Journal Information
Vol. 10. Issue 2.
Pages 135-144 (March - April 2004)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 10. Issue 2.
Pages 135-144 (March - April 2004)
ARTIGO DE REVISÃO/REVISION ARTICLE
Open Access
Tuberculose. Perspectivas futuras*
Tuberculosis. Future perspectives
Visits
4618
M.ª João Marques Gomes**
** Professora Associada Convidada da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Directora do Departamento de Pneumologia do Hospital de Pulido Valente, SA.
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
RESUMO

A tuberculose continua a grassar por todo o mundo e a sua incidência global tem aumentado 0,4% por ano. Existem em todo o mundo 2 biliões de infectados, 8,4 milhões de casos novos/ano e 16 milhões de doentes. São várias as causas apontadas para esta situação: a associação entre o VIH e a tuberculose, o aumento das multirresistências, a falência dos sistemas de saúde, as alterações políticas e económicas, a maior mobilidade das populações, as guerras, a pobreza e a exclusão social.

Procuram-se novos métodos de diagnóstico mais rápidos, mais específicos e mais sensíveis. Muitos recorrem a técnicas de biologia molecular, técnicas com radioisótopos e técnicas baseadas em alterações da cor e da fluorescência de corantes.

Pesquisam-se novos fármacos, novas formas de administração destes e de aumentar a adesão ao tratamento. Necessitam-se novos fármacos mais potentes, que permitam reduzir e simplificar o tratamento, mais eficazes sobre as formas resistentes e as latentes, com diferentes mecanismos de acção, biodisponibilidade favorável, farmacocinética favorável e poucos efeitos secundários.

Têm sido estudadas novas vacinas, nomeadamente: “Adjuvanted Subunits Vaccines”, Vacinas DNA, vectores não micobacterianos, como a Salmonella que estão a ser testadas, e vacinas vivas atenuadas.

Termina-se tecendo algumas considerações gerais sobre a necessidade de conjugar esforços, para que no futuro as perspectivas sejam bem melhores do que as actuais.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2004; X (2): 135-144

Palavras-chave:
Tuberculose
epidemiologia
novos métodos de diagnóstico
novos tratamentos
novas vacinas
ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis remains a major health problem around the world and its incidence is growing 0.4% each year. There are 2 billions of infected, 8.4 millions new cases every year and 16 million patients. The association of VIH and tuberculosis, the increasing number of multidrug resistance, failure of health systems, greater mobility of people, poverty, wars and social exclusion, are the major causes of the epidemiological situation.

Faster, more specific and sensible diagnostic methods are being investigated. Some of them use molecular biology techniques, some uses radioisotopes and some others are based on colour and fluorescence modifications of dyes.

New drugs, new routes of administration and ways for increasing compliance are under investigation. More potent drugs, with greater biodisponibility and adequate pharmacokinetics for shorter treatments for multidrug and latent forms of bacilli are needed.

New vaccines are under investigations, namely Adjuvant Subunits Vaccines, DNA Vaccines DNA, no micobacterianos vectors, and attenuated living vaccines are being tested.

Finally some considerations are made concerning the need of global committement to win the fight against tuberculosis in the near future.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2004; X (2): 135-144

Key-words:
Tuberculosis
epidemiology
new diagnostic methods
new treatments
new vaccines
Full text is only aviable in PDF
BIBLIOGRAFIA
[1.]
S. Agrawal, N.S. Thomas, A.B. Dhanikula, C.L. Kaul, R. Panchagnula.
Antituberculosis drugs and new drug development.
Curr Opin Pulm Med, 7 (2001), pp. 142-147
[2.]
Ats/Cdc/Idsa.
Treatment of Tuberculosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167 (2003), pp. 603-662
[3.]
I. Bastian, R. Stapledon, R. Colebunders.
Current thinking on the management of tuberculosis.
Curr Opin Pulm Med, 9 (2003), pp. 186-192
[4.]
B.R. Bloom, B.R. Fine.
The BCG experience: implications for future vaccines against tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis, Pathogenesis, Protection and Control, pp. 531-557
[5.]
J.P. Cegielski, D. Chin, M.A. Espinal.
The global tuberculosis situation.
Infectious Dis Clin North Am, 16 (2002), pp. 1-58
[6.]
R. Condos, W.N. Rom, N.W. Schluger.
Treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with interferon-gama via aerosol.
Lancet, 349 (1997), pp. 1513-1515
[7.]
E.L. Corbett, C.J. Watt.
The growing burden of tuberculosis. Global trends and Interactions with the HIV Epidemic.
Arch Intern Med, 163 (2003), pp. 1009-1021
[8.]
Durban Immunotherapy Trial Group.
Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial.
Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 116-119
[9.]
C. Dye, S. Scheele, P. Dolin.
Global burden of tuberculosis. Estimated incidence, prevalence and mortality by country.
JAMA, 282 (1999), pp. 677-686
[10.]
C. Dye, B.C. Williams, M.A. Espinal, M.C. Raviglione.
Erasing the World’s slow-stain: strategies to beat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Science, 295 (2002), pp. 2042-2046
[11.]
M.A. Espinal, A. Laszlo, L. Simonsen, F. Boulahbal, S.J. Kim, A. Reniero, S. Hoffner, H.L. Rieder, N. Binkin, C. Dye, R. Williams, M.C. Raviglione.
Global trends in resistance to antituberculosis drugs. World Health Organization-Internation Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Working Group on AntiTuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance.
N Engl J Med, 344 (2001), pp. 1294-1303
[12.]
P. Farmer, J. Bayona, M. Becerra, J. Furin, C. Henry, H. Hiatt.
The dilemma of MDR-TB in the global era.
Int J Tuberc Lung DIs, 2 (1998), pp. 992-998
[13.]
P. Farmer, J.Y. Kim.
Community based approaches to the control of multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosi: introducing “DOTS-plus”.
Br Med J, 317 (1998), pp. 671-674
[14.]
P.R. Gangadharam, N. Geeta, Y.Y. Hsu, D.L. Wise.
Chemotherapy of tuberculosis in mice using simple implants of isoniazid and pyrazinamide.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 43 (1999), pp. 1189-1191
[15.]
E. Girardi, M. Raviglione, G. Antonucci, P. Godfrey-Faussett, G. Ippolito.
Impact of the HIV epidemic on the spread of other diseases: the case of tuberculosis.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. S47-S56
[16.]
J.M. Grange, A. Zumla.
Advances in the management of tuberculosis: clinical trials and beyond.
Curr Opin Pulm Med, 6 (2000), pp. 193-197
[17.]
B. Johnson, L.G. Bekker, S. Ress, G. Kaplan.
Recombinant IL-2 adjunctive therapy in multi-resistant tuberculosis.
Novartis Found Symp, 217 (1998), pp. 99-106
[18.]
N.L. Letvin, B.R. Bloom, S.L. Hoffman.
Prospects for vaccines to protect against AIDS. Tuberculosis and Malaria.
JAMA, 285 (2001), pp. 606-611
[19.]
G. Maartens.
Advances in adult pulmonary tuberculosis.
Curr Opin Pulm Med, 8 (2002), pp. 173-177
[20.]
MAHLER D, MIKULENCAK M What is DOTS? A guide to understanding the WHO recommended TB control Strategy Known as DOTS. WHO/CDS/CPC/TB/ /99.270.
[21.]
E.M. Netto, C. Dye, M. Raviglione.
Progress in global tuberculosis control 1995-1996 with emphasis on 22 highincidence countries.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 3 (1999), pp. 310-320
[22.]
C. Piersimoni, C. Scarparo, P. Cichero, M.D. Pezzo, I. Covelli, G. Gesu.
Multicentre evaluation of the MB-Redox medium compared with radiometric BACTEC system, mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) and Lowenstein-Jensen medium for detection and recovery of acid-fast bacilli.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 34 (1999), pp. 293-299
[23.]
M.C. Raviglione, A.D. Harris, R. Msiska, D. Wil Kinson, P. Nunn.
Tuberculosis and HIV: current status in Africa.
AIDS, 11 (1997), pp. S115-S123
[24.]
G.A.W. Rook, G. Seah, A. Ustianowski.
M tuberculosis: immunology and vaccination.
ERJ, 17 (2001), pp. 537-557
[25.]
J.M. Tramontana, U. Utaipat, A. Molloy, P. Akarasewi, M. Burroughs, S. Makonkaw-Keyoon, B. Johnson, J.D. Klausner, W. Rom, G. Kaplan.
Talidomide treatment reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha production and enhances weight gain in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Mol Med, 1 (1995), pp. 384-397
[26.]
R.S. Wallis, P. Nsubuga, C. Whalen, R.D. Mugerwa, A. Okwera, D. Oette, J.B. Jackson, J.L. Jjohnson, J.J. Ellner.
Pentoxifylline therapy in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive persons with tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial.
J Infect Dis, 174 (1996), pp. 727-733
[27.]
WHO.
Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world.
Report No 2. Prevalence and trends, (2000),
[28.]
WHO.
Global DOTS expansion plan.
Progress in TB control in high burden countries, (2001),
[29.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 1997. Geneva. Switzerland.
[30.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 1998. Geneva. Switzerland.
[31.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 1999. Geneva. Switzerland.
[32.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 2000. Geneva. Switzerland.
[33.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 2001. Geneva. Switzerland.
[34.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 2002. Geneva. Switzerland.
[35.]
WHO – Global tuberculosis Control, WHO Report 2003. Geneva. Switzerland.
[36.]
Who.
[37.]
WHO – Report on the meeting of the second ad hoc Committee on the TB epidemic. Recommendations to stop TB partners. WHO/HTM/STB/2004.
[38.]
WHO.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en.
[39.]
G.L. Woods.
The mycobacteriology laboratory and new diagnostic techniques.
Infectious Dis Clin North America, 16 (2002), pp. 127-143
[40.]
X. Zheng, G.D. Roberts.
Diagnosis and susceptibility testing.
Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, 4th edition,

Conferência proferida no XIX Congresso de Pneumologia, Funchal, 2003.

Copyright © 2004. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?