgical intensive care: high incidence of, and morbidity from reflux oesophagitis.
Eur J Surg, 163 (1997), pp. 903-907
[128.]
M. Ferrer.
Effect of nasogastric tube size on gastroesophageal reflux and microaspiration in intubated patients.
Ann Intern Med, 130 (1999), pp. 991-994
[129.]
M. Orozco Levi.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux in mechanically ventilated patients: effects of an oesophageal ballon.
Eur Respir J, 22 (2003), pp. 348-353
[130.]
N.A. Metheny, et al.
Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed patients: frequency, outcomes and risk factors.
Crit Care Med, 34 (2006), pp. 1007-1015
[131.]
A. Ng, G. Smith.
Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration of gastric contents in anesthetic practice.
Anesth Analg, 93 (2001), pp. 494-513
[132.]
J. Ibanez.
Penafiel A, et al.
Gastroesophageal reflux in intubated patients receiving enteral nutrition: effects of supine and semirecumbent positions Journal Parenteral Enteral Nutrition, 16 (1992), pp. 419-422
[133.]
A. Torres, J. Serra Batlles, et al.
Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position.
Ann Intern Med, 116 (1992), pp. 540-543
[134.]
B. Satiani.
Factors influencing intra-operative gastric regurgitation. A prospective random study of nasogastric tube drainage.
Arch Surg, 13 (1978), pp. 712-723
[135.]
K. Schulze–Delrien.
Esophageal pharmacology.
Diseases of the esophagus, pp. 35-39
[136.]
A.E. O`Donnell.
Bronchiectasis.
Chest, 134 (2008), pp. 815-823
[137.]
Tsang KW, Tipoe GL. Bronchiectasis: not an orphan disease in the East. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8(6): 691-702.
[138.]
R.J. Boyton.
Bronchiectasis.
Medicine, 36 (2008), pp. 315-320
[139.]
M.C. Pasteur, S.M. Helliwell.
An investigation into causative factors in patients with bronchiectasis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 1277-1284
[140.]
K.W. Tsang, et al.
Helicobacter pylori and upper gastro-intestinal symptons in bronchiectasis.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 1345-1350
[141.]
K. Najafizadeh.
Helicobacter pylori seropre-valence in patients with bronchiectasis.
Tanaffos, 5 (2006), pp. 25-29
[142.]
J. Glassroth.
Pulmonary disease due to non tuberculous mycobacteria.
Chest, 133 (2008), pp. 243-251
[143.]
W.J. Koh.
Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with non tuberculous myco-bacterial lung disease.
Chest, 131 (2007), pp. 1825-1830
[144.]
D. Hadjiliadis.
Rapidly growing mycobacterial lung infection in association with esophageal disorders.
Mayo Clin Proc, 74 (1999), pp. 45-51
[145.]
C.L. Daley, D.E. Griffith.
Pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Clin Chest Med, 23 (2002), pp. 623-632
[146.]
M.A. Groote, G. Huit.
Infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 1756-1763
[147.]
S.K. Field, R.L. Cowie.
Lung disease due to more common non tuberculous mycobacteria.
Chest, 129 (2006), pp. 1653-1672
[148.]
D.E. Griffith, et al.
Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria: an analysis of 154 patients.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 147 (1993), pp. 1271-1278
[149.]
R.M. Thomson.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.
Chest, 131 (2007), pp. 1166-1171
[150.]
R.S. Cecilia.
Exogenous lipoid pneumonia superinfected with acid fast bacilli in infants: a report of nine cases.
Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 25 (2006), pp. 107-117
Copyright © 2009. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?