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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a widely held view that messenger RNA &#40;mRNA&#41; COVID-19 vaccines&#44; including mRNA-1273 &#40;Moderna&#41; and BNT162b2 &#40;Pfizer-BioNTech&#41;&#44; effectively reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospitalization&#46; Unexpectedly however&#44; despite the protective effects of those vaccines&#44; as many as 25&#37; of the individuals currently being admitted to Intensive Care Units &#40;ICUs&#41; are fully vaccinated against COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is hypothesized that as vaccine coverage increases&#44; breakthrough cases will rise proportionately&#46;</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chest X-ray scoring systems quantifying the severity and monitoring the progression of the disease were developed during COVID-19 outbreak&#46; Retrospective studies investigating their prognostic accuracy have demonstrated that these systems help predict mortality in patients with COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Notably&#44; the COVID-19 chest radiography &#40;CARE&#41; score&#44; a chest radiography rating system which assesses the extension of the ground-glass opacities &#40;GGs&#41; and consolidations &#40;Cos&#41; in three distinct radiograph zones &#40;upper&#44; middle&#44; and lower lung&#41;&#44; has been validated and has predicted in-hospital mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While recent evidence suggests that mRNA vaccinations may attenuate disease severity in breakthrough COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> its impact on critically ill patients receiving non-invasive respiratory support &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; high-flow nasal oxygen&#44; or continuous positive airway pressure&#44; or noninvasive ventilation&#41; remains unclear&#46; The current study set out to retrospectively investigate the effect of mRNA vaccination on the extent of lung involvement as assessed by the CARE score in breakthrough COVID-19 patients receiving high-flow nasal oxygen &#40;HFNO&#41; because of severe hypoxemic acute respiratory failure &#40;hARF&#41; that was unresponsive to conventional O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#8211;therapy&#46; The patients studied were admitted to an Intermediate Respiratory Care Unit &#40;IRCU&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chest X-rays &#40;CXRs&#41; of 32 consecutive&#44; fully vaccinated patients &#40;the vaccinated group&#41; and of 41 unvaccinated patients &#40;the unvaccinated group&#41;&#44; all critically ill and affected with COVID-19&#44; admitted to the SARS-CoV-2 IRCU of the University-City Hospital in Padua between 1 September 2021 and 31 December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed&#46; The criteria for admission to the IRCU was the inability of conventional O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-therapy to maintain SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8805; 92&#37;&#46; All the patients meeting these criteria were contacted and asked to sign informed consent forms releasing their medical records for review&#46; The need for ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee given the study&#39;s retrospective design and the fact that the unit&#39;s standard treatment protocol was consistently followed for all the patients involved&#46;</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the CXRs taken during the patients&#8217; RICU stay were reviewed&#46; The severity of lung involvement was evaluated using the CARE score&#46; A radiologist with 12 years of experience in thoracic imaging and blind to the patients&#8217; information examined the CXRs and scored them using the CARE system&#46; The patients&#8217; scores at the time of their admission&#44; their highest score during their IRCU stay&#44; and their highest GG and Co sub-scores were reviewed and compared&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients&#8217; baseline demographic and clinical features&#44; clinical symptoms and laboratory test results at the time of their IRCU admission and their clinical outcomes were likewise reviewed and compared&#46;</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the patients in the vaccinated group had successfully completed the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination course&#44; meaning two standard doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine&#59; none of them had received a booster dose&#46; The mean time interval between the last vaccine dose and admission to the IRCU was 5&#46;86 &#40;0&#46;9-8&#46;8&#41; months&#46; Genomic sequence analysis&#44; performed only in the vaccinated patients&#44; identified&#44; without exemption&#44; the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant&#46; With the exception of age&#44; the baseline characteristics and clinical and laboratory data of the patients at the time of admission to the IRCU were not significantly different in the two groups&#46; The patients in the vaccinated group were&#44; in fact&#44; significantly older &#91;74 &#40;36-90&#41; vs 58 &#40;40-90&#41; yrs&#59; p&#61;0&#46;0018&#93;&#46; The CARE score at the time of IRCU admission&#44; the highest score during their IRCU stay&#44; as well as the highest GG and Co sub-scores were significantly worse in the unvaccinated group&#46; The clinical outcomes of the patients in the two groups were not significantly different &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The stratified log-rank test indicated that the vaccinated patients had slightly longer survival times in relation to their unvaccinated counterparts &#91;mean survival time&#58; 95&#46;53 &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 80&#46;76 to 110&#46;30&#41; vs 83&#46;22 &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 75&#46;82 to 90&#46;61&#41; days&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;2261&#93;&#59; their hazard ratio of death was 0&#46;5174 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1780 to 1&#46;5039&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An analysis of the study&#39;s data suggests that mRNA vaccination conferred a protective effect on the extent of lung involvement in the breakthrough COVID-19 patients with severe hARF requiring HFNO treatment&#46; The study&#39;s results are in line with those described by Lee et al&#46; who&#44; on the basis of the clinical and imaging characteristics of 412 hospitalized COVID-19 patients&#44; concluded that those with COVID-19 breakthrough infections had a significantly higher proportion of CT scans <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">without</span> pneumonia with respect to their unvaccinated counterparts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the CARE scores of the vaccinated patients were significantly lower&#44; the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">I</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio&#44; a widely used indicator of hypoxemia reflecting the extent of acute lung damage&#44; was not significantly different in the two groups&#46; The result could be explained by the fact that although hypoxemia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection is primarily due to the ventilation&#47;perfusion &#40;V&#47;Q&#41; mismatch in non-aerated lung regions &#40;something which can be assessed by the CARE score&#41;&#44; in 3 out of the 32 vaccinated patients it was associated to submassive pulmonary embolism&#44; a disorder that cannot be accurately assessed by the scoring system&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the individuals in the vaccinated group were significantly older&#44; it is possible that the vaccination&#39;s protective effect on mortality risk may have been offset by the age difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups&#46; A recent analysis by Italian investigators confirmed&#44; in fact&#44; that old age was by far the most significant risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While it is true that the limited number of patients analyzed here and the study&#39;s retrospective nature may have caused a bias&#44; its findings demonstrate that mRNA vaccination may exert a protective effect on pulmonary involvement in the breakthrough COVID-19 patients undergoing HFNO for severe hARF and confirm the importance of a judicious&#44; mass vaccination strategy&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unvaccinated patients &#40;N&#61;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0005"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baseline demographic and clinical data</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0006"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0007"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Gender&#44; M&#47;F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">24&#47;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&#47;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1393&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Age&#44; yrs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">74 &#40;36-90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">58 &#40;40-90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">32 &#40;30&#46;12-33&#46;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">30 &#40;26&#46;67-43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Smokers&#44; n&#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;7538&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Patients with co-morbidities&#44; n&#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0717&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metabolic disorder &#40;diabetes&#44; obesity&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4708&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory disease &#40;asthma&#44; COPD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemato-oncology disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0797&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other active oncology disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0797&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardiac disease &#40;cardiac arrhythmia&#44; previous MI&#44; angina pectoris&#44; and&#47;or CHF&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0939&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic renal failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2283&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical&#44; laboratory and blood gas data at RICU admission</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> suppl&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#44;</span> mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">82&#46;95 &#40;48&#46;8-207&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">77&#46;80 &#40;48&#46;00-296&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">33&#46;4 &#40;25&#46;4-48&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">34&#46;4 &#40;27&#46;0-44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">I</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">225&#46;76 &#40;48&#46;80-479&#46;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">225&#46;43 &#40;59&#46;05-519&#46;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;9225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Arterial pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;48 &#40;7&#44;34-7&#44;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#44;48 &#40;7&#44;39-7&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Heart rate&#44; b&#47;min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">80 &#40;47-135&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">86 &#40;62-120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3084&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Respiratory rate&#44; b&#47;min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19 &#40;12-30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&#46;5 &#40;12-35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2753&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Total WBC count &#40;x10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&#46;615 &#40;2&#46;62-18&#46;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&#46;32 &#40;4&#46;01-20&#46;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;9734&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Serum CRP&#44; &#181;g&#47;mL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">70 &#40;2&#46;90-210&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">60 &#40;6&#46;10-450&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2778&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CARE values</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Global CARE at RICU admission&#44; pts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9 &#40;1-28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20 &#40;5-32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Highest global CARE&#44; pts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18 &#40;0-35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26 &#40;6-36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Highest GG subscore&#44; pts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;5 &#40;0-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">12 &#40;2-16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Highest CO subscore&#44; pts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9 &#40;0-26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16 &#40;4-28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical outcomes</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Hospital stay&#44; days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;5 &#40;1-80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">15&#46;5 &#40;3-124&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1845&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">RICU stay&#44; days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4 &#40;1-33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3 &#40;1-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Pts who required intubation&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Pts died during RICU stay&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4927&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients&#8217; baseline demographic and clinical characteristics&#44; clinical&#44; laboratory and blood gas data at RICU admission&#44; CARE values and clinical outcomes&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0001"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "SARS-CoV-2 Infection and hospitalization among adults aged &#8805;18 years&#44; by vaccination status&#44; before and during SARS-CoV-2 B&#46;1&#46;1&#46;529 &#40;Omicron&#41; variant predominance &#8212; Los Angeles County&#44; California&#44; November 7&#44; 2021-January 8&#44; 2022"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "P Danza"
                            1 => "M TH Koo"
                            2 => "R Haddix"
                            3 => "E Fisher"
                            4 => "K Traub"
                            5 => "S OYong"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15585/mmwr.mm7105e1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "71"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "181"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35113851"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                      "titulo" => "Unvaccinated COVID-19 patients in the ICU&#58; Views from both sides of the barrier"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "A Vianello"
                            1 => "G Guarnieri"
                            2 => "F&#46; Lionello"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.pulmoe.2022.01.008"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Pulmonology"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35140047"
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                      "titulo" => "Performance of a severity score on admission chest radiography in predicting clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with Coronavirus disease &#40;COVID-19&#41;"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            2 => "AA Gomella"
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                            4 => "B Metra"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2214/AJR.20.24801"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "AJR Am J Roentgenol"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
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                      "titulo" => "The prognostic value of chest x-ray in patients with COVID-19 on admission and when starting CPAP"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "W Sargent"
                            1 => "S Ali"
                            2 => "S Kukran"
                            3 => "M Harvie"
                            4 => "S&#46; Soin"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.7861/clinmed.2020-0576"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Med &#40;Lond&#41;&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e14"
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                      "titulo" => "Validation of a composed COVID-19 chest radiography score&#58; the CARE project"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C Giraudo"
                            1 => "A Cavaliere"
                            2 => "G Fichera"
                            3 => "M Weber"
                            4 => "R Motta"
                            5 => "M Pelloso"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "ERJ Open Res"
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                          0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Vaccination provides protection from respiratory deterioration and death among hospitalized COVID-19 patients&#58; differences between vector and mRNA vaccines"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N Busic"
                            1 => "T Lucijanic"
                            2 => "B Barsic"
                            3 => "I Luksic"
                            4 => "I Busic"
                            5 => "G Kurdija"
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Vol. 29. Issue 5.
Pages 421-423 (September - October 2023)
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Vol. 29. Issue 5.
Pages 421-423 (September - October 2023)
Letter to the Editor
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The lung-protective effect of prior mRNA vaccination on breakthrough COVID-19 patients receiving high flow nasal oxygen for hypoxemic acute respiratory failure
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C. Giraudoa, G. Guarnierib, B. Molenab, M. Caminatic, R. Stramarea, A. Vianellob,
Corresponding author
andrea.vianello@aopd.veneto.it

Corresponding author at: Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Ospedale-Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 35128 Padova, Italy.
a Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
b Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
c Department of Medicine, University of Verona
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Tables (1)
Table 1. Patients’ baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical, laboratory and blood gas data at RICU admission, CARE values and clinical outcomes.
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It is a widely held view that messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), effectively reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospitalization. Unexpectedly however, despite the protective effects of those vaccines, as many as 25% of the individuals currently being admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are fully vaccinated against COVID-19.1,2 It is hypothesized that as vaccine coverage increases, breakthrough cases will rise proportionately.

Chest X-ray scoring systems quantifying the severity and monitoring the progression of the disease were developed during COVID-19 outbreak. Retrospective studies investigating their prognostic accuracy have demonstrated that these systems help predict mortality in patients with COVID-19.3,4 Notably, the COVID-19 chest radiography (CARE) score, a chest radiography rating system which assesses the extension of the ground-glass opacities (GGs) and consolidations (Cos) in three distinct radiograph zones (upper, middle, and lower lung), has been validated and has predicted in-hospital mortality.5

While recent evidence suggests that mRNA vaccinations may attenuate disease severity in breakthrough COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization,7,6 its impact on critically ill patients receiving non-invasive respiratory support (i.e., high-flow nasal oxygen, or continuous positive airway pressure, or noninvasive ventilation) remains unclear. The current study set out to retrospectively investigate the effect of mRNA vaccination on the extent of lung involvement as assessed by the CARE score in breakthrough COVID-19 patients receiving high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) because of severe hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (hARF) that was unresponsive to conventional O2–therapy. The patients studied were admitted to an Intermediate Respiratory Care Unit (IRCU).

The chest X-rays (CXRs) of 32 consecutive, fully vaccinated patients (the vaccinated group) and of 41 unvaccinated patients (the unvaccinated group), all critically ill and affected with COVID-19, admitted to the SARS-CoV-2 IRCU of the University-City Hospital in Padua between 1 September 2021 and 31 December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The criteria for admission to the IRCU was the inability of conventional O2-therapy to maintain SaO2 ≥ 92%. All the patients meeting these criteria were contacted and asked to sign informed consent forms releasing their medical records for review. The need for ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee given the study's retrospective design and the fact that the unit's standard treatment protocol was consistently followed for all the patients involved.

All of the CXRs taken during the patients’ RICU stay were reviewed. The severity of lung involvement was evaluated using the CARE score. A radiologist with 12 years of experience in thoracic imaging and blind to the patients’ information examined the CXRs and scored them using the CARE system. The patients’ scores at the time of their admission, their highest score during their IRCU stay, and their highest GG and Co sub-scores were reviewed and compared.

The patients’ baseline demographic and clinical features, clinical symptoms and laboratory test results at the time of their IRCU admission and their clinical outcomes were likewise reviewed and compared.

All of the patients in the vaccinated group had successfully completed the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination course, meaning two standard doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine; none of them had received a booster dose. The mean time interval between the last vaccine dose and admission to the IRCU was 5.86 (0.9-8.8) months. Genomic sequence analysis, performed only in the vaccinated patients, identified, without exemption, the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. With the exception of age, the baseline characteristics and clinical and laboratory data of the patients at the time of admission to the IRCU were not significantly different in the two groups. The patients in the vaccinated group were, in fact, significantly older [74 (36-90) vs 58 (40-90) yrs; p=0.0018]. The CARE score at the time of IRCU admission, the highest score during their IRCU stay, as well as the highest GG and Co sub-scores were significantly worse in the unvaccinated group. The clinical outcomes of the patients in the two groups were not significantly different (Table 1). The stratified log-rank test indicated that the vaccinated patients had slightly longer survival times in relation to their unvaccinated counterparts [mean survival time: 95.53 (95%CI, 80.76 to 110.30) vs 83.22 (95%CI, 75.82 to 90.61) days; p= 0.2261]; their hazard ratio of death was 0.5174 (95% CI, 0.1780 to 1.5039).

Table 1.

Patients’ baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical, laboratory and blood gas data at RICU admission, CARE values and clinical outcomes.

  Vaccinated patients (N=32)  Unvaccinated patients (N=41)  p-value 
Baseline demographic and clinical data       
Gender, M/F  24/8  23/18  0.1393 
Age, yrs  74 (36-90)  58 (40-90)  0.0018 
BMI, kg/m2  32 (30.12-33.26)  30 (26.67-43)  0.6973 
Smokers, n°  0.7538 
Patients with co-morbidities, n°  31  34  0.0717 
Metabolic disorder (diabetes, obesity)  14  14  0.4708 
Respiratory disease (asthma, COPD)  0.3129 
Hemato-oncology disease  0.0797 
Other active oncology disease  0.0797 
Cardiac disease (cardiac arrhythmia, previous MI, angina pectoris, and/or CHF)  23  21  0.0939 
Chronic renal failure  0.2283 
Clinical, laboratory and blood gas data at RICU admission       
PaO2 (O2 suppl), mmHg  82.95 (48.8-207.8)  77.80 (48.00-296.1)  0.1515 
PaCO2, mmHg  33.4 (25.4-48.2)  34.4 (27.0-44.4)  0.6247 
PaO2/FIO2, mmHg  225.76 (48.80-479.23)  225.43 (59.05-519.47)  0.9225 
Arterial pH  7.48 (7,34-7,56)  7,48 (7,39-7,57)  0.5033 
Heart rate, b/min  80 (47-135)  86 (62-120)  0.3084 
Respiratory rate, b/min  19 (12-30)  21.5 (12-35)  0.2753 
Total WBC count (x109/L)  8.615 (2.62-18.80)  8.32 (4.01-20.65)  0.9734 
Serum CRP, µg/mL  70 (2.90-210)  60 (6.10-450)  0.2778 
CARE values       
Global CARE at RICU admission, pts  9 (1-28)  20 (5-32)  <0.001 
Highest global CARE, pts  18 (0-35)  26 (6-36)  <0.001 
Highest GG subscore, pts  7.5 (0-14)  12 (2-16)  <0.001 
Highest CO subscore, pts  9 (0-26)  16 (4-28)  0.012 
Clinical outcomes       
Hospital stay, days  18.5 (1-80)  15.5 (3-124)  0.1845 
RICU stay, days  4 (1-33)  3 (1-44)  0.8840 
Pts who required intubation, n  1.000 
Pts died during RICU stay, n  0.4927 

Values are expressed as median (interquartile range). P-values refer to differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. (BMI= Body Mass Index; CARE= COVID-19 chest radiography score; CO= consolidation; CRP= C-Reactive Protein; GG= Ground Glass; MI= myocardial infarction; RICU= Respiratory Intensive Care Unit; WBC= White Blood Cell).

An analysis of the study's data suggests that mRNA vaccination conferred a protective effect on the extent of lung involvement in the breakthrough COVID-19 patients with severe hARF requiring HFNO treatment. The study's results are in line with those described by Lee et al. who, on the basis of the clinical and imaging characteristics of 412 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, concluded that those with COVID-19 breakthrough infections had a significantly higher proportion of CT scans without pneumonia with respect to their unvaccinated counterparts.8

While the CARE scores of the vaccinated patients were significantly lower, the PaO2/FIO2 ratio, a widely used indicator of hypoxemia reflecting the extent of acute lung damage, was not significantly different in the two groups. The result could be explained by the fact that although hypoxemia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection is primarily due to the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in non-aerated lung regions (something which can be assessed by the CARE score), in 3 out of the 32 vaccinated patients it was associated to submassive pulmonary embolism, a disorder that cannot be accurately assessed by the scoring system.

Since the individuals in the vaccinated group were significantly older, it is possible that the vaccination's protective effect on mortality risk may have been offset by the age difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. A recent analysis by Italian investigators confirmed, in fact, that old age was by far the most significant risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients.9

While it is true that the limited number of patients analyzed here and the study's retrospective nature may have caused a bias, its findings demonstrate that mRNA vaccination may exert a protective effect on pulmonary involvement in the breakthrough COVID-19 patients undergoing HFNO for severe hARF and confirm the importance of a judicious, mass vaccination strategy.

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COVID-19 mortality in Italy varies by patient age, sex and pandemic wave.
Copyright © 2022. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
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