Journal Information
Vol. 17. Issue 2.
Pages 53-58 (March - April 2011)
Vol. 17. Issue 2.
Pages 53-58 (March - April 2011)
Artigo original
Open Access
Reacção paradoxal da pressão arterial ao tratamento com pressão positiva na via aérea em doentes com apneia do sono
Paradoxical reaction of blood pressure on sleep apnoea patients treated with Positive Airway Pressure
Visits
10314
C. Chaves Loureiroa,
Corresponding author
cl_loureiro@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, M. Drummondb, J.C. Winckc, J. Almeidab
a Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
b Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de São João do Porto, Porto, Portugal
c Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de São João do Porto, Porto, Portugal
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Resumo
Introdução

Doentes com síndrome de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) podem desenvolver hipertensão arterial (HTA) sendo a pressão positiva na via aérea (PAP) um tratamento eficaz no controlo da pressão arterial (PA).

Objectivos

Analisar uma população de doentes com SAOS que desenvolveu aumento inesperado da PA após o uso de PAP e verificar a existência de correlações entre o aumento da PA, quer com os índices de gravidade da SAOS, quer com a adesão ao tratamento com suporte ventilatório nocturno.

Métodos

Análise retrospectiva e descritiva de 30 doentes com SAOS e hipertensão previamente controlada, tratados com PAP, em média durante um ano, que desenvolveram um aumento da pressão arterial, definida como aumento de 5mmHg na Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) e/ou Diastólica (PAD), após instituição de terapêutica PAP. Análise correlativa do aumento da PA com os índices de gravidade da SAOS e com a adesão ao tratamento, utilizando o coeficiente de Pearson.

Resultados

De 508 doentes consecutivos seguidos no nosso Departamento, tratados com suporte ventilatório nocturno, 30 evoluíram com aumento de PA após o início do tratamento (idade 58 anos (SD 10,8), índice de Apneia-Hipopneia (IAH) 46,1 (SD 18,68). Após o uso de PAP, a variação da Pressão Arterial Média (PAM), da PAS e da PAD foi, respectivamente, de 16mmHg, 20mmHg e 6mmHg (SD: 15,0; 25,0; 19,4). Nenhum doente mostrou aumento significativo de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). O valor da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) diminuiu 8,9 pontos (SD 5,48). As variações de PAM, PAS e PAD não se relacionaram com P90/P95, IAH residual, fugas ou adesão a PAP.

Conclusões

Neste grupo que desenvolveu um aumento da PA com o uso de PAP não se identificaram características específicas. Não foram encontradas correlações entre os aumentos da PA, nem com os índices de gravidade de SAOS nem com a adesão à PAP. Nem a variação do IMC nem do wakefulness status explicaram o aumento da PA. Estudos têm relacionado polimorfismos dos adrenoreceptores β1 com diferentes respostas da PA ao suporte ventilatório. Mais estudos são necessários a fim de clarificar a causa desta reacção paradoxal.

Palavras-chave:
Doentes hipertensivos
SAOS
Tratamento com pressão aérea positiva
Reacção paradoxal
Abstract
Introduction

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) patients may develop hypertension and Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) is an effective treatment in blood pressure (BP) control.

Objectives

Analyse a hypertensive OSAS population with unexpected BP rise after PAP usage and verify correlations between BP rise, either with OSAS severity index or nocturnal ventilatory support compliance.

Methods

Descriptive, retrospective analysis of 30 patients with PAP treated OSA, for one year, on average, and with previous controlled hypertension, who developed a rise in BP, defined as augmentation of > 5mmHg in systolic (SBP) and/or diastolic BP (DBP), after PAP usage. Co-relational analysis of BP increase, with OSAS severity indexes and therapy compliance, using Pearson coefficient.

Results

Of 508 consecutive patients followed in our Department, treated with nocturnal ventilatory support, 30 evolved with BP rise after initiating treatment (age 58±10.8 years; Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index [AHI], 46.1±18.68). After PAP usage, mean blood pressure (MBP), Systolic BP (SBP) and Diastolic BP (DBP) variation was 16±15mmHg, 20±25 mmHg and 6±19.4mmHg, respectively. No patient showed significant BMI increase. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) value decreased 8.9±5.48 points. MBP, SBP and DBP variations were not correlated with P90/P95, residual AHI, leaks or PAP compliance.

Conclusions

No specific characteristics were identified in the group who developed a rise in BP with PAP usage. No correlations were found between rises in BP and OSAS severity indexes or PAP compliance. Neither BMI nor variation in wakefulness status explained the rise in BP. Studies relate polymorphisms of β1-adrenoreceptors with different BP responses to ventilatory support. More studies are needed to clarify the cause of this paradoxical response.

Keywords:
Hypertensive patients
OSAS
Treatment with positive pressure
Paradoxical reaction
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografia
[1.]
P. Tisher, E. Larkin, M. Schluchter, S. Redline.
Incidence of sleep-disordered breathing in an urban adult population: the relative importance of risk factors in the development of sleep-disordered breathing.
JAMA, 289 (2003), pp. 2230-2237
[2.]
T. Young, M. Palta, J. Dempsey, J. Skatrud, S. Weber, S. Badr.
The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults.
N Eng J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1230-1235
[3.]
V. Somers, D. White, R. Amin, W. Abraham, F. Costa, A. Culebras, S. Daniels, S. Floras, C. Hunt, L. Olson, G. Thomas, P. Russel, M. Woo, T. Young.
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: An American Heart Association/American College Of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing in Collaboration With the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research.
Circulation, 118 (2008), pp. 1080-1111
[4.]
P.M. Kearney, M. Whelton, K. Reynolds, P. Muntner, P. Whelton, J. He.
Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data.
[5.]
A.V. Chobanian, G.L. Bakris, H.R. Black, W.C. Cushman, L.A. Green, J.L. Izzo Jr., D.W. Jones, B.J. Materson, S. Oparil, J.T. Wright Jr., E.J. Roccella.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee.; The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.
Hypertension, 42 (2003), pp. 1206-1252
[6.]
A. Logan, S. Perlikowski, A. Mente, R. TKacova, M. Niroumand, R. Leung, T. Bradley.
High prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension.
J Hypertens, 19 (2001), pp. 2271-2277
[7.]
C. Sean, V. Somers.
Sleep, Blood Pressure Regulation, and Hypertension.
Sleep Med Clin, 2 (2007), pp. 77-86
[8.]
G.V. Robinson, D.M. Smith, B.A. Langford, R.J.O. Davies, J.R. Stradling.
Continuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patients.
Eur Respir J, 27 (2006), pp. 1229-1235
[9.]
F. Campos-Rodriguez, A. Grilo-Reina, J. Perez-Ronchel, Merino, M. Sanchez, M. Gonzalez-Benitez, M. Beltran-Robles, C. Almeida-Gonzalez.
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ambulatory BP in patients with sleep apnea and hypertension: a placebo-controlled trial.
Chest, 129 (2006), pp. 1459-14676
[10.]
H.M. Engleman, K. Gough, S.E. Martin, R.N. Kingshott, P.L. Padfield, N.J. Douglas.
Ambulatory blood pressure on and off continuous positive airway pressure therapy for the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: effects in “non-dippers”.
Sleep, 19 (1996), pp. 378-381
[11.]
J.F Faccenda, T.W. Mackay, N.A. Boon, N.J. Douglas.
Randomized placebo - controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 344-348
[12.]
J.C. Pepperell, S. Ramdassingh-Dow, N. Crosthwaite, R. Mullins, C. Jenkinson, J.R. Stradling, R.J. Davies.
Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trial.
[13.]
F. Campos-Rodriguez, J. Perez-Ronchel, A. Grilo-Reina, J. Lima-Alvarez, M. Benitez, C. Almeida-Gonzalez.
Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure on BP and sleep apnea.
Chest, 132 (2007), pp. 1847-1852
[14.]
L. Bazzano, Z. Khan, K. Reynolds, J. He.
Effect of nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea.
Hypertension, 50 (2007), pp. 417-423
[15.]
Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research.
The report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force.
Sleep, 22 (1999), pp. 667-689
[16.]
P.M. Kearney, K. Whelton, P. Reynolds, P. Muntner, J. He Whelton.
Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data.
Lancet, (2005), pp. 365217-365223
[17.]
O’Connor Chris, K. Thornley, P. Hanly.
Gender Differences in The Polysomnographic Features of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 1465-1472
[18.]
J. Lattimore, S. David Celermajer, I. Wilcox.
Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease, 41 (2003), pp. 1429-1437
[19.]
K. Chin, T. Nakamura, K. Takahashi, K. Sumi, H. Matsumoto, A. Niimi, S. Fukuhara, M. Mishima, T. Nakamura.
Falls in blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea after long-term nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment.
Journal of Hypertension, 24 (2006), pp. 2091-2099
[20.]
H. Becker, A. Jerrentrup, T. Ploch, L. Grote, T. Penzel, C. Sullivan, J. Peter.
Effect of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment on Blood Pressure in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Circulation, 107 (2003), pp. 68-73
[21.]
N. McArdle.
What role do adrenoreceptor polymorphisms play in modifying cardiovascular responses in obstructive sleep apnoea?.
Clin Sci, 110 (2006), pp. 89-91
[22.]
J. Borgel, T. Schulz, N. Bartels, et al.
Modifying effects of the R389G β1-adrenopolymorphism on resting heart rate and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Clin Sci, 110 (2006), pp. 117-123
Copyright © 2011. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?